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U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. 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U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. 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U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. 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U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. The issue for Congress is whether the Trump Administration\u2019s strategy for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS is appropriate and correctly resourced, and whether Congress should approve, reject, or modify the strategy, the level of resources for implementing it, or both.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "28d0174abaaadf064a17910ef39a833429697d1c", "filename": "files/20200206_R42784_28d0174abaaadf064a17910ef39a833429697d1c.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200206_R42784_images_0e78562f66455fb9d023e16b54c36ed06357c865.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200206_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200206_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20200206_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200206_R42784_images_fefa401317fba833a79111bdf1a7dd3b69c06b66.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20200206_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "909d49f8d8a6fe083f0406bed09275a37dc7b364", "filename": "files/20200206_R42784_909d49f8d8a6fe083f0406bed09275a37dc7b364.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 615420, "date": "2020-01-28", "retrieved": "2020-01-31T13:47:01.899845", "title": "U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. The issue for Congress is whether the Trump Administration\u2019s strategy for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS is appropriate and correctly resourced, and whether Congress should approve, reject, or modify the strategy, the level of resources for implementing it, or both.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "7c2e566c7e67787067bdf27e76ea01835fbd2d0a", "filename": "files/20200128_R42784_7c2e566c7e67787067bdf27e76ea01835fbd2d0a.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200128_R42784_images_0e78562f66455fb9d023e16b54c36ed06357c865.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200128_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200128_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20200128_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200128_R42784_images_fefa401317fba833a79111bdf1a7dd3b69c06b66.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20200128_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "b3d5953f2ce994d7b6432469b4623cf1a8a57e20", "filename": "files/20200128_R42784_b3d5953f2ce994d7b6432469b4623cf1a8a57e20.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 614804, "date": "2020-01-24", "retrieved": "2020-01-24T23:01:54.219357", "title": "U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. The issue for Congress is whether the Trump Administration\u2019s strategy for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS is appropriate and correctly resourced, and whether Congress should approve, reject, or modify the strategy, the level of resources for implementing it, or both.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "74097bc27243daaa0496d837b1d6a57f37cd18e4", "filename": "files/20200124_R42784_74097bc27243daaa0496d837b1d6a57f37cd18e4.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200124_R42784_images_0e78562f66455fb9d023e16b54c36ed06357c865.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200124_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200124_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20200124_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200124_R42784_images_fefa401317fba833a79111bdf1a7dd3b69c06b66.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20200124_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "be67b6514f880d5f254fceea73492af3bec78a62", "filename": "files/20200124_R42784_be67b6514f880d5f254fceea73492af3bec78a62.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 612197, "date": "2019-12-20", "retrieved": "2020-01-02T13:34:06.863554", "title": "U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. The issue for Congress is whether the Trump Administration\u2019s strategy for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS is appropriate and correctly resourced, and whether Congress should approve, reject, or modify the strategy, the level of resources for implementing it, or both.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "2329aaf25dfdd106ea8c23d8b93f3faf53b15b73", "filename": "files/20191220_R42784_2329aaf25dfdd106ea8c23d8b93f3faf53b15b73.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191220_R42784_images_0e78562f66455fb9d023e16b54c36ed06357c865.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191220_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191220_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20191220_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191220_R42784_images_fefa401317fba833a79111bdf1a7dd3b69c06b66.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20191220_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "9d7966411ae565b0cb66ec7d6a5b4a3852b89066", "filename": "files/20191220_R42784_9d7966411ae565b0cb66ec7d6a5b4a3852b89066.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 610205, "date": "2019-11-26", "retrieved": "2019-12-13T15:12:12.418389", "title": "U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. The issue for Congress is whether the Trump Administration\u2019s strategy for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS is appropriate and correctly resourced, and whether Congress should approve, reject, or modify the strategy, the level of resources for implementing it, or both.