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      "title": "Origins and Impact of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Provisions That Expired on March 15, 2020",
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      "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov",
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      "date": "2016-04-11",
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      "title": "Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Expiring on December 15, 2019",
      "summary": "Two amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) were enacted as part of the USA PATRIOT Act. Section 206 of the USA PATRIOT Act amended FISA to permit multipoint, or \u201croving,\u201d wiretaps by adding flexibility to the degree of specificity with which the location or facility subject to electronic surveillance under FISA must be identified. Section 215 enlarged the scope of materials that could be sought under FISA to include \u201cany tangible thing.\u201d It also lowered the standard required before a court order may be issued to compel their production.\nA third amendment to FISA was enacted in 2004, as part of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA). Section 6001(a) of the IRTPA changed the rules regarding the types of individuals who may be targets of FISA-authorized searches. Also known as the \u201clone wolf\u201d provision, it permits surveillance of non-U.S. persons engaged in international terrorism without requiring evidence linking those persons to an identifiable foreign power or terrorist organization.\nIn summer 2013, media began reporting on several foreign intelligence activities conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA), including the bulk collection of telephone metadata under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act. After a one-day lapse in the expiring authorities, Congress enacted the USA FREEDOM Act, which placed new limitations on the scope of the government\u2019s foreign intelligence activities, while simultaneously extending the expired provisions through December 15, 2019.\nAlthough these provisions are set to sunset at the end of 2019, grandfather clauses permit them to remain effective with respect to investigations that began, or potential offenses that took place, before the sunset date.",
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      "date": "2011-05-27",
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      "title": "Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Set to Expire",
      "summary": "The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) provides a statutory framework by which government agencies may, when gathering foreign intelligence investigation,1 obtain authorization to conduct electronic surveillance2 or physical searches,3 utilize pen registers and trap and trace devices,4 or access specified business records and other tangible things. Authorization for such activities is typically obtained via a court order from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), a specialized court created to act as a neutral judicial decision maker in the context of FISA.",
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      "id": "R40138_2011May20",
      "date": "2011-05-20",
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      "title": "Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Set to Expire May 27, 2011",
      "summary": "This report discusses the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) which provides a statutory framework by which government agencies may, when gathering foreign intelligence investigation, obtain authorization to conduct electronic surveillance or physical searches, utilize pen registers and trap and trace devices, or access specified business records and other tangible things. Authorization for such activities is typically obtained via a court order from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), a specialized court created to act as a neutral judicial decision maker in the context of FISA.",
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      "id": "R40138_2011Mar01",
      "date": "2011-03-01",
      "retrieved": "2012-09-19T20:16:14",
      "title": "Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Set to Expire May 27, 2011",
      "summary": "This report discusses the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) which provides a statutory framework by which government agencies may, when gathering foreign intelligence investigation, obtain authorization to conduct electronic surveillance or physical searches, utilize pen registers and trap and trace devices, or access specified business records and other tangible things. Authorization for such activities is typically obtained via a court order from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), a specialized court created to act as a neutral judicial decision maker in the context of FISA.",
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      "id": "R40138_2011Feb10",
      "date": "2011-02-10",
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      "title": "Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Set to Expire February 28, 2011",
      "summary": "This report discusses the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) which provides a statutory framework by which government agencies may, when gathering foreign intelligence investigation, obtain authorization to conduct electronic surveillance or physical searches, utilize pen registers and trap and trace devices, or access specified business records and other tangible things. Authorization for such activities is typically obtained via a court order from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), a specialized court created to act as a neutral judicial decision maker in the context of FISA.",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463419/",
      "id": "R40138_2010Mar02",
      "date": "2010-03-02",
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      "title": "Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Set to Expire February 28, 2010",
      "summary": "The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) provides a statutory framework by which government agencies may, when gathering foreign intelligence investigation, obtain authorization to conduct electronic surveillance or physical searches, utilize pen registers and trap and trace devices, or access specified business records and other tangible things. This report discusses three sunsetting amendments of FISA which include the \"Lone Wolf\" provision, \"roving\" wiretaps, and access to business records.",
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      "id": "R40138_2009Dec23",
      "date": "2009-12-23",
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      "title": "Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Set to Expire February 28, 2010",
      "summary": "The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) provides a statutory framework by which government agencies may, when gathering foreign intelligence investigation, obtain authorization to conduct electronic surveillance or physical searches, utilize pen registers and trap and trace devices, or access specified business records and other tangible things. This report discusses three sunsetting amendments of FISA which include the \"Lone Wolf\" provision, \"roving\" wiretaps, and access to business records.",
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      "title": "Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Set to Expire February 28, 2010",
      "summary": "The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) provides a statutory framework by which government agencies may, when gathering foreign intelligence investigation, obtain authorization to conduct electronic surveillance or physical searches, utilize pen registers and trap and trace devices, or access specified business records and other tangible things. This report discusses three sunsetting amendments of FISA which include the \"Lone Wolf\" provision, \"roving\" wiretaps, and access to business records.",
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