{ "id": "R41916", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "R41916", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, CRSReports.Congress.gov, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 615455, "date": "2020-01-28", "retrieved": "2020-01-30T23:02:46.207562", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Initiative", "summary": "Difficulty with striking an appropriate balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial for decades. Through the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the Export Controls Act of 2018 (ECA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense articles; dual-use goods and technology; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. The ECA legislates dual-use controls. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Administrative enforcement of export controls is conducted by these agencies, while criminal penalties are issued by units of the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice.\nAspects of the U.S. export control system have long been criticized by exporters, nonproliferation advocates, allies, and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, cumbersome, obsolete, inefficient, or combinations of these descriptions. In August 2009, the Barack Obama Administration launched a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. In April 2010, then-Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities\na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists was the Obama Administration\u2019s focus. 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Through the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the Export Controls Act of 2018 (ECA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense articles; dual-use goods and technology; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. The ECA legislates dual-use controls. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. 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Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities\na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists was the Obama Administration\u2019s focus. 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Through the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the Export Controls Act of 2018 (ECA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense articles; dual-use goods and technology; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. The ECA legislates dual-use controls. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Administrative enforcement of export controls is conducted by these agencies, while criminal penalties are issued by units of the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice.\nAspects of the U.S. export control system have long been criticized by exporters, nonproliferation advocates, allies, and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, cumbersome, obsolete, inefficient, or combinations of these descriptions. In August 2009, the Barack Obama Administration launched a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. In April 2010, then-Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities:\na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists was the Obama Administration\u2019s focus. 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Through the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense articles; dual-use goods and technology; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. The Export Administration Act (EAA) legislated dual-use controls, but it has expired and such controls are presently maintained under IEEPA authorities. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Administrative enforcement of export controls is conducted by these agencies, while criminal penalties are issued by units of the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice.\nAspects of the U.S. export control system have long been criticized by exporters, nonproliferation advocates, allies, and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, cumbersome, obsolete, inefficient, or combinations of these descriptions. In August 2009, the Barack Obama Administration launched a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. In April 2010, then-Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities\na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists was the Obama Administration\u2019s focus. The Administration made no specific proposals concerning the single licensing agency, although the Administration implemented some elements of a future single system, such as a consolidated screening list and harmonization of certain licensing policies. \nIn considering the future of the U.S. export control system, Congress may weigh the merits of a unified export control system\u2014a chief goal of President Obama\u2019s proposal\u2014or the continuation of the present bifurcated system by reauthorizing the EAA or enacting replacement legislation. In doing so, Congress may debate the record of the present dual-use system maintained by emergency authority, the aims and effectiveness of the present nonproliferation control regimes, the maintenance of the defense industrial base, and the balance between maintaining economic competitiveness and preserving national security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41916", "sha1": "494dd33971b874d9c9899dce98a3d2837446118a", "filename": "files/20180809_R41916_494dd33971b874d9c9899dce98a3d2837446118a.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41916_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180809_R41916_images_2d5a3cb5242452e9053df5e9bb57dfe341d4b526.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41916", "sha1": "b4e6b0826c797ba084e0d874340e1af9c2df7d71", "filename": "files/20180809_R41916_b4e6b0826c797ba084e0d874340e1af9c2df7d71.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4748, "name": "Security Assistance, Security Cooperation, & Arms Exports" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4763, "name": "Export Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4806, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 581361, "date": "2018-05-22", "retrieved": "2018-05-23T22:05:55.391007", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Initiative", "summary": "Difficulty with striking an appropriate balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial for decades. Through the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense articles; dual-use goods and technology; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. The Export Administration Act (EAA) legislated dual-use controls, but it has expired and such controls are presently maintained under IEEPA authorities. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Administrative enforcement of export controls is conducted by these agencies, while criminal penalties are issued by units of the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice.\nAspects of the U.S. export control system have long been criticized by exporters, nonproliferation advocates, allies, and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, cumbersome, obsolete, inefficient, or combinations of these descriptions. In August 2009, the Barack Obama Administration launched a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. In April 2010, then-Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities: \na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists was the Obama Administration\u2019s focus. The Administration made no specific proposals concerning the single licensing agency, although the Administration implemented some elements of a future single system, such as a consolidated screening list and harmonization of certain licensing policies. \nIn considering the future of the U.S. export control system, Congress may weigh the merits of a unified export control system\u2014a chief goal of President Obama\u2019s proposal\u2014or the continuation of the present bifurcated system by reauthorizing the EAA or enacting replacement legislation. In doing so, Congress may debate the record of the present dual-use system maintained by emergency authority, the aims and effectiveness of the present nonproliferation control regimes, the maintenance of the defense industrial base, and the balance between maintaining economic competitiveness and preserving national security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41916", "sha1": "529fba1c77177adfab62b42d2a47879b82496d1c", "filename": "files/20180522_R41916_529fba1c77177adfab62b42d2a47879b82496d1c.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41916_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180522_R41916_images_2d5a3cb5242452e9053df5e9bb57dfe341d4b526.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41916", "sha1": "f05ad1272e38b12f0e9c387bf90a8d02a00893f4", "filename": "files/20180522_R41916_f05ad1272e38b12f0e9c387bf90a8d02a00893f4.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4748, "name": "Security Assistance, Security Cooperation, & Arms Exports" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4763, "name": "Export Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4806, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 579335, "date": "2018-03-15", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T11:06:04.100040", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Initiative", "summary": "Difficulty with striking an appropriate balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial for decades. Through the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense articles; dual-use goods and technology; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. The Export Administration Act (EAA) legislated dual-use controls, but it has expired and such controls are presently maintained under IEEPA authorities. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Administrative enforcement of export controls is conducted by these agencies, while criminal penalties are issued by units of the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice.\nAspects of the U.S. export control system have long been criticized by exporters, nonproliferation advocates, allies, and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, cumbersome, obsolete, inefficient, or combinations of these descriptions. In August 2009, the Barack Obama Administration launched a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. In April 2010, then-Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities: \na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists was the Obama Administration\u2019s focus. The Administration made no specific proposals concerning the single licensing agency, although the Administration implemented some elements of a future single system, such as a consolidated screening list and harmonization of certain licensing policies. \nIn considering the future of the U.S. export control system, Congress may weigh the merits of a unified export control system\u2014a chief goal of President Obama\u2019s proposal\u2014or the continuation of the present bifurcated system by reauthorizing the EAA or enacting replacement legislation. In doing so, Congress may debate the record of the present dual-use system maintained by emergency authority, the aims and effectiveness of the present nonproliferation control regimes, the maintenance of the defense industrial base, and the balance between maintaining economic competitiveness and preserving national security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41916", "sha1": "732af246fb49412648381a13ab3a29ed45e70d31", "filename": "files/20180315_R41916_732af246fb49412648381a13ab3a29ed45e70d31.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41916_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180315_R41916_images_2d5a3cb5242452e9053df5e9bb57dfe341d4b526.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41916", "sha1": "d07fb464e32da9496f52501b65da6af7fb1828ad", "filename": "files/20180315_R41916_d07fb464e32da9496f52501b65da6af7fb1828ad.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4748, "name": "Security Assistance, Security Cooperation, & Arms Exports" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4763, "name": "Export Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4806, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 577968, "date": "2018-01-30", "retrieved": "2018-02-01T17:08:00.298360", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Initiative", "summary": "Difficulty with striking an appropriate balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial for decades. Through the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense items or munitions; dual-use goods and technology; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. The Export Administration Act (EAA) legislated dual-use controls, but it has expired and such controls are presently maintained under IEEPA authorities. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Administrative enforcement of export controls is conducted by these agencies, while criminal enforcement is carried out by the Department of Commerce, units of the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Justice.