{
  "id": "R40479",
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      "date": "2013-01-24",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-06T23:38:50.129635",
      "title": "Bosnia and Herzegovina: Current Issues and U.S. Policy",
      "summary": "In recent years, many analysts have expressed concern that the international community\u2019s efforts over the past 17 years to stabilize Bosnia and Herzegovina are failing. Milorad Dodik, president of the Republika Srpska (RS), one of the two semi-autonomous \u201centities\u201d within Bosnia, has obstructed efforts to make Bosnia\u2019s central government more effective. He has repeatedly asserted the RS\u2019s right to secede from Bosnia, although he has so far refrained from trying to make this threat a reality. Some ethnic Croat leaders in Bosnia have called for more autonomy for Croats within Bosnia, perhaps threatening a further fragmentation of the country. \nThe Office of the High Representative (OHR), chosen by leading countries and international institutions, oversees implementation of the Dayton Peace Accords, which ended the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia. It has the power to fire Bosnian officials and impose laws, if need be, to enforce the Dayton Accords. However, the international community has proved unwilling in recent years to back the High Representative in using these powers boldly, fearing a backlash among Bosnian Serb leaders. As a result, OHR has become increasingly ineffective, according to many observers. The international community has vowed to close OHR after Bosnia meets a series of five objectives and two conditions. \nThe EU\u2019s main inducement to enlist the cooperation of Bosnian leaders\u2014the prospect of eventual EU membership\u2014has so far proved insufficient. The prospect of NATO membership has also had little effect. In April 2010, NATO foreign ministers agreed to permit Bosnia to join the Membership Action Plan (MAP) program, a key stepping-stone to membership for NATO. However, the ministers stressed that NATO will not accept Bosnia\u2019s Annual National Plan under the program until the entities agree to the registration of defense installations as the property of the central government. Dodik has rejected doing so for installations on RS territory. \nThe U.S. political role in the country appears to have declined in recent years as the EU role has increased. The Obama Administration has stressed the importance of maintaining a close partnership with the EU in dealing with Bosnia. Like the EU, the United States has urged Bosnian politicians to agree among themselves to constitutional and other reforms to make Bosnia\u2019s government institutions more effective and better coordinated, so that the country can become a better candidate for eventual NATO and EU membership.\nThe United States provided just over $2 billion in aid to Bosnia from the country\u2019s independence through FY2012. Aid to Bosnia has declined in recent years. For FY2013, the Administration requested $28.556 million in aid for political and economic reforms in Bosnia from the Economic Support Fund, $6.735 million in the International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement account (INCLE), $4.5 million in FMF, $1 million in IMET aid, and $4.75 million in NADR funding.",
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      "id": "R40479_2012Feb29",
      "date": "2012-02-29",
      "retrieved": "2012-06-15T10:07:48",
      "title": "Bosnia: Current Issues and U.S. Policy",
      "summary": "In recent years, many analysts have expressed concern that the international community's efforts over the past 15 years to stabilize Bosnia are failing. This report discusses the U.S. and European Union's roles in trying to stabilize the area.",
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          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
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          "id": "Foreign relations - Bosnia - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - Bosnia - U.S."
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        {
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          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Bosnia",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Bosnia"
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        {
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          "id": "Foreign aid",
          "name": "Foreign aid"
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          "id": "American economic assistance - Bosnia",
          "name": "American economic assistance - Bosnia"
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40074/",
      "id": "R40479_2011May2",
      "date": "2011-05-02",
      "retrieved": "2011-08-27T10:13:38",
      "title": "Bosnia: Current Issues and U.S. Policy",
      "summary": "This report presents an overview of the economic and political situation in Bosnia. It starts out by describing the current situation, the negotiations on forming a new central government, the international role in Bosnia, and the last part discusses the implications of U.S. policy.",
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          "id": "Foreign relations",
          "name": "Foreign relations"
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          "id": "Foreign policy",
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          "id": "Foreign relations - Bosnia - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - Bosnia - U.S."
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          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Bosnia"
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501734/",
      "id": "R40479_2010Apr12",
      "date": "2010-04-12",
      "retrieved": "2015-03-30T22:03:27",
      "title": "Bosnia: Current Issues and U.S. Policy",
      "summary": "This report presents an overview of the economic and political situation in Bosnia. It starts out by describing the current situation, the negotiations on forming a new central government, the international role in Bosnia, and the last part discusses the implications of U.S. policy.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
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          "id": "Foreign policy",
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          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Bosnia"
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      "id": "R40479_2010Jan26",
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      "title": "Bosnia: Current Issues and U.S. Policy",
      "summary": "This report presents an overview of the economic and political situation in Bosnia. It starts out by describing the current situation, the negotiations on forming a new central government, the international role in Bosnia, and the last part discusses the implications of U.S. policy.",
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          "name": "Foreign relations -- Bosnia -- U.S."
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      "id": "R40479_2009Aug27",
      "date": "2009-08-27",
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      "title": "Bosnia: Current Issues and U.S. Policy",
      "summary": "This report presents an overview of the economic and political situation in Bosnia. It starts out by describing the current situation, the negotiations on forming a new central government, the international role in Bosnia, and the last part discusses the implications of U.S. policy.",
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      "summary": "This report presents an overview of the economic and political situation in Bosnia. It starts out by describing the current situation, the negotiations on forming a new central government, the international role in Bosnia, and the last part discusses the implications of U.S. policy.",
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  "topics": [
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