{ "id": "R43333", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "R43333", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584899, "date": "2018-07-20", "retrieved": "2019-12-20T21:08:14.311918", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that had negotiated with Tehran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA required constraints that seek to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The agreement replaced the Joint Plan of Action (JPA), an interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. Congress did not enact a resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA by the deadline of September 17, 2015, which was set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17); the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016, representing the completion of Iran\u2019s nuclear requirements; entry into effect of U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which endorsed the JCPOA; and the start of sanctions relief stipulated in the agreement. Officials from both the Barack Obama and Donald Trump Administrations have certified that Iran has abided by its JCPOA commitments.\nThe Obama Administration and other P5+1 leaders asserted that the JCPOA is the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon and that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon are available indefinitely. The agreement contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments. \nTop Trump Administration officials have argued that the JCPOA does not adequately serve U.S. interests because the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to conduct \u201cmalign activities\u201d in the region, and does not restrict Iran\u2019s development of ballistic missiles. Resolution 2231, which was adopted in July 2015, prohibits arms transfers to or from Iran, but only for five years, and contains a voluntary restriction on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles for only up to eight years. \nOn May 8, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and would reimpose sanctions that had been suspended pursuant to the agreement. The other powers that negotiated the accord with Iran\u2014Russia, China, France, Britain, and Germany\u2014opposed the U.S. decision and have been meeting with Iranian officials to continue implementing the JCPOA. Iran\u2019s President Hassan Rouhani has pledged to continue implementing the accord, provided Iran continues to receive the economic benefits of the agreement. \nIn the 114th and 115th Congresses, legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA. The Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44) mandates sanctions on Iranian proliferation, human rights abuses, and support for terrorist activities. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "6e7177875e1fc2c7fd52a617d5fbc42b7055a645", "filename": "files/20180720_R43333_6e7177875e1fc2c7fd52a617d5fbc42b7055a645.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "ddbb01a79a0ac70413f6e29f99b03dbd4a8dacd9", "filename": "files/20180720_R43333_ddbb01a79a0ac70413f6e29f99b03dbd4a8dacd9.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 581478, "date": "2018-05-25", "retrieved": "2018-05-29T13:09:16.455045", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA required constraints that seek to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The agreement replaced the Joint Plan of Action (JPA), an interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. Congress did not enact a resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA by the deadline of September 17, 2015, which was set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17; the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016, representing the completion of Iran\u2019s nuclear requirements; entry into effect of U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which endorsed the JCPOA; and the start of sanctions relief stipulated in the agreement. Officials from both the Barack Obama and Donald Trump Administrations have certified that Iran is abiding by its JCPOA commitments.\nThe Obama Administration and other P5+1 leaders asserted that the JCPOA is the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon and that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire. The agreement contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments. Critics of the JCPOA have expressed concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region and that that the accord does not contain any restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of ballistic missiles. Resolution 2231, which was adopted in July 2015, prohibits arms transfers to or from Iran, but only for five years, and contains a voluntary restriction on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles for only up to eight years. \nTop Trump Administration officials have argued that the JCPOA does not address Iran\u2019s \u201cmalign\u201d activities in the region and any other activities that the Administration considers provocative or destabilizing, such as the continued development of ballistic missiles. Administration officials have also said that these weaknesses in the agreement might lead the Administration to conclude that the JCPOA is not adequately serving U.S. interests. Yet, P5+1 and other U.S. allies argue that the agreement contributes to regional stability and that the United States should continue to implement it. On May 8, Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and would reimpose sanctions that had been suspended pursuant to the agreement. \nIn the 114th and 115th Congresses, legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA. The Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44) mandates sanctions on Iranian proliferation, human rights abuses, and support for terrorist activities has been enacted. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "fa344f2ceccc718cb0fec7a3c74bed6cf5a37689", "filename": "files/20180525_R43333_fa344f2ceccc718cb0fec7a3c74bed6cf5a37689.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "3b2879e609d82e7fa12ad0283255d7363dbcf6b4", "filename": "files/20180525_R43333_3b2879e609d82e7fa12ad0283255d7363dbcf6b4.