\nAspects of the U.S. export control system have long been criticized by exporters, nonproliferation advocates, allies, and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, cumbersome, obsolete, inefficient, or combinations of these descriptions. In August 2009, the Barack Obama Administration launched a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. In April 2010, then-Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities: \na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists was the Obama Administration\u2019s focus. The Administration made no specific proposals concerning the single licensing agency, although the Administration implemented some elements of a future single system, such as a consolidated screening list and harmonization of certain licensing policies. \nIn considering the future of the U.S. export control system, Congress may weigh the merits of a unified export control system\u2014a chief goal of President Obama\u2019s proposal\u2014or the continuation of the present bifurcated system by reauthorizing the EAA or enacting replacement legislation. In doing so, Congress may debate the record of the present dual-use system maintained by emergency authority, the aims and effectiveness of the present nonproliferation control regimes, the maintenance of the defense industrial base, and the balance between maintaining economic competitiveness and preserving national security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41916", "sha1": "a6d5b2aaf4fa149321c5420aba65d95afa6f095d", "filename": "files/20180130_R41916_a6d5b2aaf4fa149321c5420aba65d95afa6f095d.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41916_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180130_R41916_images_7610d197b95711481eaf7e6753903bcb273c168b.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41916", "sha1": "143b66a8db106715ddcdb01ae31d658cad988a4c", "filename": "files/20180130_R41916_143b66a8db106715ddcdb01ae31d658cad988a4c.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4748, "name": "Security Assistance, Security Cooperation, & Arms Exports" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4763, "name": "Export Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4806, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 577431, "date": "2018-01-08", "retrieved": "2018-01-09T23:21:39.077827", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Initiative", "summary": "Difficulty with striking an appropriate balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial for decades. Through the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense items or munitions; dual-use goods and technology; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. The Export Administration Act (EAA) legislated dual-use controls, but it has expired and such controls are presently maintained under IEEPA authorities. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Administrative enforcement of export controls is conducted by these agencies, while criminal enforcement is carried out by the Department of Commerce, units of the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Justice.\nAspects of the U.S. export control system have long been criticized by exporters, non-proliferation advocates, allies, and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, cumbersome, obsolete, inefficient, or combinations of these descriptions. In August 2009, the Barack Obama Administration launched a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. In April 2010, then-Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities: \na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists was the Obama Administration\u2019s focus. The Administration made no specific proposals concerning the single licensing agency, although the Administration implemented some elements of a future single system, such as a consolidated screening list and harmonization of certain licensing policies. \nIn considering the future of the U.S. export control system, Congress may weigh the merits of a unified export control system\u2014a chief goal of President Obama\u2019s proposal\u2014or the continuation of the present bifurcated system by reauthorizing the EAA or enacting replacement legislation. In doing so, Congress may debate the record of the present dual-use system maintained by emergency authority, the aims and effectiveness of the present non-proliferation control regimes, the maintenance of the defense industrial base, and the balance between maintaining economic competitiveness and preserving national security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41916", "sha1": "6bb4bb6527cda817dc8baea44285d2325a0b79ff", "filename": "files/20180108_R41916_6bb4bb6527cda817dc8baea44285d2325a0b79ff.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41916_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180108_R41916_images_7610d197b95711481eaf7e6753903bcb273c168b.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41916", "sha1": "1e9178994da24d4ea7f6cfd7a7fcaae63762239d", "filename": "files/20180108_R41916_1e9178994da24d4ea7f6cfd7a7fcaae63762239d.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4748, "name": "Security Assistance, Security Cooperation, & Arms Exports" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4763, "name": "Export Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4806, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 463734, "date": "2017-07-24", "retrieved": "2017-10-02T22:46:12.159101", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Initiative", "summary": "Difficulty with striking an appropriate balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial for decades. Through the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense items or munitions; dual-use goods and technology; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. The Export Administration Act (EAA) legislated dual-use controls, but it has expired and such controls are presently maintained under IEEPA authorities. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Administrative enforcement of export controls is conducted by these agencies, while criminal enforcement is carried out by the Department of Commerce, units of the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Justice.