{ "id": "R41349", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "R41349", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 586528, "date": "2017-06-29", "retrieved": "2020-01-02T14:21:26.983880", "title": "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The M\u00e9rida Initiative and Beyond", "summary": "Ten years after the Mexican government launched an aggressive, military-led campaign against drug trafficking and organized crime, violent crime continues to threaten citizen security and governance in parts of Mexico, including in cities along the U.S. southwest border. Organized crime-related violence in Mexico declined from 2011 to 2014 but rose in 2015 and again in 2016. Analysts estimate that the violence may have claimed more than 109,000 lives since December 2006. High-profile cases\u2014particularly the enforced disappearance and murder of 43 students in Guerrero in September 2014\u2014have drawn attention to the problem of human rights abuses involving security forces. Numerous cases of corruption by former governors, some of whom have fled the country, have increased concerns about impunity.\nSupporting Mexico\u2019s criminal justice sector reform efforts is widely regarded as crucial for combating criminality and improving citizen security in the country. U.S. support for those efforts has increased significantly as a result of the development and implementation of the M\u00e9rida Initiative, a bilateral partnership launched in 2007 for which Congress has appropriated almost $2.8 billion since FY2008. U.S. assistance to Mexico focuses on (1) disrupting organized criminal groups, (2) institutionalizing the rule of law, (3) creating a 21st-century border, and (4) building strong and resilient communities. Newer areas of focus have involved bolstering security along Mexico\u2019s southern border and addressing the production and trafficking of heroin and fentanyl. As of March 2017, more than $1.6 billion of M\u00e9rida assistance had been delivered to Mexico. \nMexican President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto has continued U.S.-Mexican security cooperation but struggled to contain rising crime. U.S. intelligence has helped Mexico arrest top crime leaders, including Joaqu\u00edn \u201cEl Chapo\u201d Guzm\u00e1n, in February 2014. Guzm\u00e1n\u2019s July 2015 prison escape was a major setback, but he was recaptured in 2016 and extradited to the United States in early 2017. The Pe\u00f1a Nieto government met a 2008 constitutional mandate to transition to an accusatorial justice system by June 2016 but has made minimal progress in preventing torture, enforced disappearances, and other serious human rights abuses. A spate of killings of journalists thus far in 2017 and media reports that the government has spied on journalists and human rights defenders have prompted serious domestic and international concern. \nOn May 18, 2017, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and Secretary of Homeland Security John Kelly met for the second time with their Mexican counterparts and pledged to continue security cooperation with new \u201cstrategies to attack the business model\u201d of criminal organizations. President Trump\u2019s FY2018 budget request includes $85 million for the M\u00e9rida Initiative (a 38.8% decline from the FY2017 estimated appropriation). It is as yet unclear what types of programs would be most affected by potential funding reductions.\nCongress provided $139 million in FY2017 for the M\u00e9rida Initiative in the FY2017 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 115-31), some $10 million above the budget request; it is now considering the FY2018 budget request. The Senate passed a resolution (S.Res. 83) calling for U.S. support for Mexico\u2019s efforts to combat illicit fentanyl production and trafficking. Similar legislation has been introduced in the House (H.Res. 268). Bipartisan resolutions that are similar, but not identical, have been introduced in both chambers reiterating the importance of bilateral cooperation (H.Res. 336 and S.Res. 102). Other legislation that has been introduced relates to combating firearms trafficking to Mexico (H.R. 1692). This report will be updated.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41349", "sha1": "bbc176225b84b3507bab8b6d8b5f3add89b15f6a", "filename": "files/20170629_R41349_bbc176225b84b3507bab8b6d8b5f3add89b15f6a.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41349_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170629_R41349_images_cfd18df2cdba0c5b9564ed1a1fe48e0df9bd54a8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41349_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170629_R41349_images_f92bffa6a33494b1969e5051f94deb5a1c8b6cde.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41349_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170629_R41349_images_a7b4d4b5f6d69f9ba8a8f3ce029de7c01b1894ff.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41349_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170629_R41349_images_510c7d2c770e51578b055679f327cda0d664ccbe.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41349_files&id=/4.png": "files/20170629_R41349_images_98fd0546433006add2925fadf29cf9c1db64936c.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41349", "sha1": "ac62db552c538a29aa7f35841050333b9c394362", "filename": "files/20170629_R41349_ac62db552c538a29aa7f35841050333b9c394362.