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "536950f3732ea79bd6033db9b51c3ddeed201924", "filename": "files/20191126_R42784_536950f3732ea79bd6033db9b51c3ddeed201924.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191126_R42784_images_0e78562f66455fb9d023e16b54c36ed06357c865.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191126_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191126_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20191126_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191126_R42784_images_fefa401317fba833a79111bdf1a7dd3b69c06b66.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20191126_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "c0b5d2b1fa49c4888e8be02bf3e3c98860b5a33d", "filename": "files/20191126_R42784_c0b5d2b1fa49c4888e8be02bf3e3c98860b5a33d.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 605392, "date": "2019-09-24", "retrieved": "2019-10-10T22:26:51.879077", "title": "U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. The issue for Congress is whether the Trump Administration\u2019s strategy for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS is appropriate and correctly resourced, and whether Congress should approve, reject, or modify the strategy, the level of resources for implementing it, or both.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "9981611e774f6726debafde7b277f22057923184", "filename": "files/20190924_R42784_9981611e774f6726debafde7b277f22057923184.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190924_R42784_images_1bbea57643e65281fd9844e145464ac92c433351.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190924_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190924_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190924_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190924_R42784_images_fefa401317fba833a79111bdf1a7dd3b69c06b66.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190924_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "3a68f37f195f7e332bf68e8a9a6160476dfed1b7", "filename": "files/20190924_R42784_3a68f37f195f7e332bf68e8a9a6160476dfed1b7.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 604022, "date": "2019-08-23", "retrieved": "2019-08-27T22:13:26.575292", "title": "U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment described as one of renewed great power competition, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS forms an element of the Trump Administration\u2019s more confrontational overall approach toward China, and of the Administration\u2019s efforts for promoting its construct for the Indo-Pacific region, called the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).\nChina\u2019s actions in the SCS in recent years\u2014including extensive island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China\u2019s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China\u2019s maritime forces at the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region\u2014meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. \nPotential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S. security relationships with treaty allies and partner states; maintaining a regional balance of power favorable to the United States and its allies and partners; defending the principle of peaceful resolution of disputes and resisting the emergence of an alternative \u201cmight-makes-right\u201d approach to international affairs; defending the principle of freedom of the seas, also sometimes called freedom of navigation; preventing China from becoming a regional hegemon in East Asia; and pursing these goals as part of a larger U.S. strategy for competing strategically and managing relations with China.\nPotential specific U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: dissuading China from carrying out additional base-construction activities in the SCS, moving additional military personnel, equipment, and supplies to bases at sites that it occupies in the SCS, initiating island-building or base-construction activities at Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, declaring straight baselines around land features it claims in the SCS, or declaring an air defense identification zone (ADIZ) over the SCS; and encouraging China to reduce or end operations by its maritime forces at the Senkaku Islands in the ECS, halt actions intended to put pressure against Philippine-occupied sites in the Spratly Islands, provide greater access by Philippine fisherman to waters surrounding Scarborough Shoal or in the Spratly Islands, adopt the U.S./Western definition regarding freedom of the seas, and accept and abide by the July 2016 tribunal award in the SCS arbitration case involving the Philippines and China.\nThe Trump Administration has taken various actions for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS. The issue for Congress is whether the Trump Administration\u2019s strategy for competing strategically with China in the SCS and ECS is appropriate and correctly resourced, and whether Congress should approve, reject, or modify the strategy, the level of resources for implementing it, or both.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "9dca21d69de753521c71cb9e9446653b0b3ed2b1", "filename": "files/20190823_R42784_9dca21d69de753521c71cb9e9446653b0b3ed2b1.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190823_R42784_images_1bbea57643e65281fd9844e145464ac92c433351.