{ "id": "R40929", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R40929", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs", "retrieved": "2020-09-07T12:21:45.255114", "id": "R40929_39_2020-08-31", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-08-31_R40929_3c645ba336ee93a7e08c3d602defb45c267f2372.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R40929/39", "sha1": "3c645ba336ee93a7e08c3d602defb45c267f2372" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-08-31_R40929_3c645ba336ee93a7e08c3d602defb45c267f2372.html" } ], "date": "2020-08-31", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "R", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R40929", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460800, "date": "2017-04-28", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T13:35:29.892188", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs", "summary": "In an increasingly global economy, and with retirement underway for the Baby Boomer generation, Congress has indicated a strong interest in ensuring that today\u2019s young people have the educational attainment and employment experience needed to become highly skilled workers, contributing taxpayers, and successful participants in civic life. Challenges in the economy and among certain youth populations, however, have heightened concern among policymakers that some young people may not be prepared to fill these roles. The employment levels for youth under age 25 have declined markedly in recent years, including in the wake of the 2007-2009 recession. Certain young people\u2014such as high school dropouts, current and former foster youth, and other at-risk populations\u2014face challenges in completing school and entering the workforce. \nSince the 1930s, federal job training and employment programs and policies have sought to connect vulnerable youth to work and school. Generally, these young people have been defined as being at-risk because they are economically disadvantaged and have a barrier to employment. During the Great Depression, the focus was on employing young men who were idle through public works and other projects. The employment programs from this era included an educational component to encourage youth to obtain their high school diplomas. Beginning in the 1960s, the federal government started funding programs for low-income youth that address their multiple needs through job training, educational services, and supportive services. \nCurrently, there are four major federal youth employment and job training programs, all of which are administered by the Department of Labor\u2019s (DOL\u2019s) Employment and Training Administration (ETA). Although these programs have varying eligibility requirements and are carried out under different funding arrangements, they generally have a common purpose\u2014to provide vulnerable youth with educational and employment opportunities and access to leadership development and community service activities. The Youth Activities program offers job training and other services through what are known as local workforce development boards, whose members are appointed by the chief local elected official(s). The program was funded at $873.4 million in FY2016. The Job Corps program provides career and technical training in a number of trades at 125 residential centers throughout the country. The program received FY2016 appropriations of $1.7 billion. Another program, YouthBuild, engages youth in educational services and job training that focus on the construction trades. YouthBuild received FY2016 appropriations of $84.5 million. Separately, the Reentry Employment Opportunities program, formerly known as the Reintegration of Ex-Offenders program, includes job training and other services for juvenile and adult offenders. The youth component of the program was funded at $39.5 million in FY2016.\nThe four programs were authorized under the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA, P.L. 105-220) through FY2003, and Congress continued to appropriate funding for the programs in subsequent years. On July 22, 2014, President Obama signed into law the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA, P.L. 113-128). WIOA amended these programs, particularly the Youth Activities program and Job Corps. Like WIA, WIOA does not explicitly authorize the Reentry Employment Opportunities program; however, Congress appropriated funding for the program in FY2016 (P.L. 114-113) under the authority of Section 169 of WIOA and the Second Chance Act. Section 169 authorizes evaluations and research. The amendments made by WIOA generally went into effect on July 1, 2015.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40929", "sha1": "87448eeca4e92d5f862df7f0d35d94b6382455b6", "filename": "files/20170428_R40929_87448eeca4e92d5f862df7f0d35d94b6382455b6.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R40929", "sha1": "89da9fd7dc8863fab79201549fb1aec957252be1", "filename": "files/20170428_R40929_89da9fd7dc8863fab79201549fb1aec957252be1.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4864, "name": "Youth & Transition to Adulthood" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4921, "name": "Labor, HHS, & Education Appropriations" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4943, "name": "Workforce Development & Employment Services" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 458337, "date": "2017-01-23", "retrieved": "2017-01-24T16:56:50.550679", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs", "summary": "In an increasingly global economy, and with retirement underway for the Baby Boomer generation, Congress has indicated a strong interest in ensuring that today\u2019s young people have the educational attainment and employment experience needed to become highly skilled workers, contributing taxpayers, and successful participants in civic life. Challenges in the economy and among certain youth populations, however, have heightened concern among policymakers that some young people may not be prepared to fill these roles. The employment levels for youth under age 25 have declined markedly in recent years, including in the wake of the 2007-2009 