{ "id": "R40977", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R40977", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "International Economic Policy Coordination at the G-7 and the G-20", "retrieved": "2020-11-12T04:03:27.357637", "id": "R40977_32_2020-10-14", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-10-14_R40977_6f66a10a7071c6d7538825218da469a4c70f253a.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R40977/32", "sha1": "6f66a10a7071c6d7538825218da469a4c70f253a" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-10-14_R40977_6f66a10a7071c6d7538825218da469a4c70f253a.html" } ], "date": "2020-10-14", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "R", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R40977", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 605908, "date": "2019-10-04", "retrieved": "2019-10-10T22:19:36.182701", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": "The Group of Twenty (G-20) is a forum for advancing international cooperation and coordination among 20 major advanced and emerging-market economies. The G-20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as the European Union (EU). G-20 countries account for about 85% of global economic output, 75% of global exports, and two-thirds of the world\u2019s population.\nOriginally established in 1999, the G-20 rose to prominence during the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and is now the premier forum for international economic cooperation. Since the crisis, the G-20 leaders typically meet annually (at \u201csummits\u201d). Meetings among lower-level officials, including finance ministers and central bank governors, are scheduled throughout the year. G-20 meetings primarily focus on international economic and financial issues, although related topics are also discussed, including development, food security, and the environment, among others. \nCongress exercises oversight over the Administration\u2019s participation in the G-20, including the policy commitments that the Administration is making in the G-20 and the policies it is encouraging other G-20 countries to pursue. Additionally, legislative action may be required to implement certain commitments made by the Administration in the G-20 process. \nThe G-20 in 2019 and 2020\nJapan holds the rotating chair of the G-20 in 2019, and focused the summit agenda on three major issues: trade, the digital economy, and the environment. As in recent summits, the U.S. positions on trade and climate change put it at odds with the other G-20 members, with some analysts continuing to refer to the forum as the \u201cG-19+1.\u201d In the communiqu\u00e9, leaders agreed to general principles supporting trade (free, fair, non-discriminatory, transparent, predictable, and stable) and pledged to reform the World Trade Organization, but did not repeat previous pledges to fight protectionism. On climate change, the communiqu\u00e9 reflected the split between the United States, which has decided to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, and the other 19 countries, which pledged continued support for and implementation of the Paris Agreement. \nThe communiqu\u00e9 also references commitments on a range of other issues, including infrastructure investment, global finance, anti-corruption, employment, women\u2019s empowerment, agriculture, development, global health, and migration, with varying consequence and degree of specificity. President Trump also held several high-profile meetings with leaders on the side of G-20 events, including with the crown prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammed bin Salman and Chinese president Xi Jinping. \nSaudi Arabia is to chair the G-20 in 2020 and host the summit on November 21-22, 2020, in Riyadh. Some analysts concerned about Saudi Arabia\u2019s human rights practices have called for a relocation or boycott of the summit, although it is not clear what traction such proposals have gained to date.\n U.S. Leadership and Effectiveness of the G-20\nThe G-20 meeting and outcomes are contributing to ongoing debate about the U.S. leadership in the world under the Trump Administration. Some commentators are concerned that U.S. isolation at international summits reflects a growing trend of abdication of U.S. leadership and abandonment of U.S. allies. Others are more optimistic, arguing that differences between the United States and other countries are overblown and that President Trump is pursuing foreign policies consistent with his campaign pledges.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40977", "sha1": "fd1865a85dbc6bec709db78d0637604e15489dd6", "filename": "files/20191004_R40977_fd1865a85dbc6bec709db78d0637604e15489dd6.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R40977_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191004_R40977_images_da8fa8031c56fb972beaab822b461f1f0236efb0.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R40977", "sha1": "b70683665441de41d2732c3454885810bb700c27", "filename": "files/20191004_R40977_b70683665441de41d2732c3454885810bb700c27.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4854, "name": "International Financial Institutions" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584947, "date": "2018-09-10", "retrieved": "2018-09-12T22:17:49.399056", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": "The Group of Twenty (G-20) is a forum for advancing international cooperation and coordination among 20 major advanced and emerging-market economies. The G-20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as the European Union (EU). G-20 countries account for about 85% of global economic output, 75% of global exports, and two-thirds of the world\u2019s population.