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      "title": "Federal Farm Promotion (\u201cCheck-Off\u201d) Programs",
      "summary": "The U.S. Supreme Court in 2005 affirmed the constitutionality of the so-called beef check-off program, one of the 18 generic promotion programs for agricultural products that are now active nationally. Supporters view check-offs as economically beneficial self-help activities that need minimal government involvement or taxpayer funding. Producers, handlers, and/or importers are required to pay an assessment, usually deducted from revenue at time of sale\u2014thus the name check-off. However, some farmers contend they are being \u201ctaxed\u201d for advertising and related activities they would not underwrite voluntarily. The Supreme Court\u2019s decision to uphold the beef check-off is considered significant for the future of the other programs, although the Court left open the possibility of additional challenges.",
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