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580798, "date": "2018-05-02", "retrieved": "2018-05-07T13:04:41.106131", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA required constraints that seek to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The agreement replaced the Joint Plan of Action (JPA), an interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. Congress did not enact a resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA by the deadline of September 17, 2015, which was set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17; the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016, representing the completion of Iran\u2019s nuclear requirements; entry into effect of U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which endorsed the JCPOA; and the start of sanctions relief stipulated in the agreement. Officials from both the Barack Obama and Donald Trump Administrations have certified that Iran is abiding by its JCPOA commitments.\nThe Obama Administration and other P5+1 leaders asserted that the JCPOA is the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon and that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire. The agreement contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments. Critics of the JCPOA have expressed concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region and that that the accord does not contain any restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of ballistic missiles. Resolution 2231, which was adopted in July 2015, prohibits arms transfers to or from Iran, but only for five years, and contains a voluntary restriction on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles for only up to eight years. \nTop Trump Administration officials have argued that the JCPOA does not address Iran\u2019s \u201cmalign\u201d activities in the region and any other activities that the Administration considers provocative or destabilizing, such as the continued development of ballistic missiles. Administration officials have also said that these weaknesses in the agreement might lead the Administration to conclude that the JCPOA is not adequately serving U.S. interests. Yet, P5+1 and other U.S. allies argue that the agreement contributes to regional stability and that the United States should continue to implement it. \nIn the 114th and 115th Congresses, legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA. The Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44) mandates sanctions on Iranian proliferation, human rights abuses, and support for terrorist activities has been enacted. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "8e46dd41facdfbd1ee8ec836c4ed5b0b66f0c49e", "filename": "files/20180502_R43333_8e46dd41facdfbd1ee8ec836c4ed5b0b66f0c49e.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "d50ce222874e04ca2cee7de25200182cec729201", "filename": "files/20180502_R43333_d50ce222874e04ca2cee7de25200182cec729201.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 574921, "date": "2017-10-25", "retrieved": "2017-10-31T13:21:29.995693", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA required constraints that seek to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The agreement replaced a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. A resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17), and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016, representing the completion of Iran\u2019s nuclear requirements; entry into effect of U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which endorsed the JCPOA; and the start of sanctions relief stipulated in the agreement. Officials from both the Barack Obama and Donald Trump administrations have certified that Iran is abiding by its JCPOA commitments.\nThe Obama Administration and other P5+1 leaders asserted that the JCPOA is the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon and that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire. The agreement contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments. Critics of the JCPOA expressed concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region and that that the accord does not contain any restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of ballistic missiles. Resolution 2231, which was adopted in July 2015, prohibits arms transfers to or from Iran, but only for five years, and contains a voluntary restriction on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles for only up to eight years. The expiration of these restrictions sets the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. \nTop Trump Administration officials have argued that the JCPOA does not address Iran\u2019s \u201cmalign\u201d activities in the region and any other activities that the Administration considers provocative or destabilizing, such as the continued development of ballistic missiles. Administration officials have also said that these weaknesses in the agreement might lead the Administration to conclude that the agreement is not adequately serving U.S. interests. Yet, P5+1 and other U.S. allies argue that the agreement contributes to regional stability and that the United States should continue to implement it. \nIn the 114th Congress, legislation was introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA. Some of that legislation, as well as other proposals, have been reintroduced in the 115th Congress. The Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44) mandates sanctions on Iranian proliferation, human rights abuses, and support for terrorist activities has been enacted. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "0196aae4656dd1b8b9cea7293d2094bddbbc3885", "filename": "files/20171025_R43333_0196aae4656dd1b8b9cea7293d2094bddbbc3885.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "9d39f96397093bce3b50721b914e29594bc26539", "filename": "files/20171025_R43333_9d39f96397093bce3b50721b914e29594bc26539.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 465991, "date": "2017-09-15", "retrieved": "2017-10-02T22:20:50.364584", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA required constraints that seek to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The agreement replaced a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. A resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17), and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016, representing the completion of Iran\u2019s nuclear requirements; entry into effect of U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which endorsed the JCPOA; and the start of sanctions relief stipulated in the agreement. Officials from both the Barack Obama and Donald Trump administrations have certified that Iran is abiding by its JCPOA commitments.