\nOriginally established in 1999, the G-20 rose to prominence during the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and is now the premier forum for international economic cooperation. Since the crisis, the G-20 leaders typically meet annually (at \u201csummits\u201d). Meetings among lower-level officials, including finance ministers and central bank governors, are scheduled throughout the year. G-20 meetings primarily focus on international economic and financial issues, although related topics are also discussed, including development, food security, and the environment, among others.\nCongress exercises oversight over the Administration\u2019s participation in the G-20, including the policy commitments that the Administration is making in the G-20 and the policies it is encouraging other G-20 countries to pursue. Additionally, legislative action may be required to implement certain commitments made by the Administration in the G-20 process. \nThe G-20 in 2018\nArgentina is chairing the G-20 in 2018 and hosting the annual summit on October 4-5 in Buenos Aires. Argentina\u2019s theme for the year is \u201cbuilding consensus for fair and sustainable development.\u201d To advance this agenda, Argentina is proposing a focus on three key issues: (1) the future of work; (2) infrastructure for development; and (3) food security. In addition, Argentina will seek to build on previous G-20 work on empowering women, fighting corruption, strengthening financial governance, building a strong and sustainable financial system, improving the fairness of the global tax system, cooperating on trade and investment, taking responsibility on climate action, and transitioning toward cleaner, more flexible, and more transparent energy systems.\nThere are questions about how discussions will proceed at the summit. The 2017 G-20 summit was contentious, with the United States increasingly isolated on trade and climate change issues. It is not clear that divisions on these issues have resolved over the past year. The G-7 summit hosted by Canada was also divisive, with President Trump withdrawing his initial support for the communiqu\u00e9. Trade divisions have also arisen in G-20 discussions among finance ministers and central bank governors earlier this year. Meanwhile, Argentina is embroiled in its own financial crisis, with the government struggling to regain investor confidence following rapid depreciation of its currency and IMF program in June 2018. \nU.S. Leadership and Effectiveness of the G-20\nThe G-20 meeting and outcomes are contributing to ongoing debate about the U.S. leadership in the world under the Trump Administration. Some commentators are concerned that U.S. isolation at international summits reflects a growing trend of abdication of U.S. leadership and abandonment of U.S. allies. Others are more optimistic, arguing that differences between the United States and other countries were overblown and that President Trump is pursuing foreign policies consistent with his campaign pledges.\nThe summit also raises questions about the G-20's usefulness. Some argue it is a vital forum for a diverse set of countries to discuss their differences. Others wonder whether the G-20, which initially brought together leaders to coordinate the response to the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, has become less consequential over time.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40977", "sha1": "410c45586a68a3dc0a2fdc1aedde81724d5a249b", "filename": "files/20180910_R40977_410c45586a68a3dc0a2fdc1aedde81724d5a249b.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R40977_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180910_R40977_images_da8fa8031c56fb972beaab822b461f1f0236efb0.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R40977", "sha1": "acc81b606b040faa210d80a5b3ff9809d9403a11", "filename": "files/20180910_R40977_acc81b606b040faa210d80a5b3ff9809d9403a11.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4854, "name": "International Financial Institutions" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 462997, "date": "2017-08-01", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T12:52:42.187320", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": "The Group of Twenty (G-20) is a forum for advancing international cooperation and coordination among 20 major advanced and emerging-market economies. The G-20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as the European Union (EU). G-20 countries account for about 85% of global economic output, 75% of global exports, and two-thirds of the world\u2019s population.\nOriginally established in 1999, the G-20 rose to prominence during the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and is now the premier forum for international economic cooperation. Since the crisis, the G-20 leaders typically meet annually (at \u201csummits\u201d). Meetings among lower-level officials, including finance ministers and central bank governors, are scheduled throughout the year. G-20 meetings primarily focus on international economic and financial issues, although related topics are also discussed, including development, food security, and the environment, among others.