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190823_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190823_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190823_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190823_R42784_images_fefa401317fba833a79111bdf1a7dd3b69c06b66.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190823_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "3b2e6b17a0178718f25e27907375903d6269c648", "filename": "files/20190823_R42784_3b2e6b17a0178718f25e27907375903d6269c648.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 590626, "date": "2019-01-31", "retrieved": "2019-04-17T14:26:01.748865", "title": "China\u2019s Actions in South and East China Seas: Implications for U.S. Interests\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions in recent years in the South China Sea (SCS)\u2014particularly its island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is rapidly gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners, particularly those in the Indo-Pacific region. U.S. Navy Admiral Philip Davidson, in his responses to advance policy questions from the Senate Armed Services Committee for an April 17, 2018, hearing to consider his nomination to become Commander, U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM), stated that \u201cChina is now capable of controlling the South China Sea in all scenarios short of war with the United States.\u201d Chinese control of the SCS\u2014and, more generally, Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region, meaning the SCS, the East China Sea (ECS), and the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes with multiple neighboring countries over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and with Japan over the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. Up through 2014, U.S. concern over these disputes centered more on their potential for causing tension, incidents, and a risk of conflict between China and its neighbors in the region, including U.S. allies Japan and the Philippines and emerging partner states such as Vietnam. While that concern remains, particularly regarding the potential for a conflict between China and Japan involving the Senkaku Islands, U.S. concern since 2014 (i.e., since China\u2019s island-building activities in the Spratly Islands were first publicly reported) has shifted increasingly to how China\u2019s strengthening position in the SCS may be affecting the risk of a U.S.-China crisis or conflict in the SCS and the broader U.S.-Chinese strategic competition.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The position of the United States and most other countries is that while international law gives coastal states the right to regulate economic activities (such as fishing and oil exploration) within their EEZs, it does not give coastal states the right to regulate foreign military activities in the parts of their EEZs beyond their 12-nautical-mile territorial waters. The position of China and some other countries (i.e., a minority group among the world\u2019s nations) is that UNCLOS gives coastal states the right to regulate not only economic activities, but also foreign military activities, in their EEZs. The dispute appears to be at the heart of multiple incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace since 2001, and has potential implications not only for China\u2019s EEZs, but for U.S. naval operations in EEZs globally, and for international law of the sea.\nA key issue for Congress is how the United States should respond to China\u2019s actions in the SCS and ECS\u2014particularly its island-building and base-construction activities in the Spratly Islands\u2014and to China\u2019s strengthening position in the SCS. A key oversight question for Congress is whether the Trump Administration has an appropriate strategy\u2014and an appropriate amount of resources for implementing that strategy\u2014for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy or gray zone operations for gradually strengthening its position in the SCS, for imposing costs on China for its actions in the SCS and ECS, and for defending and promoting U.S. interests in the region.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "593ac5df59ea48a37af45fab0c084b10de211c05", "filename": "files/20190131_R42784_593ac5df59ea48a37af45fab0c084b10de211c05.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190131_R42784_images_851931f082c1c52d124dddd06fd1418c4263bf82.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190131_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190131_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190131_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190131_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190131_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "c8522b6bd5954ee2a24223974d3082d735f80c91", "filename": "files/20190131_R42784_c8522b6bd5954ee2a24223974d3082d735f80c91.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584398, "date": "2018-08-01", "retrieved": "2018-10-05T22:57:10.859243", "title": "China\u2019s Actions in South and East China Seas: Implications for U.S. Interests\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions in recent years in the South China Sea (SCS)\u2014particularly its island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is rapidly gaining effective control of the SCS. U.S. Navy Admiral Philip Davidson, in responses to advance policy questions from the Senate Armed Services Committee for an April 17, 2018, hearing to consider his nomination to become Commander, U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM), stated that \u201cChina is now capable of controlling the South China Sea in all scenarios short of war with the United States.