{ "id": "R41259", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "R41259", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584229, "date": "2018-07-27", "retrieved": "2018-08-29T15:10:11.947939", "title": "North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situation", "summary": "North Korea has posed one of the most persistent U.S. foreign policy challenges of the post-Cold War period due to its pursuit of proscribed weapons technology and belligerence toward the United States and its allies. With North Korea\u2019s advances in 2016 and 2017 in its nuclear and missile capabilities under 34-year-old leader Kim Jong-un, Pyongyang has evolved from a threat to U.S. interests in East Asia to a potentially direct threat to the U.S. homeland. Efforts to halt North Korea\u2019s nuclear weapons program have occupied the past four U.S. Administrations, and North Korea is the target of scores of U.S. and United Nations Security Council sanctions. Although the weapons programs have been the primary focus of U.S. policy toward North Korea, other U.S. concerns include North Korea\u2019s illicit activities, such as counterfeiting currency and narcotics trafficking, small-scale armed attacks against South Korea, and egregious human rights violations. \nIn 2018, the Trump Administration and Kim regime appeared to open a new chapter in the relationship. After months of rising tension and hostile rhetoric from both capitals in 2017, including a significant expansion of U.S. and international sanctions against North Korea, Trump and Kim held a leaders\u2019 summit in Singapore in June 2018. The meeting produced an agreement on principles for establishing a positive relationship. The United States agreed to provide security guarantees to North Korea, which committed to \u201ccomplete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.\u201d The agreement made no mention of resolving significant differences between the two countries, including the DPRK\u2019s ballistic missile program. Trump also said he would suspend annual U.S.-South Korea military exercises, labeling them \u201cprovocative,\u201d during the coming U.S.-DPRK nuclear negotiations. Trump also expressed a hope of eventually withdrawing the approximately 30,000 U.S. troops stationed in South Korea. \nThe history of negotiating with the Pyongyang regime suggests a difficult road ahead, as officials try to implement the Singapore agreement, which contains few details on timing, verification mechanisms, or the definition of \u201cdenuclearization,\u201d challenges that the United States has struggled to implement in the previous four major sets of formal nuclear and missile negotiations with North Korea that were held since the end of the Cold War. During that period, the United States provided over $1 billion in humanitarian aid and energy assistance. It is unclear how much assistance, if any, the Trump Administration is planning to commit to facilitate the current denuclearization talks.\nThe Singapore summit, which was partially brokered by South Korean President Moon Jae-in, has reshuffled regional diplomacy. In particular, the Chinese-North Korean relationship, which had cooled significantly in the past several years, appears to be restored, with Beijing offering its backing to Pyongyang and Kim able to deliver some benefits for Chinese interests as well. North Korea and South Korea also have restored more positive relations. \nKim Jong-un appears to have consolidated authority as the supreme leader of North Korea. Kim has ruled brutally, carrying out large-scale purges of senior officials. In 2013, he announced a two-track policy (the byungjin line) of simultaneously pursuing economic development and nuclear weapons development. Five years later, after significant advances, including successful tests of long-range missiles that could potentially reach the United States, Kim declared victory on the nuclear front, and announced a new \u201cstrategic line\u201d of pursuing economic development. Market-oriented reforms announced in 2014 appear to be producing modest economic growth for many citizens. The economic policy changes, however, remain relatively limited in scope. North Korea is one of the world\u2019s poorest countries, and more than a third of the population is believed to live under conditions of chronic food insecurity and undernutrition. \nThis report will be updated periodically.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41259", "sha1": "3a227a154614c9b964ecb3b2c754babc77405b62", "filename": "files/20180727_R41259_3a227a154614c9b964ecb3b2c754babc77405b62.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41259_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180727_R41259_images_5cde5cb9d03307874419c159702c50c5230679d8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41259_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180727_R41259_images_abd1b5d0bd5f05852eade363d215c2154c8d584a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41259_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180727_R41259_images_26008162bf0a0530e5c331b37a8df8cb708df6cb.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41259", "sha1": "464f939388edb4a9c49b32562d28ee6ad6414403", "filename": "files/20180727_R41259_464f939388edb4a9c49b32562d28ee6ad6414403.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 448865, "date": "2016-01-15", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T17:28:34.762320", "title": "North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situation", "summary": "North Korea has presented one of the most vexing and persistent problems in U.S. foreign policy in the post-Cold War period. The United States has never had formal diplomatic relations with the Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea (the official name for North Korea), although since 2000 contact at a lower level has ebbed and flowed. Negotiations over North Korea\u2019s nuclear weapons program have occupied the past three U.S. administrations, even as some analysts anticipated a collapse of the isolated authoritarian regime. North Korea has been the recipient of over $1 billion in U.S. aid (though none since 2009) and the target of dozens of U.S. sanctions.\nNegotiations over North Korea\u2019s nuclear weapons program began in the early 1990s under the Clinton Administration. As U.S. policy toward Pyongyang evolved through the 2000s, the negotiations moved from a bilateral format to the multilateral Six-Party Talks (made up of China, Japan, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, and the United States). Although the talks reached some key agreements that laid out deals for aid and recognition to North Korea in exchange for denuclearization, major problems with implementation persisted. The talks have been suspended throughout the Obama Administration. As diplomacy remains stalled, North Korea continues to develop its nuclear and missile programs in the absence of any agreement it considers binding. Security analysts are concerned about this growing capability, as well as the potential for proliferation to other actors. \nAfter North Korean leader Kim Jong-il\u2019s death in December 2011, his youngest son, Kim Jong-un, has consolidated authority as supreme leader. Kim has ruled brutally, carrying out large-scale purges of senior officials. He has declared a two-track policy (the byungjin line) that pursues economic development and nuclear weapons development. Market-oriented reforms announced in 2014 appear to be producing modest economic growth for some citizens, but the reforms are small in scale and reversible. North Korea continues to insist that it be recognized as a nuclear-armed state and in January 2016 conducted its fourth nuclear weapon test. North Korea is already under multiple international sanctions required by the United Nations Security Council in response to its repeated missile and nuclear tests.\nIn 2012, the U.S.