{ "id": "R42841", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "R42841", "active": false, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 585190, "date": "2018-01-03", "retrieved": "2018-10-04T14:22:56.569731", "title": "Army Corps Supplemental Appropriations: History, Trends, and Policy Issues", "summary": "Congress directs the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to plan and build water resource facilities through the agency\u2019s civil works program. The Corps also has a prominent role in responding to natural disasters, especially floods, in U.S. states and territories. In recent years through supplemental appropriations, Congress also has funded the agency to study and construct projects that reduce flood risks in areas recently affected by some hurricanes and floods. The 115th Congress is considering possible responses to various natural disasters in 2017. H.R. 4667\u2014Further Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements, 2017 (as passed by the House)\u2014proposes $12.09 billion for the agency\u2019s activities associated with response, repair, and recovery from natural disasters including Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria.\nPolicy Considerations. A common issue for Congress after a flood-related disaster is whether to provide supplemental funds directly to the Corps and, if so, how much and for which Corps activities. During its deliberations on recent supplemental appropriations bills, Congress also has considered whether to maintain requirements for nonfederal cost sharing, what requirements to include regarding reporting to Congress and public transparency associated with supplemental funds, and what type of flood damage-reduction efforts to support (e.g., repair of existing infrastructure, construction of new infrastructure). Supplemental Corps funding debates also may raise broader questions for policymakers. These include, for example, the effectiveness and efficiency of processes such as those for postdisaster supplemental appropriations and Corps annual budget development, especially in regard to identifying and supporting priority investments in reducing the nation\u2019s flood risk. Supporters of supplemental appropriations for the construction of Corps flood-risk reduction projects in natural disaster-affected areas view these projects as part of the broader recovery effort and as means to improve flood resilience of the affected areas. Other stakeholders would prefer more attention and funding that supports other programs and measures to reduce the nation\u2019s flood risks. \nSupplemental Funds. From 2005 to 2016, Congress appropriated $31.4 billion in supplemental funding to the Corps; these funds amounted to almost half of the agency\u2019s annual discretionary appropriations over that same period. Of the $31.4 billion, $27.2 billion (87%) was for responding to flooding and other natural disasters. The majority of this funding related to Hurricane Katrina and other 2005 storms (approximately $16 billion) and to Hurricane Sandy in 2012 ($5.3 billion).\nSupplemental bills most frequently fund two Corps accounts: Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies (FCCE; i.e., flood fighting, repairs to damaged nonfederal flood-control projects) and Operations and Maintenance (O&M; i.e., repairs to existing Corps projects). In some instances, principally since 2005, Congress also has provided supplemental funding for other Corps accounts, such as the Construction account. Of the supplemental funds that Congress provided to the Corps for Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, 31% and 66%, respectively, were for construction activities. Of the $12.1 billion that H.R. 4667 would provide, $10.48 billion would be for activities in the agency\u2019s Construction account\u2014$55 million for repairs to Corps construction projects damaged by natural disasters, and $10.425 billion for expedited construction of flood control and storm damage reduction projects in areas affected by Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. That is, 86% of the funding for the Corps in H.R. 4667 would be for construction. For comparison, that amount would exceed the agency\u2019s $9.1 billion total discretionary spending appropriations for flood-related construction for the decade FY2008 to FY2017. \nConditions Applicable to Supplemental Funds. In supplemental appropriations bills, Congress has at times maintained, and at other times waived, local cost-sharing requirements for Corps flood-risk reduction construction projects. The standard nonfederal cost shares range from 35% to 50%, depending on the activity. H.R. 4667 would waive the nonfederal cost share for studies and ongoing construction funded through the bill. The bill also would provide the Secretary of the Army with the authority to use funds from the bill, subject to approval by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, to initiate construction on projects that have completed the agency\u2019s multistep project development process without project-specific congressional construction authorization.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42841", "sha1": "d4f80e15744f6b4dce2c4e56d03d37e23904e0a0", "filename": "files/20180103_R42841_d4f80e15744f6b4dce2c4e56d03d37e23904e0a0.