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      "title": "Child Pornography: Constitutional Principles and Federal Statutes",
      "summary": "The First Amendment provides: \u201cCongress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.\u201d Although the First Amendment, in general, protects pornography, the Supreme Court has held that it does not protect two types of pornography: obscenity and child pornography. Consequently, the government may, and has, banned them.\nChild pornography is material that visually depicts sexual conduct by children, and is unprotected by the First Amendment even when it is not legally obscene. Federal statutes, in addition to making it a crime to transport or receive child pornography in interstate or foreign commerce, prohibit, among other things, the use of a minor in producing pornography, and provide for criminal and civil forfeiture of real and personal property used in making child pornography, and of the profits of child pornography. In addition, child pornography crimes are included among the predicate offenses that may give rise to a violation of the Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act.\nThe Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, P.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009-26, added a definition of \u201cchild pornography\u201d that include visual depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in explicit sexual conduct, even if no actual minor was used in producing the depiction. In Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002), the Supreme Court held this provision unconstitutional to the extent that it prohibited pictures that were not produced with actual minors. In response to Ashcroft, Congress enacted the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003, or the PROTECT Act, P.L. 108-21, which would again ban some non-obscene child pornography that was produced without an actual minor.\nThe Children\u2019s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), P.L. 106-554 (2000), amended three federal statutes to provide that a school or library may not use funds it receives under these statutes to purchase computers used to access the Internet, or to pay the direct costs of accessing the Internet, and may not receive universal service discounts, unless the school or library enforces a policy to block or filter minors\u2019 Internet access to visual depictions that are obscene, child pornography, or harmful to minors; and enforces a policy to block or filter adults\u2019 Internet access to visual depictions that are obscene or child pornography. Filters may be disabled, however, \u201cfor bona fide research or other lawful purpose.\u201d In United States v. American Library Association (2003), the Supreme Court held CIPA constitutional.\nThis report ends with a chronological list and description of recently enacted child pornography statutes, through P.L. 110-358, which was signed into law on October 8, 2008.",
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