{
  "id": "R40566",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "R40566",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 349343,
      "date": "2009-06-02",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T02:28:04.230145",
      "title": "Cuban Migration to the United States: Policy\u00a0and Trends",
      "summary": "Many of the issues surrounding Cuban migration are unique but not new. Normal immigration from Cuba has been elusive since Fidel Castro came to power. Over the past 50 years, the practice of Cubans fleeing by boat to the United States has become commonplace, and at some points reached the levels of a mass exodus. Since the last upsurge of \u201cboat people\u201d in the mid-1990s, the United States and Cuba worked toward establishing safe, legal immigration, which includes returning migrants interdicted by the U.S. Coast Guard. These migration policies, however, are not without critics. \nThe immigration of Cubans to the United States has increased since 1995, although the actual admission numbers have ebbed and flowed over this period. Cuba consistently ranks among the top 10 source countries for legal permanent residents (LPRs). Cuba ranked fifth as a top immigrant-sending country\u2014after Mexico, China, India, and the Philippines\u2014in FY2008. A total of 49,500 Cubans became LPRs in FY2008. \nU.S. Coast Guard interdictions of Cubans have fluctuated since the mid-1990s, yet the general trend has moved upward. Cuban interdictions reached a 12-year high of 2,868 in FY2007. In FY2008, the U.S. Coast Guard reported 2,199 Cuban interdictions. Similarly, U.S. Border Patrol apprehensions of Cubans peaked at 4,295 in FY2007 and slipped to 3,351 in FY2008. Cubans who arrived at ports of entry without documents exhibited a comparable pattern, reaching a high of 13,019 in FY2007 and falling slightly to 11,278 in FY2008. \nThe change in leadership of both the United States and Cuba may provide openings for revisions in U.S. policy on Cuban migration. Fidel Castro\u2019s departure as head of government in July 2006 has prompted some observers to call for a reexamination of U.S. policy toward Cuba overall, and a potential opportunity to restart the migration talks that had occurred semi-annually for a decade after the 1994 U.S-Cuba Migration Accord. After serving temporarily, Ra\u00fal Castro, brother of Fidel Casto, officially assumed the Cuban presidency in February 2008. This transfer of power between the Castro brothers led some to question whether there would be much of an opening for renewed migration talks between the United States and Cuba. \nDuring the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, however, President Barack Obama stated he would seek to change U.S. policy by allowing unlimited family travel and remittances to Cuba, signaling to some the possibility of resuming the migration talks. In his opening speech at the Summit of the Americas on April 17, 2009, President Obama expressed the hope of \u201ca new beginning with Cuba,\u201d specifically mentioning migration as an issue. A bipartisan group of congressional leaders are expressing support for a resumption of the migration talks with Cuba. On May 31, 2009, a U.S. State Department official reported that Cuban officials had indicated that they want to resume migration talks.\nThis report does not track legislation but will be updated if policies are revised. For a discussion of U.S. foreign policy toward Cuba, see CRS Report R40193, Cuba: Issues for the 111th Congress, by Mark P. Sullivan",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40566",
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      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689383/",
      "id": "R40566_2009May07",
      "date": "2009-05-07",
      "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47",
      "title": "Cuban Migration to the United States: Policy and Trends",
      "summary": "This report opens with a historical analysis of the unique immigration policy that evolved with Cuba and an explanation of its nexus with other federal policies. It follows with time series analysis of Cuban migration trends. The report concludes by discussing current challenges and issues.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
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          "filename": "files/20090507_R40566_854542eaa6e5a893104d1943a4c824af5b3c782f.pdf"
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          "filename": "files/20090507_R40566_854542eaa6e5a893104d1943a4c824af5b3c782f.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Immigration",
          "name": "Immigration"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Immigration policy",
          "name": "Immigration policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Cuba",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Cuba"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- Cuba -- U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- Cuba -- U.S."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Immigration Policy"
  ]
}