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42841_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180103_R42841_images_8ce28c5c5605fa877187dcf5634c0a90b5cf3158.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42841_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180103_R42841_images_a27f64bee206ae2785f1b691710615a904078add.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42841_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180103_R42841_images_dd150625b293e312df97ae3564c18c2276d36877.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42841", "sha1": "3f26703f0ba35c86632d39f2475e4c32f3783e37", "filename": "files/20180103_R42841_3f26703f0ba35c86632d39f2475e4c32f3783e37.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4909, "name": "Water Resource Management" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 576927, "date": "2017-12-21", "retrieved": "2017-12-22T14:17:20.298123", "title": "Army Corps Supplemental Appropriations: History, Trends, and Policy Issues", "summary": "Congress directs the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to plan and build water resource facilities through the agency\u2019s civil works program. The Corps also has a prominent role in responding to natural disasters, especially floods, in U.S. states and territories. In recent years through supplemental appropriations, Congress also has funded the agency to study and construct projects that reduce flood risks in areas recently affected by some hurricanes and floods. The 115th Congress is considering possible responses to various natural disasters in 2017. H.R. 4667\u2014Further Additional Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief Requirements, 2017 (as introduced)\u2014proposes $12.09 billion for the agency\u2019s activities associated with response, repair, and recovery from natural disasters including Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria.\nPolicy Considerations. A common issue for Congress after a flood-related disaster is whether to provide supplemental funds directly to the Corps and, if so, how much and for which Corps activities. During its deliberations on recent supplemental appropriations bills, Congress also has considered whether to maintain requirements for nonfederal cost sharing, what requirements to include regarding reporting to Congress and public transparency associated with supplemental funds, and what type of flood damage-reduction efforts to support (e.g., repair of existing infrastructure, construction of new infrastructure). Supplemental Corps funding debates also may raise broader questions for policymakers. These include, for example, the effectiveness and efficiency of processes such as those for post-disaster supplemental appropriations and Corps annual budget development, especially in regard to identifying and supporting priority investments in reducing the nation\u2019s flood risk. Supporters of supplemental appropriations for the construction of Corps flood-risk reduction projects in natural disaster-affected areas view these projects as part of the broader recovery effort and as means to improve flood resilience of the affected areas. Other stakeholders would prefer more attention and funding that supports other programs and measures to reduce the nation\u2019s flood risks. \nSupplemental Funds. From 2005 to 2016, Congress appropriated $31.4 billion in supplemental funding to the Corps; these funds amounted to more than half of the agency\u2019s annual discretionary appropriations over that same period. Of the $31.4 billion, $27.2 billion (87%) was for responding to flooding and other natural disasters. The majority of this funding related to Hurricane Katrina and other 2005 storms (approximately $16 billion) and to Hurricane Sandy in 2012 ($5.3 billion).\nSupplemental bills most frequently fund two Corps accounts: Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies (FCCE; i.e., flood fighting, repairs to damaged nonfederal flood-control projects) and Operations and Maintenance (O&M; i.e., repairs to existing Corps projects). In some instances, principally since 2005, Congress also has provided supplemental funding for other Corps accounts, such as the Construction account. Of the supplemental funds that Congress provided to the Corps for Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, 31% and 66%, respectively, were for construction activities. Of the $12.1 billion that H.R. 4667 would provide, $10.48 billion would be for activities in the agency\u2019s Construction account\u2014$55 million for repairs to Corps construction projects damaged by natural disasters, and $10.425 billion for expedited construction of flood control and storm damage reduction projects in areas affected by Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. That is, 86% of the funding for the Corps in H.R. 4667 would be for construction. For comparison, that amount would exceed the agency\u2019s $9.1 billion total discretionary spending appropriations for flood-related construction for the decade FY2008 to FY2017. \nConditions Applicable to Supplemental Funds. In supplemental appropriations bills, Congress has at times maintained, and at other times waived, local cost-sharing requirements for Corps flood-risk reduction construction projects. The standard nonfederal cost shares range from 35% to 50%, depending on the activity. H.R. 4667 would waive the nonfederal cost share for studies and ongoing construction funded through the bill. The bill also would provide the Secretary of the Army with the authority to use funds from the bill to initiate construction on projects that have completed the agency\u2019s multistep project development process without project-specific congressional construction authorization.