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4883, "name": "Border Security" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 458503, "date": "2017-01-23", "retrieved": "2017-02-03T19:14:17.699736", "title": "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The M\u00e9rida Initiative and Beyond", "summary": "Ten years after the Mexican government launched an aggressive, military-led campaign against drug trafficking and organized crime, violent crime continues to threaten citizen security and governance in parts of Mexico, including in cities along the U.S. Southwest border. Organized crime-related violence in Mexico declined from 2011 to 2014 but rose in 2015 and again in 2016. Analysts estimate that the violence may have claimed more than 100,000 lives since December 2006. Social protests in Mexico against education reform and gas price increases have also resulted in deadly violence. High-profile cases\u2014particularly the enforced disappearance and murder of 43 students in Guerrero, Mexico, in September 2014\u2014have drawn attention to the problem of human rights abuses involving security forces. Cases of corruption by former governors, some of whom have fled Mexico, also have increased concerns about impunity.\nSupporting Mexico\u2019s efforts to reform its criminal justice system is widely regarded as crucial for combating criminality and better protecting citizen security in the country. U.S. support for those efforts has increased significantly as a result of the development and implementation of the M\u00e9rida Initiative, a bilateral partnership launched in 2007 for which Congress appropriated more than $2.6 billion from FY2008 to FY2016. U.S. assistance to Mexico focuses on (1) disrupting organized criminal groups, (2) institutionalizing the rule of law, (3) creating a 21st-century border, and (4) building strong and resilient communities. Newer areas of focus have involved bolstering security along Mexico\u2019s southern border and addressing the production and trafficking of heroin. As of November 2016, $1.6 billion of M\u00e9rida assistance had been delivered to Mexico. \nInaugurated to a six-year term in December 2012, Mexican President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto has continued U.S.-Mexican security cooperation. U.S. intelligence has helped Mexico arrest top crime leaders, including Joaqu\u00edn \u201cEl Chapo\u201d Guzm\u00e1n\u2014the world\u2019s most-wanted drug trafficker\u2014in February 2014. Guzm\u00e1n\u2019s July 2015 prison escape was a major setback for bilateral efforts, but he was recaptured in 2016 and extradited to the United States on January 19, 2017. The Pe\u00f1a Nieto government met a 2008 constitutional mandate to transition to an accusatorial justice system by June 2016 but has struggled to comply with international recommendations on preventing torture, enforced disappearances, and other human rights abuses. Mexico\u2019s adoption of a national anticorruption system and its transition from a presidentially appointed attorney general\u2019s office to a more independent prosecutor general\u2019s office selected by the Mexican Senate have become the focus of efforts to combat corruption.\nThe U.S. Congress has continued to fund and oversee security assistance to Mexico. Congress provided $139 million in FY2016 for the M\u00e9rida Initiative in P.L. 114-113, some $20 million above the budget request. President Obama\u2019s FY2017 budget request included $129 million for the M\u00e9rida Initiative. The House Appropriations Committee\u2019s version of the FY2017 foreign operations measure, H.R. 5912, would have provided $149 million for the M\u00e9rida Initiative. The Senate Appropriations Committee\u2019s version, S. 3117, would have fully funded the Administration\u2019s request. The 114th Congress did not complete action on FY2017 appropriations, but in December 2016 it approved a continuing resolution (P.L. 114-254) providing foreign aid funding to Mexico through April 28, 2017, at the FY2016 level, minus an across-the-board reduction of almost 0.2%. As a result, the 115th Congress is to consider both FY2017 and FY2018 appropriations for Mexico and the M\u00e9rida Initiative. This report will be updated periodically.\nSee also CRS In Focus IF10578, Security Cooperation with Mexico: The M\u00e9rida Initiative; CRS In Focus IF10400, Heroin Production in Mexico and U.S. Policy; CRS In Focus IF10215, Mexico\u2019s Recent Immigration Enforcement Efforts.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41349", "sha1": "57d10828399257b6122d0c017ea68435038e8a2b", "filename": "files/20170123_R41349_57d10828399257b6122d0c017ea68435038e8a2b.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41349", "sha1": "810e7753df6667c77707aaae63b6ecf68eef284f", "filename": "files/20170123_R41349_810e7753df6667c77707aaae63b6ecf68eef284f.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4847, "name": "Latin America, Caribbean, & Canada" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4883, "name": "Border Security" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 450042, "date": "2016-02-22", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T17:05:29.340792", "title": "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The M\u00e9rida Initiative and Beyond", "summary": "Violence perpetrated by a range of criminal groups continues to threaten citizen security and governance in some parts of Mexico, a country with which the United States shares a nearly 2,000-mile border and more than $530 billion in annual trade. Although organized crime-related violence in Mexico generally declined since 2011, analysts estimate that it may have claimed more than 100,000 lives since December 2006. High-profile cases\u2014particularly the enforced disappearance of 43 students in Guerrero, Mexico, in September 2014\u2014have drawn attention to the problems of corruption and impunity for human rights abuses in Mexico.