\u201d Chinese control of the SCS\u2014and, more generally, Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region, meaning the SCS, the East China Sea (ECS), and the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. Up through 2014, U.S. concern over these disputes centered more on their potential for causing tension, incidents, and a risk of conflict between China and its neighbors in the region, including U.S. allies Japan and the Philippines and emerging partner states such as Vietnam. While that concern remains, particularly regarding the potential for a conflict between China and Japan, U.S. concern since 2014 (i.e., since China\u2019s island-building activities in the Spratly Islands were first publicly reported) has shifted increasingly to how China\u2019s strengthening position in the SCS is making the SCS an arena of direct U.S.-Chinese strategic competition in a global context of renewed great power competition.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of multiple incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace since 2001, and has potential implications not only for China\u2019s EEZs, but for U.S. naval operations in EEZs globally.\nA key issue for Congress is how the United States should respond to China\u2019s actions in the SCS and ECS\u2014particularly its island-building and base-construction activities in the Spratly Islands\u2014and to China\u2019s strengthening position in the SCS. A key oversight question for Congress is whether the Trump Administration has an appropriate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy or gray zone operations for gradually strengthening its position in the SCS, for imposing costs on China for its actions in the SCS and ECS, and for defending and promoting U.S. interests in the region.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "46437cc3cb8e5241aaaacea80ceb35674eb64e17", "filename": "files/20180801_R42784_46437cc3cb8e5241aaaacea80ceb35674eb64e17.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180801_R42784_images_851931f082c1c52d124dddd06fd1418c4263bf82.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180801_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180801_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180801_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180801_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180801_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "e78230efa81a6ce4ae74e8dda63a7151c7ce44f4", "filename": "files/20180801_R42784_e78230efa81a6ce4ae74e8dda63a7151c7ce44f4.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 582896, "date": "2018-07-17", "retrieved": "2018-07-19T13:41:54.653153", "title": "China\u2019s Actions in South and East China Seas: Implications for U.S. Interests\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions in recent years in the South China Sea (SCS)\u2014particularly its island-building and base-construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands\u2014have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is rapidly gaining effective control of the SCS. U.S. Navy Admiral Philip Davidson, in responses to advance policy questions from the Senate Armed Services Committee for an April 17, 2018, hearing to consider his nomination to become Commander, U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM), stated that \u201cChina is now capable of controlling the South China Sea in all scenarios short of war with the United States.\u201d Chinese control of the SCS\u2014and, more generally, Chinese domination of China\u2019s near-seas region, meaning the SCS, the East China Sea (ECS), and the Yellow Sea\u2014could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. Up through 2014, U.S. concern over these disputes centered more on their potential for causing tension, incidents, and a risk of conflict between China and its neighbors in the region, including U.S. allies Japan and the Philippines and emerging partner states such as Vietnam. While that concern remains, particularly regarding the potential for a conflict between China and Japan, U.S. concern since 2014 (i.e., since China\u2019s island-building activities in the Spratly Islands were first publicly reported) has shifted increasingly to how China\u2019s strengthening position in the SCS is making the SCS an arena of direct U.S.-Chinese strategic competition in a global context of renewed great power competition.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of multiple incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace since 2001, and has potential implications not only for China\u2019s EEZs, but for U.S. naval operations in EEZs globally.\nA key issue for Congress is how the United States should respond to China\u2019s actions in the SCS and ECS\u2014particularly its island-building and base-construction activities in the Spratly Islands\u2014and to China\u2019s strengthening position in the SCS. A key oversight question for Congress is whether the Trump Administration has an appropriate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy or gray zone operations for gradually strengthening its position in the SCS, for imposing costs on China for its actions in the SCS and ECS, and for defending and promoting U.S. interests in the region.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "6cc727612306a86321258af5e2a009773bb8e4a1", "filename": "files/20180717_R42784_6cc727612306a86321258af5e2a009773bb8e4a1.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180717_R42784_images_851931f082c1c52d124dddd06fd1418c4263bf82.