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42841", "sha1": "4fe8c72ff719f98fb54070e8e9f4461b01b57403", "filename": "files/20171221_R42841_4fe8c72ff719f98fb54070e8e9f4461b01b57403.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42841_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171221_R42841_images_8ce28c5c5605fa877187dcf5634c0a90b5cf3158.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42841_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171221_R42841_images_a27f64bee206ae2785f1b691710615a904078add.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R42841_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171221_R42841_images_dd150625b293e312df97ae3564c18c2276d36877.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42841", "sha1": "5d78fe753ad6ae36092a157a865604c53036bac7", "filename": "files/20171221_R42841_5d78fe753ad6ae36092a157a865604c53036bac7.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4909, "name": "Water Resource Management" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 458096, "date": "2017-01-05", "retrieved": "2017-01-13T15:44:23.019804", "title": "Army Corps Supplemental Appropriations: Recent History, Trends, and Policy Issues", "summary": "Under its civil works program, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) plans, builds, operates, and maintains a range of water resource facilities. The Corps also plays a prominent role in responding to domestic natural disasters, in particular riverine and coastal flooding. In some years, natural disasters have resulted in Corps response, repair, and recovery activities with costs running into the billions of dollars. Congress has provided most of these funds through supplemental appropriations. For example, in 2016, as part of P.L. 114-254, Congress provided the Corps with $1.026 billion in supplemental funding for the agency to respond to \u201crecent natural disasters.\u201d From 2005 to 2016, Congress appropriated $31.4 billion in supplemental funding directly to the Corps; these funds amounted to more than half of the amount provided to the Corps in regular appropriations over that same period. \nAt issue for Congress after a disaster is whether to provide funds to the Corps and, if so, how much funding to include and for which Corps accounts and activities. In providing supplemental funding, Congress also may consider associated issues, such as whether to maintain standard nonfederal cost-sharing requirements, whether to include reporting and transparency requirements for this funding, and what type of flood damage reduction efforts to support (e.g., repair of existing infrastructure, construction of new infrastructure, etc.). At issue for Congress more broadly is the effectiveness, efficiency, and fairness of the ad hoc supplemental process after a particular disaster or set of disasters as a means of addressing the nation\u2019s flood risk and flood recovery challenges. \nCorps Authorities. The Corps can assist in flood fighting at the discretion of its Chief of Engineers to protect life and property, principally when state resources are overwhelmed. The Corps is also authorized to protect and repair its own facilities in the event of flooding and to operate a program, the Rehabilitation and Inspection Program (RIP), which funds the repair of participating nonfederal flood-control works (e.g., levees, dams, dunes) damaged by natural events. Additionally, the Corps undertakes a variety of other activities at the request of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under the National Response Framework. These FEMA activities are outside the scope of this report.\nCorps Supplemental Funding History. Congress provided $31.4 billion to the Corps through supplemental appropriations acts enacted between 2005 and 2016. Of this amount, $27.2 billion (87%) was for responding to flooding and other natural disasters. The majority of this funding related to Hurricane Katrina and other 2005 storms (approximately $16 billion) and to Hurricane Sandy in 2012 ($5.3 billion). In addition to the disaster funding, Congress has provided the Corps with non-disaster supplemental funds, including $4.6 billion under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA; P.L. 111-5) and $39 million for facility security and other expenditures. \nCorps Accounts Receiving Supplemental Funds. Corps natural disaster supplemental appropriations have been funded largely through two accounts: Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies (FCCE; i.e., flood fighting, repairs to damaged nonfederal flood-control projects) and Operations and Maintenance (O&M; i.e., repairs to Corps projects). Nonfederal cost sharing for FCCE and O&M typically has not been required, with some exceptions. In some instances, Congress also has provided funding for other Corps accounts, such as the Construction account and the Mississippi Rivers and Tributaries account. Maintaining or waiving local cost-sharing requirements for construction funding in particular have varied among individual bills. Hurricane Katrina funding generally required local cost sharing for construction investments, whereas funding to complete \u201congoing\u201d construction (but not new construction) after Hurricane Sandy received a waiver from local cost-sharing requirements.