{
  "id": "R40185",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "R40185",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 377055,
      "date": "2011-01-13",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T01:10:51.291696",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA; P.L. 93-205, 16 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 1531-1543) has been one of the more contentious environmental laws. This may stem from its strict substantive provisions, which can affect the use of both federal and nonfederal lands and resources. Under ESA, species of plants and animals (both vertebrate and invertebrate) can be listed as endangered or threatened according to assessments of their risk of extinction. Once a species is listed, powerful legal tools are available to aid its recovery and protect its habitat. ESA may also be controversial because dwindling species are usually harbingers of broader ecosystem decline. The most common cause of species listing is habitat loss. ESA is considered a primary driver of large-scale ecosystem restoration issues.\nThe 111th Congress has considered whether to revoke ESA regulations promulgated in the waning days of the Bush Administration that would alter when federal agency consultation is required. In addition, legislation related to global climate change includes provisions that would allocate funds to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u2019s endangered species program and/or to related funds to assist species adaptation to climate change. Other major issues concerning ESA in recent years have included the role of science in decision-making, critical habitat (CH) designation, protection by and incentives for property owners, and appropriate protection of listed species, among others.\nThe authorization for spending under ESA expired on October 1, 1992. The prohibitions and requirements of ESA remain in force, even in the absence of an authorization, and funds have been appropriated to implement the administrative provisions of ESA in each subsequent fiscal year. Proposals to reauthorize and extensively amend ESA were last considered in the 109th Congress, but none was enacted. No legislative proposals were introduced in the 110th or 111th Congresses to reauthorize the ESA.\nSeveral measures related to ESA were enacted in the 111th Congress, including P.L. 111-8, containing language authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to withdraw or reissue (1) revisions to the ESA Section 7 consultation regulations promulgated by the Bush Administration and (2) a December 2008 special rule that outlined protections afforded polar bears; P.L. 111-11, including provisions (1) authorizing the implementation of the San Joaquin River Restoration Settlement, providing for the reintroduction of Chinook salmon, and (2) amending P.L. 106-392 to extend the authorizations for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River Basin endangered fish recovery programs through FY2023; P.L. 111-88, appropriating about $281 million for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service endangered species and related programs for FY2010 (under the authority of a continuing resolution (P.L. 111-322), ESA funding at FY2010 levels was extended through March 4, 2011); and P.L. 111-241, authorizing the issuance of a Multinational Species Conservation Fund semipostal stamp.\nThis report discusses oversight issues and legislation introduced in the 111th Congress to address ESA implementation and management of endangered and threatened species.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "encoding": "utf-8",
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40185",
          "sha1": "18386764853f56d4b2c20c0f3fee1d99f8783da7",
          "filename": "files/20110113_R40185_18386764853f56d4b2c20c0f3fee1d99f8783da7.html",
          "images": null
        },
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "encoding": null,
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R40185",
          "sha1": "c4dec64770c757d31f7a24484ce48c2125879f8f",
          "filename": "files/20110113_R40185_c4dec64770c757d31f7a24484ce48c2125879f8f.pdf",
          "images": null
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc809525/",
      "id": "R40185_2010Oct22",
      "date": "2010-10-22",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20101022_R40185_73c1f8ea4c813f0348ce248bc8da1da255906d62.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20101022_R40185_73c1f8ea4c813f0348ce248bc8da1da255906d62.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491278/",
      "id": "R40185_2010Sep28",
      "date": "2010-09-28",
      "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": "This report discusses oversight issues and legislation introduced in the 111th Congress to address Endangered Species Act (ESA) implementation and management of endangered and threatened species.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20100928_R40185_a7cea62633a908aecbf0763ca0fda31a4bdd3e60.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20100928_R40185_a7cea62633a908aecbf0763ca0fda31a4bdd3e60.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Endangered animals",
          "name": "Endangered animals"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Endangered species",
          "name": "Endangered species"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Extinction (Biology)",
          "name": "Extinction (Biology)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818527/",
