{ "id": "IN10779", "type": "CRS Insight", "typeId": "INSIGHTS", "number": "IN10779", "active": false, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 465464, "date": "2017-09-14", "retrieved": "2018-01-03T14:08:52.347822", "title": "Nuclear Talks with North Korea?", "summary": "The accelerated pace of North Korea\u2019s nuclear and missile testing, and continued threats against the United States and its allies have raised questions over the usefulness, timing, scope, and goals of any diplomatic talks with Pyongyang. An aggressive negotiation strategy is one of many options available to the United States. The Trump Administration has stated that its approach of \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d\u2014through strengthened United Nations sanctions, increased economic pressure, and ramped up military cooperation with allies\u2014is aimed at convincing Pyongyang \u201cto de-escalate and return to the path of dialogue.\u201d South Korean President Moon has said, \u201c[W]e have to add dialogue to the current menu of sanctions and pressure\u201d under the right conditions.\nTrump Administration officials have made a variety of statements on whether or when talks should occur. On August 30, President Trump tweeted, \u201cTalking is not the answer!\u201d and in another tweet called the South Korean President\u2019s efforts to resume dialogue \u201cappeasement.\u201d Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and Secretary of Defense James Mattis, however, called the U.S. strategy \u201cpeaceful pressure\u201d that was ultimately seeking to convince North Korea to enter negotiations on denuclearization. Pentagon officials have said that their actions to bolster deterrence are in support of diplomacy. \nTiming\nThose who advocate for immediately starting talks, including former U.S. officials who faced past nuclear crises with North Korea, view them as a way to de-escalate tensions and lessen the chance of war. However, South Korean President Moon Jae-in said after a September 14 North Korean missile test that \u201cdialogue was now impossible\u201d and could only be pursued once new sanctions have had a greater impact. A similar view, expressed by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, among others, is that talks in the near term are counterproductive and possibly embolden or reward Pyongyang for its actions. During the summer of 2017, South Korean President Moon proposed low-level dialogues, but North Korea rejected the overtures. \nPreconditions\nWhether and what conditions should be met before diplomatic talks with North Korea could begin is unresolved, and may be a key stumbling block to any resumption of dialogue. The United States and Japan have said that talks would only be possible after North Korea commits to full denuclearization. Secretary of State Tillerson has said that North Korea must take \u201cconcrete steps\u201d to reduce the threat posed by its nuclear and missile programs before the United States would consider talks, which would be conditioned upon an understanding that the ultimate goal is moving toward denuclearization. \nOver the past several years, North Korea generally has rejected dialogue on denuclearization unless other countries drop their preconditions as well as take certain steps, such as the United States withdrawing its protection of South Korea and/or all nuclear weapon states disarming. \nChina and Russia have issued a joint statement proposing a \u201cdual freeze\u201d approach with preconditions for North Korea (a moratorium on missile and nuclear tests) and for the United States and South Korea (a halt in \u201clarge-scale\u201d joint military exercises). Once these conditions were met, negotiations would include denuclearization and peace talks. The United States and South Korea have rejected these conditions, and North Korea has accelerated its testing. \nPrecedents\nThe United States and North Korea have conducted negotiations over Pyongyang\u2019s nuclear and missile programs in the past. Under the Agreed Framework, a U.S.-DPRK agreement reached in 1994, and that collapsed seven years later, North Korea froze plutonium production and opened its facilities to international inspectors in exchange for the United States and other countries providing two nuclear power plants and heavy fuel oil. After the Agreed Framework collapsed in 2002, the countries entered into the Six-Party Talks (2003-2009) among China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, and the United States. In 2005, the six parties produced a joint statement in which North Korea agreed to abandon its nuclear weapons programs in exchange for energy assistance, a U.S. security guarantee, as well as talks over a peace settlement with South Korea, normalization of relations with the United States, and other matters. A subsequent Six-Party agreement was only partially implemented, however, before disagreements over implementation caused its collapse. On February 29, 2012, the United States and North Korea reached the \u201cLeap Day\u201d agreement in which Pyongyang would halt nuclear and long-range missile tests, and nuclear activities at its Yongbyon facility in return for a U.S. pledge of large-scale food aid and an increase in people-to-people exchanges. The agreement broke down within weeks, after North Korea launched a long-range rocket. \nGoals\nThe United States says the goal of diplomacy with North Korea is the \u201cpeaceful denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula,\u201d and that the goal of talks would be the complete, verifiable, irreversible disarmament. U.S. Acting Assistant Secretary of State Susan Thornton said that the United States would \u201cnever recognize North Korea as a nuclear state.\u201d Some former U.S. negotiators argue that this goal is achievable with enough diplomatic effort and coordination with China. \nHowever, North Korea has said that it will not give up its nuclear weapons under the current regime of Kim Jong-un. Therefore, in order to halt weapon advancements and lower tensions, some analysts argue for a different near term goal: freezing nuclear and missile programs, which would require a testing moratorium, and possibly verification of nuclear facilities. Former Secretary of Defense William Perry, for example, says the focus now should be an agreement that would halt nuclear and ICBM testing, and commit Pyongyang to not export nuclear technology. \nOthers say that since North Korea will not be persuaded to give up its nuclear weapons, talks should focus on convincing North Korea not to use its weapons. Former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates argues that acceptance of a limited North Korean nuclear force is necessary to avoid war, and could include a testing moratorium, limits on missile range, and verification measures. Others argue that dialogue and confidence-building measures could reduce the chance of military conflict. This could include hotlines or other transparency measures, such as were established between the United States and the Soviet Union and between India and Pakistan.", "type": "CRS Insight", "typeId": "INSIGHTS", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/IN10779", "sha1": "77e0a1c69bd7de2a36bf684703ba7e503bd3d238", "filename": "files/20170914_IN10779_77e0a1c69bd7de2a36bf684703ba7e503bd3d238.html", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] } ], "topics": [ "CRS Insights" ] }