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42841", "sha1": "6b703ec81e10329504e1fd0bb564fc9797d59f8e", "filename": "files/20170105_R42841_6b703ec81e10329504e1fd0bb564fc9797d59f8e.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42841", "sha1": "be6c4ed57caa0510823ceb75b6423fb34e2dd0a5", "filename": "files/20170105_R42841_be6c4ed57caa0510823ceb75b6423fb34e2dd0a5.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4909, "name": "Water Resource Management" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 456843, "date": "2016-11-02", "retrieved": "2016-11-28T21:13:12.708599", "title": "Army Corps Supplemental Appropriations: Recent History, Trends, and Policy Issues", "summary": "Under its civil works program, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) plans, builds, operates, and maintains a wide range of water resource facilities. The Corps also plays a prominent role in responding to domestic natural disasters, in particular riverine and coastal flooding. The Corps can assist in flood fighting at the discretion of its Chief of Engineers to protect life and property, principally when state resources are overwhelmed. The Corps also is authorized to protect and repair its own facilities in the event of flooding and to operate a program, the Rehabilitation and Inspection Program (RIP), that funds the repair of participating nonfederal flood-control works (e.g., levees, dams, dunes) damaged by flooding events. Additionally, the Corps undertakes a variety of other activities at the request of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under the National Response Framework. These FEMA activities are outside the scope of this report.\nIn some years, several natural disasters have resulted in Corps response, repair, and recovery activities with costs running into the billions of dollars. Congress has provided most of these funds through supplemental appropriations. From FY1987 to FY2013, Congress appropriated $32.2 billion in supplemental funding to the Corps. Of this funding, $30.8 billion (95%) came through supplemental appropriations acts enacted between FY2003 and FY2013. This funding was more than half of the amount provided to the Corps in regular appropriations over that same period ($55 billion). No supplemental appropriations have been enacted for the Corps since FY2013. \nOf the $30.8 billion enacted between FY2003 and FY2013, $27.5 billion (89%) was for responding to flooding and other natural disasters. The majority of this funding related to Hurricane Katrina and the 2005 storm season ($16 billion) and, more recently, to Hurricane Sandy in 2012 ($5.3 billion). In addition to the disaster funding, Congress provided the Corps with non-disaster-related supplemental funds, including $4.6 billion under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA; P.L. 111-5) and $39 million for facility security and other expenditures. \nCorps natural disaster supplemental appropriations historically have been funded largely through two accounts: Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies (FCCE; i.e., flood fighting, repairs to damaged nonfederal flood-control projects) and Operations and Maintenance (O&M; i.e., repairs to Corps projects). Nonfederal cost sharing for FCCE and O&M typically has not been required, with some exceptions. In some instances, Congress also has provided funding for other Corps accounts, such as the Construction account and the Mississippi Rivers and Tributaries account. Local cost-sharing requirements for construction funding in particular have varied among individual bills. Hurricane Katrina funding generally required local cost sharing for construction investments, whereas funding to complete \u201congoing\u201d construction (but not new construction) after Hurricane Sandy received a waiver from local cost-sharing requirements. \nWhen faced with natural disaster response costs and proposed supplemental expenditures, Congress may consider whether to provide these funds to the Corps and, if so, how much funding to include and for which Corps accounts and activities. In providing supplemental funding, Congress also may consider associated issues, such as whether to maintain standard nonfederal cost-sharing requirements, whether to include reporting and transparency requirements for this funding, and what type of flood damage reduction efforts to support (e.g., repair of existing infrastructure, construction of new infrastructure, etc.).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42841", "sha1": "eb6246310cc64353eba5b153b66cf955136136ff", "filename": "files/20161102_R42841_eb6246310cc64353eba5b153b66cf955136136ff.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42841", "sha1": "bef1e5f0fb9fb8c9426fc07f49ca7fc42e861477", "filename": "files/20161102_R42841_bef1e5f0fb9fb8c9426fc07f49ca7fc42e861477.