recession. Certain young people\u2014such as high school dropouts, current and former foster youth, and other at-risk populations\u2014face challenges in completing school and entering the workforce. \nSince the 1930s, federal job training and employment programs and policies have sought to connect vulnerable youth to work and school. Generally, these young people have been defined as being at-risk because they are economically disadvantaged and have a barrier to employment. During the Great Depression, the focus was on employing young men who were idle through public works and other projects. The employment programs from this era included an educational component to encourage youth to obtain their high school diplomas. Beginning in the 1960s, the federal government started funding programs for low-income youth that address their multiple needs through job training, educational services, and supportive services. \nCurrently, there are four major federal youth employment and job training programs, all of which are administered by the Department of Labor\u2019s (DOL\u2019s) Employment and Training Administration (ETA). Although these programs have varying eligibility requirements and are carried out under different funding arrangements, they generally have a common purpose\u2014to provide vulnerable youth with educational and employment opportunities and access to leadership development and community service activities. The Youth Activities program offers job training and other services through what are known as local workforce development boards, whose members are appointed by the chief local elected official(s). The program was funded at $873.4 million in FY2016. The Job Corps program provides career and technical training in a number of trades at 125 residential centers throughout the country. The program received FY2016 appropriations of $1.7 billion. Another program, YouthBuild, engages youth in educational services and job training that focus on the construction trades. YouthBuild received FY2016 appropriations of $84.5 million. Separately, the Reentry Employment Opportunities program, formerly known as the Reintegration of Ex-Offenders program, includes job training and other services for juvenile and adult offenders. The youth component of the program was funded at $39.5 million in FY2016.\nThe four programs were authorized under the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA, P.L. 105-220) through FY2003, and Congress continued to appropriate funding for the programs in subsequent years. On July 22, 2014, President Obama signed into law the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA, P.L. 113-128). WIOA amended these programs, particularly the Youth Activities program and Job Corps. Like WIA, WIOA does not explicitly authorize the Reentry Employment Opportunities program; however, Congress appropriated funding for the program in FY2016 (P.L. 114-113) under the authority of Section 169 of WIOA and the Second Chance Act. Section 169 authorizes evaluations and research. The amendments made by WIOA generally went into effect on July 1, 2015.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40929", "sha1": "a2898e83e56b7cd4c7fff766a7f75625515c8a00", "filename": "files/20170123_R40929_a2898e83e56b7cd4c7fff766a7f75625515c8a00.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R40929", "sha1": "51b667fc61b54a099f581e15973ed427525ec58e", "filename": "files/20170123_R40929_51b667fc61b54a099f581e15973ed427525ec58e.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4864, "name": "Youth & Transition to Adulthood" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4921, "name": "Labor, HHS, & Education Appropriations" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4943, "name": "Workforce Development & Employment Services" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 445343, "date": "2015-09-16", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T18:22:08.773689", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs", "summary": "In an increasingly global economy, and with retirement underway for the Baby Boomer generation, Congress has indicated a strong interest in ensuring that today\u2019s young people have the educational attainment and employment experience needed to become highly skilled workers, contributing taxpayers, and successful participants in civic life. Challenges in the economy and among certain youth populations, however, have heightened concern among policymakers that some young people may not be prepared to fill these roles. The employment levels for youth under age 25 have declined markedly in recent years, including in the wake of the 2007-2009 recession. Certain young people\u2014such as high school dropouts, current and former foster youth, and other at-risk populations\u2014face challenges in completing school and entering the workforce. While the United States has experienced a dramatic increase in secondary school attendance in the past several decades, approximately 7% of youth ages 18 to 24 have not attained a high school diploma or its equivalent. \nSince the 1930s, federal job training and employment programs and policies have sought to connect vulnerable youth to work and school. Generally, these young people have been defined as being at-risk because they are economically disadvantaged and have a barrier to employment. During the Great Depression, the focus was on employing young men who were idle through public works and other projects. The employment programs from this era included an educational component to encourage youth to obtain their high school diplomas. Beginning in the 1960s, the federal government began funding programs for low-income youth that address their multiple needs through job training, educational services, and supportive services. \nThe four contemporary federal youth employment and job training programs are carried out by the Department of Labor\u2019s (DOL\u2019s) Employment and Training Administration (ETA). Although these programs have varying eligibility requirements and are carried out under different funding arrangements, they generally have a common purpose\u2014to provide vulnerable youth with educational and