\nAspects of the U.S. export control system have long been criticized by exporters, non-proliferation advocates, allies, and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, cumbersome, obsolete, inefficient, or combinations of these descriptions. In August 2009, the Barack Obama Administration launched a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. In April 2010, then-Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities: \na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists was the Obama Administration\u2019s focus. The Administration made no specific proposals concerning the single licensing agency, although the Administration implemented some elements of a future single system, such as a consolidated screening list and harmonization of certain licensing policies. \nIn considering the future of the U.S. export control system, Congress may weigh the merits of a unified export control system\u2014a chief goal of President Obama\u2019s proposal\u2014or the continuation of the present bifurcated system by reauthorizing the EAA or enacting replacement legislation. In doing so, Congress may debate the record of the present dual-use system maintained by emergency authority, the aims and effectiveness of the present non-proliferation control regimes, the maintenance of the defense industrial base, and the balance between maintaining economic competitiveness and preserving national security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41916", "sha1": "a0b6c11880cf766e6e026e80731a3352083558da", "filename": "files/20170724_R41916_a0b6c11880cf766e6e026e80731a3352083558da.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R41916_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170724_R41916_images_eb94f9f70424ed1c4ede9830debb6b9c05a04319.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41916", "sha1": "4ec1e6cc042a61401a341c0648c41df1ccc66120", "filename": "files/20170724_R41916_4ec1e6cc042a61401a341c0648c41df1ccc66120.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4748, "name": "Security Assistance, Security Cooperation, & Arms Exports" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4763, "name": "Export Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4806, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 426905, "date": "2014-01-13", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T20:45:57.412467", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the President\u2019s Reform Initiative", "summary": "The 113th Congress may consider reforms of the U.S. export control system. The balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial for decades. Through the Export Administration Act (EAA), the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense items or munitions; so-called \u201cdual-use\u201d goods and technology\u2014items with both civilian and military applications; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. At present, the EAA has expired and dual-use controls are maintained under IEEPA authorities. \nThe U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies\u2014as well as some military items\u2014are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Treasury. Administrative enforcement of export controls is conducted by these agencies, while criminal enforcement is carried out by the Department of Commerce, units of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Department of Justice (DOJ).\nAspects of the U.S. export control system have long been criticized by exporters, non-proliferation advocates, allies, and other stakeholders as being too rigorous, insufficiently rigorous, cumbersome, obsolete, inefficient, or any combination of these descriptions. In August 2009, the Obama Administration launched a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. In April 2010, then-Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates proposed an outline of a new system based on four singularities: \na single export control licensing agency for dual-use, munitions exports, and Treasury-administered embargoes,\na unified control list,\na single primary enforcement coordination agency, and\na single integrated information technology (IT) system.\nThe rationalization of the two control lists has been the Administration\u2019s focus to date. Interim steps have also been taken to create a single IT system and to establish an export enforcement coordination center. No specific proposals have been made concerning the single licensing agency, although elements of a future single system such as the consolidated screening list and harmonization of certain licensing policies have been achieved. The Administration reportedly has prepared legislation for the final stage of the reform effort, but no legislation was introduced concerning export control reform in the first session of the 113th Congress.\nIn considering the future of the U.S. export control system, Congress may weigh the merits of a unified export control system\u2014the end result of the President\u2019s proposal\u2014or the continuation of the present bifurcated system by reauthorizing the present EAA or writing new legislation. In doing so, Congress may debate the record of the present dual-use system maintained by emergency authority, the aims and effectiveness of the present non-proliferation control regimes, the maintenance of the defense industrial base, and the delicate balance between the maintenance of economic competitiveness and the preservation of national security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R41916", "sha1": "c72886bc0b04015383bfa50f5c84fa6df4f5c620", "filename": "files/20140113_R41916_c72886bc0b04015383bfa50f5c84fa6df4f5c620.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R41916", "sha1": "94df39061d1f1f1c15a7fc56b8d63f1dcdb0b656", "filename": "files/20140113_R41916_94df39061d1f1f1c15a7fc56b8d63f1dcdb0b656.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2211, "name": "Export Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3208, "name": "Arms Sales and Military Exports" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3227, "name": "Proliferation and Arms Control" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4602, "name": "Manufacturing Policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc267883/", "id": "R41916_2013Sep20", "date": "2013-09-20", "retrieved": "2013-12-03T12:16:12", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the President's Reform Initiative", "summary": "This report discusses some of the proposed legislation and other issues related to the U.S. export control system. In considering the future of the U.S. export control system, Congress may weigh the merits of a unified export control system -- the end result of the President's proposal -- or the continuation of the present bifurcated system by reauthorizing the present Export Administration Act (EAA) or writing new legislation. In doing so, Congress may debate the record of the present dual-use system maintained by emergency authority, the aims and effectiveness of the present non-proliferation control regimes, the maintenance of the defense industrial base, and the delicate balance between the maintenance of economic competitiveness and the preservation of national security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130920_R41916_b13c36118583704090c64c2b338eceda657f20f8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130920_R41916_b13c36118583704090c64c2b338eceda657f20f8.