\nCongress exercises oversight over the Administration\u2019s participation in the G-20, including the policy commitments that the Administration is making in the G-20 and the policies it is encouraging other G-20 countries to pursue. Additionally, legislative action may be required to implement certain commitments made by the Administration in the G-20 process. \nThe G-20 in 2017\nGermany hosted the annual G-20 summit on July 7-8, 2017. It was the first G-20 summit attended by President Donald Trump, who campaigned on an \u201cAmerica First\u201d platform and has signaled a reorientation of U.S. foreign policy. While the United States has traditionally played a leadership role at the G-20, many commentators viewed the United States as isolated at the 2017 summit, leading some skeptics to refer to this summit as the \u201cG19+1.\u201d\nWhile not all issues discussed at the G-20 meeting were as contentious, tensions were most pronounced on climate change and trade. The communiqu\u00e9 notes the U.S. decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement and the United States\u2019 commitment to an approach that \u201clowers emissions while supporting economic growth and improving energy security needs.\u201d In contrast, leaders of the other G-20 members state that the Paris Agreement is \u201cirreversible.\u201d It is unusual for a stark division among G-20 members to be reflected in a G-20 communiqu\u00e9.\nOn trade, discussions reflected key divisions between the United States and other G-20 countries, particularly in Europe. Ultimately leaders reaffirmed commitments to keep markets open, but also pledged to combat unfair trade practices, a trade priority articulated by the Trump Administration. Previous G-20 pledges to roll back protectionist measures were dropped. \nU.S. Leadership and Effectiveness of the G-20\nThe G-20 meeting and outcomes are contributing to ongoing debate about the U.S. leadership in the world under the Trump Administration. Some commentators are concerned that the United States was isolated at the G-20, reflecting a growing trend of abdication of U.S. leadership and abandonment of U.S. allies. Others are more optimistic, arguing that differences between the United States and other countries were overblown and that President Trump is pursuing foreign policies consistent with his campaign pledges.\nThe summit also raises questions about the G-20's usefulness. Some argue it is a vital forum for a diverse set of countries to discuss their differences. Others wonder whether the G-20, which initially brought together leaders to coordinate the response to the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, has become less consequential over time.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40977", "sha1": "1e96def1470ae47f4defeb8ef4ff6c9bf762c327", "filename": "files/20170801_R40977_1e96def1470ae47f4defeb8ef4ff6c9bf762c327.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R40977_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170801_R40977_images_da8fa8031c56fb972beaab822b461f1f0236efb0.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R40977", "sha1": "cc7573dc827f160a62cb40a07d0f95e6abf63e82", "filename": "files/20170801_R40977_cc7573dc827f160a62cb40a07d0f95e6abf63e82.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4854, "name": "International Financial Institutions" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 454472, "date": "2016-07-22", "retrieved": "2016-09-09T19:08:56.024203", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": "The Group of Twenty (G-20) is a forum for advancing international cooperation and coordination among 20 major advanced and emerging-market economies. The G-20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as the European Union (EU). G-20 countries account for about 85% of global economic output, 75% of global exports, and two-thirds of the world\u2019s population.\nOriginally established in 1999, the G-20 rose to prominence during the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and is now the premier forum for international economic cooperation. Since the crisis, the G-20 leaders typically meet annually (at \u201csummits\u201d). Meetings among lower-level officials, including finance ministers and central bank governors, are scheduled throughout the year. G-20 meetings primarily focus on international economic and financial issues, although related topics are also discussed, including development, food security, and the environment, among others. \nCongress exercises oversight over the Administration\u2019s participation in the G-20, including the policy commitments that the Administration is making in the G-20 and the policies it is encouraging other G-20 countries to pursue. Additionally, legislative action may be required to implement certain commitments made by the Administration in the G-20 process. \nThe G-20 in 2016\nChina holds the rotating presidency of the G-20 for the first time in 2016 and is hosting the leaders\u2019 summit on September 4-5 in Hangzhou. The president of the G-20 sets the agenda for the year, and China is focusing on the \u201cfour I\u2019s\u201d: an innovative, invigorated, interconnected, and inclusive world economy. Key agenda items include economic growth (including maintaining the momentum of the global economic recovery and lifting mid- to long-term growth potential), effective and efficient global economic and financial governance, robust international trade and investment, and inclusive and interconnected development.