-North Korean \u201cLeap Day\u201d agreement fell apart after Pyongyang launched a long-range ballistic missile in April, followed by a more successful launch and a third nuclear test in February 2013. During this period, North Korea\u2019s relations with China apparently cooled and have remained tense. Pyongyang has made fleeting, mostly unsuccessful attempts to reach out to other countries in the region. Simultaneously, international attention to North Korea\u2019s human rights violations intensified at the United Nations and in official U.S. statements. \nNorth Korea\u2019s intransigence and the stalled negotiations present critical questions for the United States. Do the nuclear tests and successful long-range missile launch fundamentally change the strategic calculus? Has North Korea\u2019s capacity to hurt U.S. interests increased to the point that new diplomatic and perhaps military options should be considered more carefully? What could the Six Party Talks achieve if North Korea insists on recognition as a nuclear-armed state? Does the United States need a strategy that relies less on Beijing\u2019s willingness to punish Pyongyang? Do North Korea\u2019s nuclear advances mean that the Obama Administration\u2019s approach (known as \u201cstrategic patience\u201d) is too risky to continue? Should the United States pursue engagement initiatives that push for steps toward denuclearization? \nAlthough the primary focus of U.S. policy toward North Korea is the nuclear weapons program, there are a host of other contentious issues, including Pyongyang\u2019s missile programs, conventional military forces, illicit activities, and abysmal human rights record.\nThis report will be updated periodically.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41259", "sha1": "557cdd824dd853f5e2b3c05b1decd0e0dcd81fd5", "filename": "files/20160115_R41259_557cdd824dd853f5e2b3c05b1decd0e0dcd81fd5.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41259", "sha1": "40145e8e62e81b0b4db8b04c2da9cd4cb83354e2", "filename": "files/20160115_R41259_40145e8e62e81b0b4db8b04c2da9cd4cb83354e2.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 280, "name": "Korean Peninsula and Japan" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743599/", "id": "R41259_2015Jul21", "date": "2015-07-21", "retrieved": "2015-10-20T21:35:54", "title": "North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situation", "summary": "This report covers the overall U.S.-North Korea relationship, with an emphasis on nuclear diplomacy. 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The United States has never had formal diplomatic relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (the official name for North Korea), although contact at a lower level has ebbed and flowed over the years. Negotiations over North Korea's nuclear weapons program have occupied the past three U.S. administrations, even as some analysts anticipated a collapse of the isolated authoritarian regime. North Korea has been the recipient of over $1 billion in U.S. aid (though none since 2009) and the target of dozens of U.S. sanctions. This report covers the overall U.S.-North Korea relationship, with an emphasis on nuclear diplomacy.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20141205_R41259_6c1df0294d1bf2865348bede886b9b051218608a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20141205_R41259_6c1df0294d1bf2865348bede886b9b051218608a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- North Korea", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- North Korea" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- North Korea -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- North Korea -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear power plants", "name": "Nuclear power plants" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- North Korea", "name": "Politics and government -- North Korea" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc461937/", "id": "R41259_2014Jan15", "date": "2014-01-15", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situation", "summary": "This report provides background information on the negotiations over North Korea's nuclear weapons program that began in the early 1990s under the Clinton Administration. 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As U.S. policy toward Pyongyang evolved through the George W. 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As U.S. policy toward Pyongyang evolved through the George W. 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As U.S. policy toward Pyongyang evolved through the George W. Bush presidency and into the Obama Administration, the negotiations moved from mostly bilateral to the multilateral Six-Party Talks (made up of China, Japan, Russia, North Korea, South Korea, and the United States).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110617_R41259_a00534c77d1c1e6dfb95e053f2bb332c212b84fb.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110617_R41259_a00534c77d1c1e6dfb95e053f2bb332c212b84fb.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - North Korea", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - North Korea" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - North Korea - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - North Korea - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear power plants", "name": "Nuclear power plants" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - North Korea", "name": "Politics and government - North Korea" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31361/", "id": "R41259_2010Nov10", "date": "2010-11-10", "retrieved": "2011-03-09T09:26:47", "title": "North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situation", "summary": "Although the primary focus of U.S. policy toward North Korea is the nuclear weapons program, there are a host of other issues, which this report explores through an overview of the U.S.-North Korea relationship, including an emphasis on the diplomacy of the Six-Party Talks. Please refer to the list at the end of this report for the full list of CRS reports focusing on other North Korean issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20101110_R41259_c447acd130800e6e3fe509dd667b77da6ba37190.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20101110_R41259_c447acd130800e6e3fe509dd667b77da6ba37190.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - North Korea", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - North Korea" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - North Korea - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - North Korea - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - North Korea", "name": "Politics and government - North Korea" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463512/", "id": "R41259_2010May26", "date": "2010-05-26", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal Situation", "summary": "This report provides background information on the nuclear negotiations over North Korea's nuclear weapons program that began in the early 1990s under the Clinton Administration. It also provides information on other concerns that the U.S. has with North Korea, and discusses U.S. engagement activities with North Korea.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100526_R41259_ed54f564db420285148df274ac15b550060be6f7.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100526_R41259_ed54f564db420285148df274ac15b550060be6f7.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- North Korea", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- North Korea" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- North Korea -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- North Korea -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- North Korea", "name": "Politics and government -- North Korea" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Asian Affairs", "Economic Policy", "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "National Defense" ] }