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign trade policy", "name": "Foreign trade policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Export controls", "name": "Export controls" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462485/", "id": "R41916_2013May07", "date": "2013-05-07", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the President's Reform Initiative", "summary": "This report discusses the U.S. export control system that is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. Exports of dual-use goods and technologies--as well as some military items, are licensed by the Department of Commerce, munitions are licensed by the Department of State, and restrictions on exports based on U.S. sanctions are administered by the U.S. Treasury.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130507_R41916_8316468ae7f44bf7d7f0634445bee4bce57fa8ae.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130507_R41916_8316468ae7f44bf7d7f0634445bee4bce57fa8ae.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations", "name": "Foreign economic relations" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Exports", "name": "Exports" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Export controls", "name": "Export controls" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc820647/", "id": "R41916_2013Apr19", "date": "2013-04-19", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the President\u2019s Reform Initiative", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130419_R41916_910909755af7f748ebc2a91d78ec88b1458fd7a2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130419_R41916_910909755af7f748ebc2a91d78ec88b1458fd7a2.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462813/", "id": "R41916_2013Jan11", "date": "2013-01-11", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the President's Reform Initiative", "summary": "The balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial for decades. On August 13, 2009, President Obama announced the launch of a comprehensive review of the U.S. export control system. This report discusses this reform initiative, after discussing the existing system.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130111_R41916_bf962915e09853a1b62ba1814bd926ff35972b18.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130111_R41916_bf962915e09853a1b62ba1814bd926ff35972b18.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Export controls", "name": "Export controls" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign trade policy", "name": "Foreign trade policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc86585/", "id": "R41916_2012May18", "date": "2012-05-18", "retrieved": "2012-06-15T10:07:48", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the President's Reform Initiative", "summary": "The 112th Congress may consider reforms of the U.S. export control system. The balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial for decades. The U.S. export control system is diffused among several different licensing and enforcement agencies. This report not only discussed the background of such issues, but also the differences between the Obama Administration and Congress' approaches to export legislation reform.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120518_R41916_c02293334f624d3f631be87e71a818e79c69f16a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120518_R41916_c02293334f624d3f631be87e71a818e79c69f16a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Exports", "name": "Exports" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign trade", "name": "Foreign trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International trade", "name": "International trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc87187/", "id": "R41916_2012Feb16", "date": "2012-02-16", "retrieved": "2012-07-03T07:51:21", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the President's Reform Initiative", "summary": "The 112th Congress may consider reforms of the U.S. export control system. The balance between national security and export competitiveness has made the subject of export controls controversial \r\nfor decades. Through the Export Administration Act (EAA), the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), and other authorities, the United States restricts the export of defense items or munitions; so-called \u201cdual-use\u201d goods and \r\ntechnology\u2014items with both civilian and military applications; certain nuclear materials and technology; and items that would assist in the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons or the missile technology used to deliver them. U.S. export controls are also used to restrict exports to certain countries on which the United States imposes economic sanctions. At present, the EAA has expired and dual-use controls are maintained under IEEPA authorities.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120216_R41916_9ba3e3d6687deff371901755f9242b65e861475a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120216_R41916_9ba3e3d6687deff371901755f9242b65e861475a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Export controls", "name": "Export controls" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Exports", "name": "Exports" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign trade", "name": "Foreign trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc96700/", "id": "R41916_2011Jul14", "date": "2011-07-14", "retrieved": "2012-08-07T13:52:45", "title": "The U.S. Export Control System and the President's Reform Initiative", "summary": "This report looks at how the 112th Congress may consider reforms of the U.S. export control system.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110714_R41916_b36ec57d342693ca99d184e5589612f783e415a1.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110714_R41916_b36ec57d342693ca99d184e5589612f783e415a1.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Export controls", "name": "Export controls" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign trade regulation", "name": "Foreign trade regulation" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Foreign Affairs", "Industry and Trade", "Intelligence and National Security", "National Defense" ] }