{
  "id": "98-733",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "98-733",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 103827,
      "date": "1998-09-01",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:52:02.006941",
      "title": "Terrorism: U. S. Response to Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania: A New Policy Direction?",
      "summary": "On August 20,1998, the United States launched retaliatory and preemptive missile strikes\nagainst\ntraining bases and infrastructure in Afghanistan used by groups affiliated with radical extremist and\nterrorist financier Usama bin Laden. A \"pharmaceutical\" plant in Sudan, making a critical nerve gas\ncomponent, was destroyed as well. This is the first time the U.S. has unreservedly acknowledged\na preemptive military strike against a terrorist organization or network. This has led to speculation\nthat faced with a growing number of major attacks on U.S. persons and property and mounting\ncasualties, U.S. policymakers may be setting a new direction in counter-terrorism a more proactive\nand global policy, less constrained when targeting terrorists, their bases, or infrastructure. Questions\nraised include: What is the nature and extent of any actual policy shift; what are its pros and cons;\nand what other policy options exist? Issues of special concern to Congress include: (1) U.S.\ndomestic and overseas preparedness for terrorist attacks and retaliatory strikes; (2) the need for\nconsultation with Congress over policy shifts which might result in an undeclared type of war; and\n(3) sustaining public and Congressional support for a long term policy which may prove costly in:\n(a) dollars; (b) initial up-front loss of human lives, and (c) potential restrictions on civil liberties.\nWhether to change the presidential ban on assassinations and whether to place Afghanistan on the\n\"terrorism\" list warrants attention as well. This short report is intended for Members and staffers\nwho cover terrorism, as well as U.S. foreign and defense policy. It will be updated as events warrant.\nFor more information, see CRS Issue Brief IB95112,  Terrorism, the Future and U..S. Foreign\nPolicy \nand  CRS Report 98-722(pdf) ,  Terrorism: Middle East Groups and State Sponsors .",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
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      "topics": []
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  "topics": [
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security"
  ]
}