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180717_R42784_images_924c54adee85538421d7161b4587b5754ab8ea57.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180717_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180717_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180717_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180717_R42784_images_ce86a6a72efa6d9644e19c3ff7e5fd42c7a7ccc9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "e3713d9cffa154b0a95af01ef35a7813625dc8c6", "filename": "files/20180717_R42784_e3713d9cffa154b0a95af01ef35a7813625dc8c6.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 581430, "date": "2018-05-24", "retrieved": "2018-05-24T22:03:06.737180", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nU.S. Navy Admiral Philip Davidson, in responses to advance policy questions from the Senate Armed Services Committee for an April 17, 2018, hearing before the committee to consider nominations, including Davidson\u2019s nomination to become Commander, U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM), stated in part that \u201cChina is now capable of controlling the South China Sea in all scenarios short of war with the United States.\u201d\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "1b1d5aa1929ba927bba72963184cb23e99334491", "filename": "files/20180524_R42784_1b1d5aa1929ba927bba72963184cb23e99334491.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180524_R42784_images_8ce0f5f7bfbdeecdbba79e4d60dfdef01bb881af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180524_R42784_images_36da3490337ac677cf324bfbea9315f5fdc4c0ae.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180524_R42784_images_d2e83482157d7a0f10c5c8aa37115d4011cd7572.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180524_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180524_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180524_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180524_R42784_images_37d77c8677b56093fcd47d0ab5f0078df3f7f90d.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "baf39ea7a7845d7464960bda472ceb144f5ea4cd", "filename": "files/20180524_R42784_baf39ea7a7845d7464960bda472ceb144f5ea4cd.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 581249, "date": "2018-05-21", "retrieved": "2018-05-22T13:04:19.628316", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "c60c3b4b945f5788f56423f78f42dbeae2560294", "filename": "files/20180521_R42784_c60c3b4b945f5788f56423f78f42dbeae2560294.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180521_R42784_images_8ce0f5f7bfbdeecdbba79e4d60dfdef01bb881af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180521_R42784_images_36da3490337ac677cf324bfbea9315f5fdc4c0ae.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180521_R42784_images_37d77c8677b56093fcd47d0ab5f0078df3f7f90d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180521_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180521_R42784_images_d2e83482157d7a0f10c5c8aa37115d4011cd7572.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180521_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180521_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "753c07a3315b4087be256d0c4e17cf6f6c3b3bd5", "filename": "files/20180521_R42784_753c07a3315b4087be256d0c4e17cf6f6c3b3bd5.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580574, "date": "2018-04-26", "retrieved": "2018-05-01T14:11:10.794684", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "7e1506af3d1e5c9a20634ef84b368fcd09bc6220", "filename": "files/20180426_R42784_7e1506af3d1e5c9a20634ef84b368fcd09bc6220.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180426_R42784_images_8ce0f5f7bfbdeecdbba79e4d60dfdef01bb881af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180426_R42784_images_36da3490337ac677cf324bfbea9315f5fdc4c0ae.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180426_R42784_images_37d77c8677b56093fcd47d0ab5f0078df3f7f90d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180426_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180426_R42784_images_d2e83482157d7a0f10c5c8aa37115d4011cd7572.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180426_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180426_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "22f770cd31037ea906a97f256f9330dfb15dbdd7", "filename": "files/20180426_R42784_22f770cd31037ea906a97f256f9330dfb15dbdd7.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 576483, "date": "2017-12-12", "retrieved": "2017-12-14T14:15:32.265444", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "76a72385d3700c3ca24757977b6e7d811e2b4c85", "filename": "files/20171212_R42784_76a72385d3700c3ca24757977b6e7d811e2b4c85.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171212_R42784_images_8ce0f5f7bfbdeecdbba79e4d60dfdef01bb881af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171212_R42784_images_36da3490337ac677cf324bfbea9315f5fdc4c0ae.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/6.png": "files/20171212_R42784_images_37d77c8677b56093fcd47d0ab5f0078df3f7f90d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171212_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20171212_R42784_images_d2e83482157d7a0f10c5c8aa37115d4011cd7572.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171212_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20171212_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "3a140db386644d1fb271aefd9856f9a2239c189b", "filename": "files/20171212_R42784_3a140db386644d1fb271aefd9856f9a2239c189b.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 576084, "date": "2017-12-01", "retrieved": "2017-12-05T13:53:22.609630", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "6507f463821505708c8a7ef752a2bcebd26a1b89", "filename": "files/20171201_R42784_6507f463821505708c8a7ef752a2bcebd26a1b89.