      "id": "R40185_2010Sep16",
      "date": "2010-09-16",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20100916_R40185_1ba7f7013d4fd22c8cfdfbea641b809bc0fb6934.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20100916_R40185_1ba7f7013d4fd22c8cfdfbea641b809bc0fb6934.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818319/",
      "id": "R40185_2010Jul19",
      "date": "2010-07-19",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20100719_R40185_1631584b208c4ed41410fa62a37bd088db5f3cf1.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20100719_R40185_1631584b208c4ed41410fa62a37bd088db5f3cf1.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc811045/",
      "id": "R40185_2010Jun28",
      "date": "2010-06-28",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20100628_R40185_1260eb04e45fbfdc7498590a8b05222113cd47ca.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc805465/",
      "id": "R40185_2010Jun11",
      "date": "2010-06-11",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20100611_R40185_bca6091d5bb0dd9386343ca44a1d2b521bdcf54f.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20100611_R40185_bca6091d5bb0dd9386343ca44a1d2b521bdcf54f.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc806517/",
      "id": "R40185_2010Apr23",
      "date": "2010-04-23",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20100423_R40185_790abf076bd5c4f5b79bd23c37c2fb52126bf3aa.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20100423_R40185_790abf076bd5c4f5b79bd23c37c2fb52126bf3aa.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818827/",
      "id": "R40185_2010Mar26",
      "date": "2010-03-26",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20100326_R40185_d47319e57bd2a6a159331551028b3162bf88be47.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20100326_R40185_d47319e57bd2a6a159331551028b3162bf88be47.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc816362/",
      "id": "R40185_2010Feb25",
      "date": "2010-02-25",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20100225_R40185_1fd213c729c082907744d63c99ab1955885df134.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20100225_R40185_1fd213c729c082907744d63c99ab1955885df134.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc808972/",
      "id": "R40185_2009Dec11",
      "date": "2009-12-11",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20091211_R40185_74a92144abcae570696f84c0ae94a37519a0f161.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20091211_R40185_74a92144abcae570696f84c0ae94a37519a0f161.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc809298/",
      "id": "R40185_2009Dec04",
      "date": "2009-12-04",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20091204_R40185_ec230412d839ea82b0955fc3ac416d14fb61d036.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20091204_R40185_ec230412d839ea82b0955fc3ac416d14fb61d036.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807183/",
      "id": "R40185_2009May07",
      "date": "2009-05-07",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20090507_R40185_159e9b4b6d475f72af03e2c1143d295128eee2bf.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20090507_R40185_159e9b4b6d475f72af03e2c1143d295128eee2bf.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc86543/",
      "id": "R40185_2009Apr10",
      "date": "2009-04-10",
      "retrieved": "2012-06-15T10:07:48",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 111th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": "This report discusses oversight issues and legislation introduced in the 111th Congress to address specific concerns related to how The Endangered Species Act (ESA) is implemented and how endangered and threatened species are managed.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20090410_R40185_3898f5e55611d9c0723456a8d5cf2d373fcd5b20.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20090410_R40185_3898f5e55611d9c0723456a8d5cf2d373fcd5b20.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Endangered animals",
          "name": "Endangered animals"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Endangered species",
          "name": "Endangered species"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Extinction (Biology)",
          "name": "Extinction (Biology)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc795598/",
      "id": "R40185_2009Feb25",
      "date": "2009-02-25",
      "retrieved": "2016-01-13T14:26:20",
      "title": "The Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the 11th Congress: Conflicting Values and Difficult Choices",
      "summary": "This report discusses U.S. policy toward global climate change, which evolved from a \"study only\" to a more \"study and action\" orientation in 1992 with ratification of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20090225_R40185_bf9faa8624de861aa254babad2b6c6c24d15b229.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20090225_R40185_bf9faa8624de861aa254babad2b6c6c24d15b229.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Global climate change",
          "name": "Global climate change"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Environmental protection",
          "name": "Environmental protection"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Global warming",
          "name": "Global warming"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Environmental Policy",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "National Defense",
    "Science and Technology Policy"
  ]
}