\nSupporting Mexico\u2019s efforts to reform its criminal justice system is widely regarded as crucial for combating criminality and better protecting citizen security in the country. U.S. support for those efforts has increased significantly as a result of the development and implementation of the M\u00e9rida Initiative, a bilateral partnership launched in 2007 for which Congress appropriated nearly $2.5 billion from FY2008 to FY2015. U.S. assistance to Mexico focuses on (1) disrupting organized criminal groups, (2) institutionalizing the rule of law, (3) creating a 21st-century border, and (4) building strong and resilient communities. Newer areas of focus have involved bolstering security along Mexico\u2019s southern border and addressing the production and trafficking of heroin in Mexico. As of November 2015, more than $1.5 billion of M\u00e9rida Initiative assistance had been delivered.\nInaugurated to a six-year term in December 2012, Mexican President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto has continued U.S.-Mexican security cooperation. U.S. intelligence has helped Mexico arrest top crime leaders, including Joaqu\u00edn \u201cEl Chapo\u201d Guzm\u00e1n\u2014the world\u2019s most wanted drug trafficker\u2014in February 2014. Guzm\u00e1n\u2019s July 2015 prison escape proved to be a setback for bilateral efforts, but his January 2016 recapture may provide an opportunity to work together on extraditions and broader security efforts. The Mexican government is attempting to comply with international recommendations on preventing torture and enforced disappearances and is focused on meeting a 2008 constitutional mandate that Mexico transition to an accusatorial justice system by June 2016. As of December 2015, 6 states had fully implemented the system, and 26 had partially implemented it. \nThe 114th Congress is continuing to fund and oversee the M\u00e9rida Initiative and related domestic initiatives. The Obama Administration\u2019s FY2016 request for the M\u00e9rida Initiative was for $119 million to help advance justice sector reform, modernize Mexico\u2019s borders (north and south), and support violence prevention programs. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) provided at least $147.5 million for Mexico, including $139 million in accounts that have funded the M\u00e9rida Initiative. The final amount destined for the M\u00e9rida Initiative is as yet unclear, however. The bill would place human rights withholding requirements on Foreign Military Financing for Mexico rather than M\u00e9rida Initiative assistance. \nThe FY2017 request for the M\u00e9rida Initiative is for $129 million: $49 million in Economic Support Funds and $80 million in International Narcotics and Law Enforcement funds.\nSee also CRS In Focus IF10160, The Rule of Law in Mexico and the M\u00e9rida Initiative; CRS Report R43001, Supporting Criminal Justice System Reform in Mexico: The U.S. Role; and CRS In Focus IF10215, Mexico\u2019s Recent Immigration Enforcement Efforts.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41349", "sha1": "f91fe7732c624c0d385c1fb3626aac0968f54752", "filename": "files/20160222_R41349_f91fe7732c624c0d385c1fb3626aac0968f54752.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41349", "sha1": "c50fcd0a362c464b4414a992c2fc4b3b099de2ed", "filename": "files/20160222_R41349_c50fcd0a362c464b4414a992c2fc4b3b099de2ed.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 272, "name": "International Trafficking and Crime" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 281, "name": "Latin America and the Caribbean" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2911, "name": "North America: Canada and Mexico" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 471, "name": "Border Security and Management" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815739/", "id": "R41349_2016Jan15", "date": "2016-01-15", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The M\u00e9rida Initiative and Beyond", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20160115_R41349_f856169c179c3ab4300d5fa267749783ec4f72ac.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20160115_R41349_f856169c179c3ab4300d5fa267749783ec4f72ac.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc824428/", "id": "R41349_2016Jan05", "date": "2016-01-05", "retrieved": "2016-04-04T14:48:17", "title": "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The M\u00e9rida Initiative and Beyond", "summary": "This report begins with a brief discussion of security challenges in Mexico and Mexico's security strategy. It then provides information on congressional funding and oversight of the M\u00e9rida Initiative, with details about each of the program's four pillars. The report concludes by raising policy issues that Congress may wish to consider.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20160105_R41349_0bfdbdfbd276bc9d1e39dc8cc7ddc6016b58965f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20160105_R41349_0bfdbdfbd276bc9d1e39dc8cc7ddc6016b58965f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Border patrols", "name": "Border patrols" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Drugs and crime", "name": "Drugs and crime" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Narcotic laws", "name": "Narcotic laws" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Drug abuse", "name": "Drug abuse" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Federal law enforcement officers", "name": "Federal law enforcement officers" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Mexico -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Mexico -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc824684/", "id": "R41349_2016Jan05", "date": "2015-12-29", "retrieved": "2016-04-04T14:48:17", "title": "Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report discusses issues regarding Iran's political history and structure. It also takes a look at economic and defense policy responses for Congress, specifically focusing on Iran's nuclear capabilities.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20151229_R41349_43108b0a1298f921f8106ef62d023952866c0113.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20151229_R41349_43108b0a1298f921f8106ef62d023952866c0113.