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171201_R42784_images_8ce0f5f7bfbdeecdbba79e4d60dfdef01bb881af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171201_R42784_images_36da3490337ac677cf324bfbea9315f5fdc4c0ae.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/6.png": "files/20171201_R42784_images_37d77c8677b56093fcd47d0ab5f0078df3f7f90d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171201_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20171201_R42784_images_d2e83482157d7a0f10c5c8aa37115d4011cd7572.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171201_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20171201_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "96bd7ed1f53ba9d390430c4d52cf91a64da5e7d8", "filename": "files/20171201_R42784_96bd7ed1f53ba9d390430c4d52cf91a64da5e7d8.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 574170, "date": "2017-10-16", "retrieved": "2017-10-17T14:16:10.387147", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "70a5f855faa7402a7e5334d32f731d2fdffcfa4d", "filename": "files/20171016_R42784_70a5f855faa7402a7e5334d32f731d2fdffcfa4d.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171016_R42784_images_8ce0f5f7bfbdeecdbba79e4d60dfdef01bb881af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171016_R42784_images_36da3490337ac677cf324bfbea9315f5fdc4c0ae.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/6.png": "files/20171016_R42784_images_37d77c8677b56093fcd47d0ab5f0078df3f7f90d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171016_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20171016_R42784_images_d2e83482157d7a0f10c5c8aa37115d4011cd7572.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171016_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20171016_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "28f927676af11f1411bbb7e90f0bb662d1a48f49", "filename": "files/20171016_R42784_28f927676af11f1411bbb7e90f0bb662d1a48f49.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 465608, "date": "2017-09-15", "retrieved": "2017-10-02T22:21:02.898675", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "f5e2cd34037320ae4a7feead3d22f63941f2a415", "filename": "files/20170915_R42784_f5e2cd34037320ae4a7feead3d22f63941f2a415.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170915_R42784_images_8ce0f5f7bfbdeecdbba79e4d60dfdef01bb881af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170915_R42784_images_36da3490337ac677cf324bfbea9315f5fdc4c0ae.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/6.png": "files/20170915_R42784_images_37d77c8677b56093fcd47d0ab5f0078df3f7f90d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170915_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20170915_R42784_images_d2e83482157d7a0f10c5c8aa37115d4011cd7572.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170915_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20170915_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "558b32517d9348b693bc49afd429462b6f05734d", "filename": "files/20170915_R42784_558b32517d9348b693bc49afd429462b6f05734d.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 463366, "date": "2017-08-17", "retrieved": "2017-08-21T14:17:38.273257", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "b7309abc91e0a7feb74f4f98fe9603b3d26134a1", "filename": "files/20170817_R42784_b7309abc91e0a7feb74f4f98fe9603b3d26134a1.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170817_R42784_images_8ce0f5f7bfbdeecdbba79e4d60dfdef01bb881af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170817_R42784_images_36da3490337ac677cf324bfbea9315f5fdc4c0ae.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/6.png": "files/20170817_R42784_images_37d77c8677b56093fcd47d0ab5f0078df3f7f90d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170817_R42784_images_f745a3de85f7932fbf99ee124430fdf7418ef93e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/4.png": "files/20170817_R42784_images_d2e83482157d7a0f10c5c8aa37115d4011cd7572.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170817_R42784_images_2d7b6c98ccbedd36c8f13740aaab934accec1e0f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42784_files&id=/5.png": "files/20170817_R42784_images_6f482481d91ed6479e538b015a6404bb18acade2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "83ec705e18ce7696a84474ad22112c5f8794bf0e", "filename": "files/20170817_R42784_83ec705e18ce7696a84474ad22112c5f8794bf0e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461719, "date": "2017-06-06", "retrieved": "2017-06-07T15:27:20.858954", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "8ac01a066ef5549a3bb1876bb3eed4a2f6972e2d", "filename": "files/20170606_R42784_8ac01a066ef5549a3bb1876bb3eed4a2f6972e2d.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "627ae4af815d676d703b95fbd6206ca0df6c9453", "filename": "files/20170606_R42784_627ae4af815d676d703b95fbd6206ca0df6c9453.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461381, "date": "2017-05-19", "retrieved": "2017-05-24T16:15:48.985560", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "be3d0f0d9a4dad10a3e76ade37ec9757ce3a6e33", "filename": "files/20170519_R42784_be3d0f0d9a4dad10a3e76ade37ec9757ce3a6e33.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "f0937f556ad65dcf5c58f75a11164ae566ea452c", "filename": "files/20170519_R42784_f0937f556ad65dcf5c58f75a11164ae566ea452c.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460397, "date": "2017-04-10", "retrieved": "2017-04-17T18:24:45.357546", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "857d8b6378294ba2ae357d3edcea85b6b9c78ae2", "filename": "files/20170410_R42784_857d8b6378294ba2ae357d3edcea85b6b9c78ae2.