{
  "id": "96-272",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "96-272",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 100577,
      "date": "1997-10-01",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:57:35.046941",
      "title": "China: U.S. Economic Sanctions",
      "summary": "The use of sanctions as a foreign policy tool to bring states into conformity with certain\ninternational\nnorms, whether on human rights, nonproliferation, aggression, or a number of other issues, plays a\ncentral and controversial part in current U.S. foreign policy debates. Much of the authority to\nimpose, waive, or lift sanctions rests with the President. In the case of the People's Republic of\nChina, however, Congress has played an active part in constructing the U.S. sanction regime and,\ngiven current tensions, will probably examine the issue of U.S.-China relations in the coming months. \nTo provide a context for such debate, this paper presents a post-World War II history of U.S.\neconomic sanctions imposed against the People's Republic of China. It highlights sanctions currently\nactive and lists occasions on which those restrictions have been waived.\n  After more than 20 years of nearly nonexistent U.S.-China relations, the process of\nnormalization began in 1971 when trade and travel restrictions were eased. Full diplomatic relations\nwere established in 1979, and a trade agreement was reached the same year. The following decade\nwas one of increasing, but cautious, cooperation and trade.\n  Relations deteriorated rapidly in 1989, however, when the Chinese government aggressively\nsuppressed a foundling pro-democracy movement. In June, when Chinese authorities cracked down\non students in Beijing holding peaceful demonstrations in Tiananmen Square, the United States began\nto recraft its policies toward China and to consider imposing new sanctions. In the wake of the\nTiananmen crackdown, the United States suspended arms trade, military exchanges, support in\ninternational financial institutions, Overseas Private Investment Corporation and Trade and\nDevelopment Agency funding, and export licenses for satellites, U.S. Munitions List items and crime\ncontrol items.\n  Since 1989, U.S.-China relations have seesawed between cooperation and confrontation. \nHuman rights, arms proliferation, the status of Taiwan and Tibet, and the use of prison labor for\nexport goods, all have given cause to continue sanctions. As well, trade issues--intellectual property\nrights and Chinese markets closed by tariffs and other restrictions--raise the specter of trade\nsanctions.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
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          "encoding": null,
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/96-272",
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          "images": null
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      ],
      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Economic Policy",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}