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4909, "name": "Water Resource Management" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 424498, "date": "2013-09-19", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T20:55:56.515371", "title": "Army Corps Supplemental Appropriations: Recent History, Trends, and Policy Issues", "summary": "Under its civil works program, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers plans, builds, operates, and maintains a wide range of water resource facilities. The Corps also plays a prominent role in responding to domestic natural disasters, in particular riverine and coastal flooding. The Corps can assist in flood fighting at the discretion of its Chief of Engineers in order to protect life and property, principally when state resources are overwhelmed. The Corps is also authorized to protect and repair its own facilities in the event of flooding, and to operate a program, the Rehabilitation and Inspection Program (RIP), that funds the repair of participating nonfederal flood control works (e.g., levees, dams, dunes) damaged by flooding events. Additionally, the Corps undertakes a variety of other activities at the request of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under the National Response Framework, which are outside the scope of this report.\nIn recent years several natural disasters have required Corps response and repair activities with costs running into the billions. Congress provided most of these funds through supplemental appropriations. From 1987 to 2013, Congress appropriated $32.2 billion in supplemental funding to the Corps. Of this funding, $30.8 billion came through supplemental appropriations acts passed between 2003 and 2013. This funding was more than half of the amount that was provided to the Corps in regular appropriations over this same period ($55 billion). \nOf the $30.8 billion, $27.5 billion (89%) was for responding to flooding and other natural disasters, with the majority of this funding related to Hurricane Katrina and the 2005 storm season ($16 billion) and, more recently, Hurricane Sandy\u2019s landfall in 2012 ($5.3 billion). In addition to the disaster funding, Congress provided the Corps with non-disaster related supplemental funds, including $4.6 billion under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (P.L. 111-5) and $39 million for facility security and other expenditures.\nCorps natural disaster supplemental appropriations have largely been funded through two Corps accounts: Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies (FCCE; i.e., flood fighting, repairs to damaged nonfederal flood control projects) and Operations and Maintenance (O&M; i.e., repairs to Corps projects). Nonfederal cost-sharing for FCCE and O&M typically has not been required with some exceptions. Congress also has provided some funding for other Corps accounts, such as Construction and Mississippi Rivers and Tributaries. Local cost-sharing requirements for construction funding in particular have varied. Hurricane Katrina funding generally required local cost-sharing for construction investments, while funding to complete \u201congoing\u201d construction (but not new construction) after Hurricane Sandy received a waiver from local cost-sharing requirements. \nWhen faced with natural disaster response costs and proposed supplemental expenditures, Congress may consider whether to provide these funds to the Corps and, if so, how much funding to include and for which Corps accounts and activities. In providing supplemental funding, Congress also may consider associated issues such as whether to maintain standard nonfederal cost-sharing requirements, whether to include reporting and transparency requirements for this funding, and what type of flood damage reduction efforts to support.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R42841", "sha1": "eaecdbcf75295bc0c649596f4e7698912b75590b", "filename": "files/20130919_R42841_eaecdbcf75295bc0c649596f4e7698912b75590b.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R42841", "sha1": "3866605db1667b041b12db0e0a92ddec1782d5ad", "filename": "files/20130919_R42841_3866605db1667b041b12db0e0a92ddec1782d5ad.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc227832/", "id": "R42841_2012Nov29", "date": "2012-11-29", "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05", "title": "Army Corps Supplemental Appropriations: Recent History, Trends, and Policy Issues", "summary": "Report that summarizes recent trends in supplemental funding for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, particularly related to natural disasters. It provides summary data and analysis on Corps funding over the last 10 years and includes a general discussion of how the Corps funds emergency actions at its own facilities and elsewhere.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20121129_R42841_b1d5c6c72db67085076ea86fcf62a48904a24ce4.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20121129_R42841_b1d5c6c72db67085076ea86fcf62a48904a24ce4.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil engineering", "name": "Civil engineering" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Infrastructure", "name": "Infrastructure" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Flood damage", "name": "Flood damage" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Appropriations", "Energy Policy" ] }