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "a040aeb3e57257b81afb563a271f7e698b9ba749", "filename": "files/20170410_R42784_a040aeb3e57257b81afb563a271f7e698b9ba749.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4931, "name": "South & Southeast Asia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 453220, "date": "2016-06-08", "retrieved": "2016-06-21T21:06:59.417819", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS), particularly since late 2013, have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. The United States does not believe that large-scale land reclamation with the intent to militarize outposts on disputed land features is consistent with the region\u2019s desire for peace and stability.\nThe United States, like most other countries, believes that coastal states under UNCLOS have the right to regulate economic activities in their EEZs, but do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs.\nU.S. military surveillance flights in international airspace above another country\u2019s EEZ are lawful under international law, and the United States plans to continue conducting these flights as it has in the past.\nThe Senkaku Islands are under the administration of Japan and unilateral attempts to change the status quo raise tensions and do nothing under international law to strengthen territorial claims.\nChina\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and EEZ claims in the ECS and SCS raise several potential policy and oversight issues for Congress, including whether the United States has an adequate strategy for countering China\u2019s \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy, whether the United States has taken adequate actions to reduce the risk that the United States might be drawn into a crisis or conflict over a territorial dispute involving China, and whether the United States should become a party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42784", "sha1": "2874789f72e8a44c4d05d0fe3d70ab921c29e52f", "filename": "files/20160608_R42784_2874789f72e8a44c4d05d0fe3d70ab921c29e52f.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42784", "sha1": "fa21b97d823a5cd9b603f0019c05b728f1cd21b1", "filename": "files/20160608_R42784_fa21b97d823a5cd9b603f0019c05b728f1cd21b1.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3153, "name": "Defense Strategy, Military Operations, and Force Structure" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3407, "name": "Asian Regionalism" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 473, "name": "Southeast Asia, Australasia, and the Pacific Islands" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc855824/", "id": "R42784_2016May31", "date": "2016-05-31", "retrieved": "2016-08-07T13:31:21", "title": "Navy LX(R) Amphibious Ship Program: Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) disputes in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) involving China, with a focus on how these disputes may affect U.S. strategic and policy interests.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20160531_R42784_c2bdcbadeeaca23daa0b67afcf7cb87628a25eea.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20160531_R42784_c2bdcbadeeaca23daa0b67afcf7cb87628a25eea.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Marine resources", "name": "Marine resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Maritime law", "name": "Maritime law" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 452061, "date": "2016-04-27", "retrieved": "2016-05-24T19:16:31.929941", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "China\u2019s actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS), particularly since late 2013, have heightened concerns among observers that China may be seeking to dominate or gain control of its near-seas region, meaning the ECS, the SCS, and the Yellow Sea. Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. 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Chinese domination over or control of this region could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.\nChina is a party to multiple territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, including, in particular, disputes over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal in the SCS, and the Senkaku Islands in the ECS. China depicts its territorial claims in the SCS using the so-called map of the nine-dash line that appears to enclose an area covering roughly 90% of the SCS. Some observers characterize China\u2019s approach for asserting and defending its territorial claims in the ECS and SCS as a \u201csalami-slicing\u201d strategy that employs a series of incremental actions, none of which by itself is a casus belli, to gradually change the status quo in China\u2019s favor.\nIn addition to territorial disputes in the SCS and ECS, China is involved in a dispute, particularly with the United States, over whether China has a right under international law to regulate the activities of foreign military forces operating within China\u2019s EEZ. The dispute appears to be at the heart of incidents between Chinese and U.S. ships and aircraft in international waters and airspace in 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013, and 2014.\nThe U.S. position on territorial and EEZ disputes in the Western Pacific (including those involving China) includes the following elements, among others:\nThe United States supports the principle that disputes between countries should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nThe United States supports the principle of freedom of seas, meaning the rights, freedoms, and uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all nations in international law. The United States opposes claims that impinge on the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea that belong to all nations.