employment opportunities and access to leadership development and community service activities. The Youth Workforce Investment Activities (Youth) program offers job training and other services through what are known as local workforce development boards. The program was funded at $831.8 million in Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 (Program Year (PY) 2015; the program year extends from July 1 of one year through June 30 of the next year). Job Corps provides training in a number of trades at centers where youth reside, and received FY2015 (PY2015) appropriations of $1.7 billion. Another program, YouthBuild, engages youth in educational services and job training that focus on the construction trades. YouthBuild received FY2015 (PY2015) appropriations of $79.7 million. Separately, WIA\u2019s pilot and demonstration authority has been used to carry out the Reintegration of Ex-Offenders program, which includes job training and other services for juvenile and adult offenders. The youth component of the program was funded at $44.1 million in FY2015.\nThe four programs were authorized under the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA, P.L. 105-220) through FY2003, and Congress continued to appropriate funding for the programs in subsequent years. On July 22, 2014, President Obama signed into law the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA, P.L. 113-128). WIOA made significant amendments to these programs, particularly to the Youth program and Job Corps. The YouthBuild program remains essentially the same. WIOA does not explicitly authorize the Reintegration of Ex-Offenders program; however, Congress appropriated funding for the program in FY2015 (P.L. 113-235) under the authority of Section 169 of WIOA and the Second Chance Act. Section 169 authorizes evaluations and research. The amendments made by WIOA generally went into effect on July 1, 2015.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40929", "sha1": "e4bdaedbb5250715d8e68e1983e3b0d1009dfe11", "filename": "files/20150916_R40929_e4bdaedbb5250715d8e68e1983e3b0d1009dfe11.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R40929", "sha1": "abe9db9784eed8c7929989f1c034b5751a3f9725", "filename": "files/20150916_R40929_abe9db9784eed8c7929989f1c034b5751a3f9725.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2347, "name": "Labor, HHS, and Education Appropriations" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2651, "name": "Child Well-Being" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4326, "name": "Benefits and Services for Low-Income Households" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 647, "name": "Employment and Training Policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc817488/", "id": "R40929_2015May05", "date": "2015-05-05", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150505_R40929_67e3315b2a9b1288acc3ff9fae4a5208ce5eabd8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150505_R40929_67e3315b2a9b1288acc3ff9fae4a5208ce5eabd8.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463029/", "id": "R40929_2014Jan13", "date": "2014-01-13", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs", "summary": "This report provides an overview of federal employment programs for vulnerable young people. It begins with a discussion of the current challenges in preparing all youth today for the workforce. The report then provides a chronology of job training and employment programs for at-risk youth that began in the 1930s and were expanded or modified from the 1960s through the 1990s. It goes on to discuss the five youth programs authorized under the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA), and draws comparisons between these programs.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140113_R40929_c154e327881d2706fca517f5c56b301cd7d07624.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140113_R40929_c154e327881d2706fca517f5c56b301cd7d07624.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Youth", "name": "Youth" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Age and employment", "name": "Age and employment" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Labor", "name": "Labor" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Employment", "name": "Employment" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc85377/", "id": "R40929_2012May11", "date": "2012-05-11", "retrieved": "2012-06-06T14:34:05", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs", "summary": "In an increasingly global economy, and with retirement starting for the Baby Boomer generation,\r\nCongress has indicated a strong interest in ensuring that today's young people have the educational attainment and employment experience needed to become highly skilled workers, contributing taxpayers, and successful participants in civic life. Challenges in the economy and among certain youth populations, however, have heightened concern among policymakers that\r\nsome young people may not be prepared to fill these roles. This report covers this history and current status of governmental assistance in federal youth employment and job training programs.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120511_R40929_4f9545d126ae5a647b51c4b8d64764942eec913b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120511_R40929_4f9545d126ae5a647b51c4b8d64764942eec913b.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Youth", "name": "Youth" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Age and employment", "name": "Age and employment" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Labor", "name": "Labor" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Employment", "name": "Employment" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc805706/", "id": "R40929_2010Feb05", "date": "2010-02-05", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Employment and Job Training Programs", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100205_R40929_416b91a040d9904cf4f7be395064595874e603aa.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100205_R40929_416b91a040d9904cf4f7be395064595874e603aa.html" } ], "topics": [] } ], "topics": [ "Domestic Social Policy" ] }