\nIn preparation for the September summit, a number of meetings are being held among lower-level government officials, most prominently among the G-20 finance ministers and central bank governors but also the G-20 trade, employment, energy, and agriculture officials. Meetings are also being held with representatives from business, labor, think tanks, women, youth, and other social groups. \nEffectiveness of the G-20\nSome analysts say that while the G-20 was instrumental in coordinating the response to the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, its effectiveness has diminished as the urgency of the crisis has waned. They argue that the G-20 has failed to provide adequate international leadership in key policy areas, such as forging a conclusion to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Doha Round of trade negotiations. They also maintain that the G-20 as a group is too heterogeneous and its agenda is too ambitious. Others argue that the G-20 is a critical forum for discussing major policy initiatives across major countries, such as financial regulatory reform, and encouraging greater cooperation, even if agreement on policies is not always reached. They also argue that it serves as a useful steering committee for the international economy and that having the G-20 policymaking infrastructure in place is important for timely international responses to economic crises.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40977", "sha1": "28f0f24ed8783facc300a4fc15097c00459ee9ce", "filename": "files/20160722_R40977_28f0f24ed8783facc300a4fc15097c00459ee9ce.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R40977", "sha1": "a76c660902a8921d85721d76e5343f50a2552098", "filename": "files/20160722_R40977_a76c660902a8921d85721d76e5343f50a2552098.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3290, "name": "International Financial Institutions and Policies" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 446966, "date": "2015-11-02", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T18:02:26.530477", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": "The Group of Twenty (G-20) is a forum for advancing international cooperation and coordination among 20 major advanced and emerging-market economies. The G-20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as the European Union (EU). \nOriginally established in 1999, the G-20 rose to prominence during the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and is now the premier forum for international economic cooperation. Since the crisis, the G-20 leaders typically meet annually (at \u201csummits\u201d). Meetings among lower-level officials, including finance ministers and central bank governors, are scheduled throughout the year. G-20 meetings primarily focus on international economic and financial issues, although related topics are also discussed, including development, food security, and the environment, among others. \nCongress exercises oversight over the Administration\u2019s participation in the G-20, including the policy commitments that the Administration is making in the G-20 and the policies it is encouraging other G-20 countries to pursue. Additionally, legislative action may be required to implement certain commitments made by the Administration in the G-20 process. \nThe G-20 in 2015\nTurkey holds the rotating presidency of the G-20 in 2015 and is hosting the 2015 leaders\u2019 summit on November 15-16, 2015, in Antalya, Turkey. The president of the G-20 sets the agenda for the year, and Turkey is focusing on \u201cinclusive and robust growth through collective action.\u201d To advance this goal, the G-20 is focusing on three pillars under Turkey\u2019s leadership:\nStrengthening the global recovery and lifting the growth potential for the G-20 economies, through fiscal and monetary policy cooperation, reforms to improve the investment climate and unlock private sector investments, the creation of better quality jobs, and support of the multilateral trade system;\nEnhancing resilience of the global economy, particularly by finalizing implementation of financial regulatory reforms, continuing work on reform of the international financial architecture, securing progress on international tax initiatives, and continuing the collective fight against corruption; and\nEnhancing sustainability in the global economy, by focusing on the integration of developing and low-income countries into the world economy, the improvement of energy market access and energy investments, and climate change financing.\nIn preparation for the November summit, a number of meetings have been held among lower-level government officials, most prominently among the G-20 finance ministers and central bank governors but also the G-20 agriculture, energy, and labor ministers. Meetings also have been held among a number of nongovernmental groups, including private sector, civil society, and think tank organizations. Some analysts are also looking ahead to 2016, when China will hold the rotating presidency for the first time.