\nThe United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS.\nAlthough the United States takes no position on competing claims to sovereignty over disputed land features in the ECS and SCS, the United States does have a position on how competing claims should be resolved: Territorial disputes should be resolved peacefully, without coercion, intimidation, threats, or the use of force, and in a manner consistent with international law.\nClaims of territorial waters and EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea and must therefore, among other things, derive from land features. Claims in the SCS that are not derived from land features are fundamentally flawed.\nParties should avoid taking provocative or unilateral actions that disrupt the status quo or jeopardize peace and security. 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and policy interests.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150918_R42784_d46b56b8b8d5a8c745656ecfdfd45851343ce9cb.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150918_R42784_d46b56b8b8d5a8c745656ecfdfd45851343ce9cb.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Marine resources", "name": "Marine resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Maritime law", "name": "Maritime law" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743483/", "id": "R42784_2015Aug28", "date": "2015-08-28", "retrieved": "2015-10-20T21:35:54", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report provides background information and issues for Congress on maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) disputes in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS) involving China, with a focus on how these disputes may affect U.S. strategic and policy interests.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150828_R42784_03026011afa0587e96b728e1a694da674224812f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150828_R42784_03026011afa0587e96b728e1a694da674224812f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689269/", "id": "R42784_2015Jun01", "date": "2015-06-01", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report considers potential implications for U.S.-China relations. China's actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS), particularly since late 2013, have heightened concerns among observers that ongoing disputes over these waters and some of the islands within them could lead to a crisis or conflict between China and a neighboring country.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150601_R42784_c0dbe29ed28af6c3fdd1230af515dc274df77021.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150601_R42784_c0dbe29ed28af6c3fdd1230af515dc274df77021.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Marine resources", "name": "Marine resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Maritime law", "name": "Maritime law" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc627117/", "id": "R42784_2015Apr22", "date": "2015-04-22", "retrieved": "2015-06-15T14:46:40", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report considers potential implications for U.S.-China relations. China's actions for asserting and defending its maritime territorial and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) claims in the East China (ECS) and South China Sea (SCS), particularly since late 2013, have heightened concerns among observers that ongoing disputes over these waters and some of the islands within them could lead to a crisis or conflict between China and a neighboring country such as Japan, the Philippines, or Vietnam.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150422_R42784_d1073f29fdc35866c0783c0fb632cc7c47ce75ca.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150422_R42784_d1073f29fdc35866c0783c0fb632cc7c47ce75ca.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Maritime law", "name": "Maritime law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Marine resources", "name": "Marine resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Transportation", "name": "Transportation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501611/", "id": "R42784_2014Dec24", "date": "2014-12-24", "retrieved": "2015-03-30T22:03:27", "title": "Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report presents policy and oversight issues for Congress arising from maritime territorial disputes involving China in the South China Sea (SCS), East China Sea (ECS), and an additional dispute over whether China has a right under international law to regulate U.S. and other foreign military activities in its maritime Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).", "type": "CRS 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under international law to regulate U.S. and other foreign military activities in its maritime Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140703_R42784_9ece2e3ef428dcffa44f11afcd73398629df3e14.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140703_R42784_9ece2e3ef428dcffa44f11afcd73398629df3e14.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Maritime law", "name": "Maritime law" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Marine resources", "name": "Marine resources" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Transportation", "name": "Transportation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- China -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North 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