{
  "id": "94-636",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "94-636",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 101250,
      "date": "1994-08-30",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T21:04:29.535941",
      "title": "Radio and Television Broadcasting to Cuba: Background and Issues Through 1994",
      "summary": "Radio Marti first began broadcasting to Cuba in 1985 while TV Marti began broadcasting in\n1990. \nBoth programs are within the Office of Cuba Broadcasting, United States Information Agency\n(USIA). Almost since the beginning, U.S. government broadcasting to Cuba has been controversial. \nSupporters say a source of news independent of the Cuban government is important, especially in\nthe post-Cold War climate. They say there is less print and broadcast media available now to Cubans\nthan ever before. Critics of U.S. government broadcasting in Cuba say it has too much Cuban-\nAmerican focus, and not enough diverse opinions. They claim that TV Marti broadcasts\nentertainment rather than news and editorials, and has low viewership because of jamming by the\nCuban government and early morning time slots--3:30 am to 6:00 am. In addition, some lawmakers\nhave expressed concern that the nine-person Advisory Board for Cuba Broadcasting, which is\nappointed by the President, with confirmation by the Senate, is not rotated as was stipulated by the\nlegislation that created it. Thus, in recent years, the value of maintaining Cuba broadcasting as it\ncurrently exists has come into question.\n  In the Commerce, Justice, State Appropriations Act for FY1994 ( P.L. 103-121 ), Congress\nprovided funding for Radio and TV Marti, but withheld a portion for each until the USIA Director\nreported to Congress (not later than July 1, 1994) on the two programs. In issuing the report, the\nUSIA Director was to take into account the findings and recommendations of the newly established\nAdvisory Panel, which was created to study the \"purpose, policies, and practices of radio and\ntelevision broadcasting to Cuba.\" \n  The Advisory Panel first met in December 1993 and submitted its two-volume report in March\n1994. On July 8, 1994, USIA Director Joseph Duffey submitted to Congress his response to the\nPanel report. The Director made a determination that the best interests of the United States are being\nserved by maintaining TV broadcasting to Cuba, that maintaining television broadcasting to Cuba\nis technically sound and effective, and that TV Marti broadcasting is consistently being received by\na sufficient Cuban audience to warrant its continuation.\n  About the same time that the reports were submitted, the FY1995 budget funding process for\nCuba Broadcasting was underway. The Administration requested $27.6 million for FY1995\nappropriations for Cuba Broadcasting, an increase of 31.4 percent over the enacted FY1994 level. \nThe House-passed bill recommended $8.6 million for Cuba Broadcasting, with no funding for TV\nMarti, while the Senate bill recommended $24.8 million for both Radio and TV Marti. In the end,\nthe Senate version of the bill predominated when the issue was resolved in conference, and $24.8\nmillion was appropriated for Cuba broadcasting. Debate on whether or how much to fund Cuban\nbroadcasting is likely to continue into the future as long as the U.S. budget is constrained and the size\nof the Cuban viewing audience is in question.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/94-636",
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      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc26051/",
      "id": "94-636_1994Aug05",
      "date": "1994-08-05",
      "retrieved": "2010-07-07T17:39:19",
      "title": "Radio and Television Broadcasting to Cuba: Background and Current Issues",
      "summary": "This report provides a legislative history and funding levels for Cuba Broadcasting. It discusses specific concerns some lawmakers have had with Radio and TV Marti over the years, and presents the Panel's recommendations and the USIA Director's response and determinations, as required by the FYI994 appropriations act.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
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          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/19940805_94-636_9e4df6b55cad2a782adf1153392443d1ea3ae12e.pdf"
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        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/19940805_94-636_9e4df6b55cad2a782adf1153392443d1ea3ae12e.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Cuba",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Cuba"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - Cuba - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - Cuba - U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Telecommunication",
          "name": "Telecommunication"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Radio broadcasting",
          "name": "Radio broadcasting"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Television broadcasting",
          "name": "Television broadcasting"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Appropriations",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Latin American Affairs",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}