\nEffectiveness of the G-20\nSome analysts say that while the G-20 was instrumental in coordinating the response to the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, its effectiveness has diminished as the urgency of the crisis has waned. They argue that the G-20 has failed to provide adequate international leadership in key policy areas, such as responding to the Eurozone crisis or forging a conclusion to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Doha Round of trade negotiations. They also maintain that the G-20 as a group is too heterogeneous and its agenda is too ambitious. Others argue that the G-20 is a critical forum for discussing major policy initiatives across major countries, such as financial regulatory reform, and encouraging greater cooperation, even if agreement on policies is not always reached. They also argue that it serves as a useful steering committee for the international economy and that having the G-20 policy-making infrastructure in place is important for timely international responses to future crises.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R40977", "sha1": "c4615a1848857ebad69e8c1f2369b3ed5fa9cc0c", "filename": "files/20151102_R40977_c4615a1848857ebad69e8c1f2369b3ed5fa9cc0c.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R40977", "sha1": "8284ef1762a53ca1a93c77cc1b1848eeef20ad57", "filename": "files/20151102_R40977_8284ef1762a53ca1a93c77cc1b1848eeef20ad57.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3290, "name": "International Financial Institutions and Policies" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491454/", "id": "R40977_2014Nov05", "date": "2014-11-05", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses the G-20, an international forum for discussing and coordinating economic policies among major advanced and emerging economies. Previous summits have, for example, focused on financial regulatory reform, global imbalances, funding for the International Monetary Fund (IMF), voting power of emerging economies in international financial institutions, and fossil fuel subsidies.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20141105_R40977_f094ca574572d031a9667d288387644390454348.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20141105_R40977_f094ca574572d031a9667d288387644390454348.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic development", "name": "Economic development" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign trade policy", "name": "Foreign trade policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Summit diplomacy", "name": "Summit diplomacy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc272004/", "id": "R40977_2013Nov07", "date": "2013-11-07", "retrieved": "2014-02-03T19:46:03", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses the G-20, an international forum for discussing and coordinating economic policies among major advanced and emerging economies. Previous summits have, for example, focused on financial regulatory reform, global imbalances, funding for the International Monetary Fund (IMF), voting power of emerging economies in international financial institutions, and fossil fuel subsidies.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20131107_R40977_d455521c1e691c764e2e1062f650c20e9feb7159.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20131107_R40977_d455521c1e691c764e2e1062f650c20e9feb7159.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign trade policy", "name": "Foreign trade policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic development", "name": "Economic development" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Summit diplomacy", "name": "Summit diplomacy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc267832/", "id": "R40977_2013Oct23", "date": "2013-10-23", "retrieved": "2013-12-03T12:16:12", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses the background of the G-20 (an international forum for discussing and coordinating economic policies) and some of the issues that it has addressed. It includes historic background on the work of the G-20, information about how the group operates, overviews of G-20 summits, major issues that the group is likely to address and the likely effectiveness of the G-20 in the near future. The members of the G-20 include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20131023_R40977_72c25e2cecd91e058dbe320bb6248148eff78c1b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20131023_R40977_72c25e2cecd91e058dbe320bb6248148eff78c1b.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign trade policy", "name": "Foreign trade policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic development", "name": "Economic development" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Summit diplomacy", "name": "Summit diplomacy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc816896/", "id": "R40977_2013Jan09", "date": "2013-01-09", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130109_R40977_c272169986f85d66c7736efa157d6b93ceb5debc.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130109_R40977_c272169986f85d66c7736efa157d6b93ceb5debc.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc83933/", "id": "R40977_2012Apr12", "date": "2012-04-12", "retrieved": "2012-04-27T15:49:45", "title": "The G-20 and International Economic Cooperation: Background and Implications for Congress", "summary": "The G-20 is an international forum for discussing and coordinating economic policies among major advanced and emerging economies. 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