{
  "id": "98-586",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "98-586",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 103768,
      "date": "1998-07-02",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:53:43.954941",
      "title": "Failure to Report Transport of Currency Out of the Country: Forfeiture of Currency in United States v. Bajakajian Constitutes a Violation of the Excessive Fines Clause",
      "summary": "On July 8, 1994, the grand jury in  United States v. Bajakajian  \n(1)  returned a three count indictment\nagainst the defendant. One charged the defendant with violation of 31 U.S.C. \u00bf\u00bf 5316(a)(1)(A) and\n5322(a) for transporting currency of more than $10,000 outside of the United States without filing\na report with the United States Customs Service. The second count charged the defendant with\nmaking a false material statement to the United States Customs Service in violation of 18 U.S.C. \u00bf\n1001. The third sought the forfeiture of the $357,144.00 discovered by the Customs Service under\n18 U.S.C. \u00bf 982(a)(1). After the defendant pled guilty to failure to report the currency, the United\nStates District Court for the Central District of California determined that the defendant was required\nto forfeit only $15,000.00 of the $357,144.00. On appeal by the United States, the Court of Appeals\nheld that: (1) the forfeiture violated the excessive fines clause, but (2) since the defendant failed to\nfile a cross-appeal requesting modification of the district court order that he forfeit $15,000.00, it\nprecluded the Court of Appeals from setting aside the forfeiture order as unconstitutional. On June\n22, 1998, the United States Supreme Court decided that full forfeiture of $357,144.00 would violate\nthe Excessive Fines Clause.  (2)  This report will not be updated.\n     1.  \u00a084 F.3d 334 (9th Cir. 1996).\n  2.  \u00a0 United States v. Bajakajian,  66 U.S.L.W. 4514\n(U.S. June 23, 1998).",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "American Law",
    "Constitutional Questions"
  ]
}