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Federal aid to health facilities", "name": "Federal aid to health facilities" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc627094/", "id": "R41349_2015May07", "date": "2015-05-07", "retrieved": "2015-06-15T14:46:40", "title": "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The M\u00e9rida Initiative and Beyond", "summary": "This report begins with a brief discussion of security challenges in Mexico and Mexico's security strategy. It then provides updated information on congressional funding and oversight of the M\u00e9rida Initiative before delving into its four pillars. The report concludes by raising policy issues that Congress may wish to consider as it continues to fund and oversee the M\u00e9rida Initiative and broader U.S.-Mexican security cooperation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150507_R41349_1bac654f49733b184f1859ed02cbddf52230dbaa.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150507_R41349_1bac654f49733b184f1859ed02cbddf52230dbaa.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Border patrols", "name": "Border patrols" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Drugs and crime", "name": "Drugs and crime" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Narcotic laws", "name": "Narcotic laws" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Drug abuse", "name": "Drug abuse" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Federal law enforcement officers", "name": "Federal law enforcement officers" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Mexico -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Mexico -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332947/", "id": "R41349_2014Apr08", "date": "2014-04-08", "retrieved": "2014-08-27T12:47:05", "title": "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The M\u00e9rida Initiative and Beyond", "summary": "This report provides a framework for examining the current status and future prospects for U.S.- Mexican security cooperation. It begins with a brief discussion of the threat that drug trafficking and related crime and violence pose to both nations, followed by an analysis of the evolution of the M\u00e9rida Initiative. The report then provides an overview of the Pe\u00f1a Nieto government's security strategy and how it is affecting the M\u00e9rida Initiative. The report then examines key aspects of the current U.S.-Mexican security strategy and concludes by raising policy issues that may affect bilateral efforts.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140408_R41349_5afb131fc9217e2ce00daf7191300e327b2d6f14.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140408_R41349_5afb131fc9217e2ce00daf7191300e327b2d6f14.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Border patrols", "name": "Border patrols" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Drugs and crime", "name": "Drugs and crime" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Narcotic laws", "name": "Narcotic laws" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Drug abuse", "name": "Drug abuse" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Federal law enforcement officers", "name": "Federal law enforcement officers" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Mexico -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Mexico -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463170/", "id": "R41349_2013Jun12", "date": "2013-06-12", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The M\u00e9rida Initiative and Beyond", "summary": "This report provides a framework for examining the current status and future prospects for U.S.- Mexican security cooperation. It begins with a brief discussion of the threat that drug trafficking and related crime and violence pose to both nations, followed by an analysis of the evolution of the M\u00e9rida Initiative. The report then provides an overview of the Pe\u00f1a Nieto government's security strategy and how it is affecting the M\u00e9rida Initiative. The report then examines key aspects of the current U.S.-Mexican security strategy and concludes by raising policy issues that may affect bilateral efforts.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130612_R41349_bd2bb326a24d13e85e8258fd857a6af4d2d2f74b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130612_R41349_bd2bb326a24d13e85e8258fd857a6af4d2d2f74b.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Border patrols", "name": "Border patrols" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Drugs and crime", "name": "Drugs and crime" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Narcotic laws", "name": "Narcotic laws" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Drug abuse", "name": "Drug abuse" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Federal law enforcement officers", "name": "Federal law enforcement officers" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Mexico -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Mexico -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc93841/", "id": "R41349_2011Aug15", "date": "2011-08-15", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The M\u00e9rida Initiative and Beyond", "summary": "Increasing violence perpetrated by drug trafficking organizations and other criminal groups is threatening citizen security and governance in Mexico. Escalating violence has increased U.S. concerns about stability in Mexico, a key political and economic ally, and about the possibility of violence spilling over into the United States. In recent years, U.S.-Mexican security cooperation has increased significantly, largely as a result of the development and implementation of the M\u00e9rida Initiative, a counterdrug and anticrime assistance package for Mexico and Central America that was first proposed in October 2007. 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