\nThe Obama Administration and other P5+1 leaders asserted that the JCPOA is the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon and that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire. The agreement contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments. Critics of the JCPOA expressed concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region and that that the accord does not contain any restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of ballistic missiles. Resolution 2231, which was adopted in July 2015, prohibits arms transfers to or from Iran, but only for five years, and contains a voluntary restriction on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles for only up to eight years. The expiration of these restrictions sets the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. \nTop Trump Administration officials have argued that the JCPOA does not address Iran\u2019s \u201cmalign\u201d activities in the region and any other activities that the Administration considers provocative or destabilizing, such as the continued development of ballistic missiles. Administration officials have also said that these weaknesses in the agreement might lead the Administration to conclude that the agreement is not adequately serving U.S. interests. Yet, P5+1 and other U.S. allies argue that the agreement contributes to regional stability and that the United States should continue to implement it. \nIn the 114th Congress, legislation was introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA. Some of that legislation, as well as other proposals, have been reintroduced in the 115th Congress. The Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44) mandates sanctions on Iranian proliferation, human rights abuses, and support for terrorist activities has been enacted. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "827bf10981fa48d50ecadde0e3340a5f7e0686fa", "filename": "files/20170915_R43333_827bf10981fa48d50ecadde0e3340a5f7e0686fa.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "eaebe3cf4604e7e60901385c9173528daa916d4e", "filename": "files/20170915_R43333_eaebe3cf4604e7e60901385c9173528daa916d4e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460599, "date": "2017-04-21", "retrieved": "2017-04-25T17:11:19.136911", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA required constraints that seek to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The agreement replaced a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. A resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17), and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016, representing the completion of Iran\u2019s nuclear requirements; entry into effect of U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which endorsed the JCPOA; and the start of sanctions relief stipulated in the agreement. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and U.S. officials have indicated Iran is abiding by its JCPOA commitments.\nThe Obama Administration and other P5+1 leaders asserted that the JCPOA represented the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon and that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire. The JCPOA contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments. Critics of the agreement expressed concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region. Critics also assert that the JCPOA did not contain any restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of ballistic missiles. Resolution 2231 prohibits arms transfers to or from Iran, but only for five years, and contains a voluntary restriction on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles for only up to eight years. The expiration of these restrictions sets the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. These commitments are stated in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231. The JCPOA Other critics have said that the JCPOA did not require that Iran cease support for groups that conduct acts of international terrorism. \nThe Trump Administration has articulated that the United States will seek to counter Iran\u2019s \u201cmalign\u201d activities in the region and any other activities that the Administration considers provocative or destabilizing, such as the continued development of ballistic missiles. The Administration has said it is undertaking a \u201cdeliberative process\u201d to determine responses to such Iranian activities that would not conflict with implementing U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. Administration and allied country statements in early February 2017 appear to suggest the Administration intends to continue abiding by the accord. \nIn the 114th Congress, some legislation was introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA. Some of that legislation, as well as new proposal, has been reintroduced in the 115th Congress. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "3418b8228d4c1627345080baca04821ea0c18525", "filename": "files/20170421_R43333_3418b8228d4c1627345080baca04821ea0c18525.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "6ed2438c81853384c4ba8a0e14616e34f8dc2844", "filename": "files/20170421_R43333_6ed2438c81853384c4ba8a0e14616e34f8dc2844.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 458949, "date": "2017-02-10", "retrieved": "2017-02-15T21:40:26.270345", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA required constraints that seek to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The agreement replaced a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. A resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17), and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016, representing the completion of Iran\u2019s nuclear requirements; entry into effect of U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which endorsed the JCPOA; and the start of sanctions relief stipulated in the agreement. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and U.S. officials have indicated Iran is abiding by its JCPOA commitments.\nThe Obama Administration and other P5+1 leaders asserted that the JCPOA represented the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon and that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire. The JCPOA contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments. Critics of the agreement expressed concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region. Critics also assert that the JCPOA did not contain any restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of ballistic missiles. Resolution 2231 prohibits arms transfers to or from Iran, but only for five years, and contains a voluntary restriction on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles for only up to eight years. The expiration of these restrictions sets the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. These commitments are stated in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231. The JCPOA Other critics have said that the JCPOA did not require that Iran cease support for groups that conduct acts of international terrorism. \nThe Trump Administration has articulated that the United States will seek to counter Iran\u2019s \u201cmalign\u201d activities in the region and any other activities that the Administration considers provocative or destabilizing, such as the continued development of ballistic missiles. The Administration has said it is undertaking a \u201cdeliberative process\u201d to determine responses to such Iranian activities that would not conflict with implementing U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. Administration and allied country statements in early February 2017 appear to suggest the Administration intends to continue abiding by the accord. \nIn the 114th Congress, some legislation was introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA. Some of that legislation, as well as new proposal, has been reintroduced in the 115th Congress. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "16a701d0028290d3e9e16e18bccc8e153181e0eb", "filename": "files/20170210_R43333_16a701d0028290d3e9e16e18bccc8e153181e0eb.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "9c2929a4739a06c9bdbdff4167cb0fdf929afc59", "filename": "files/20170210_R43333_9c2929a4739a06c9bdbdff4167cb0fdf929afc59.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 458651, "date": "2017-02-01", "retrieved": "2017-02-03T19:08:00.446728", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA seeks to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes, in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The JCPOA largely reflects what was agreed in an April 2, 2015, framework for the accord. The agreement replaced a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and U.S. officials have indicated Iran is abiding by its JCPOA commitments.\nA resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17). Iran\u2019s legislature approved the agreement and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). On Adoption Day, the Obama Administration issued provisional waivers for U.S. sanctions laws. Those waivers took effect\u2014along with the revocation of some sanctions imposed by executive order\u2014when the IAEA certified that Iran had complied with the initial set of nuclear-related requirements, and \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016. In the 114th Congress, some legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA.\nPresident Obama and other P5+1 leaders have asserted that the JCPOA represented the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon. U.S. officials also assert that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire, and that the JCPOA contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments under the JCPOA. \nCritics of the agreement express concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region. Nonetheless, during his campaign, President-elect Donald Trump made sometimes contradictory comments on whether his Administration would continue adhering to the JCPOA if he were elected, and the incoming Administration has not articulated a policy regarding the agreement. Aside from the President-elect, critics also assert that the lifting of a U.N. prohibition on arms sales to Iran or arms exports by Iran in five years, and on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles within eight years, will set the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. These commitments are stated in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which has become the only operative Resolution on Iran as of Implementation Day. Other critics have said that the JCPOA did not require that Iran cease support for groups that conduct acts of international terrorism. The Obama Administration asserts that it is countering Iran\u2019s destabilizing activities in the Middle East and is able to address such issues as Iran\u2019s human rights practices, ballistic missile development, and other issues through other policies and initiatives. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "40032cdcc2101deb4f9377bc21505d11543ab76c", "filename": "files/20170201_R43333_40032cdcc2101deb4f9377bc21505d11543ab76c.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "b8b61fca6790c06e4bf64ec2ae8815270c1477ac", "filename": "files/20170201_R43333_b8b61fca6790c06e4bf64ec2ae8815270c1477ac.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 457394, "date": "2016-12-05", "retrieved": "2016-12-09T19:07:31.718855", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA seeks to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes, in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The JCPOA largely reflects what was agreed in an April 2, 2015, framework for the accord. The agreement replaced a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and U.S. officials have indicated Iran is abiding by its JCPOA commitments.\nA resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17). Iran\u2019s legislature approved the agreement and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). On Adoption Day, the Obama Administration issued provisional waivers for U.S. sanctions laws. Those waivers took effect\u2014along with the revocation of some sanctions imposed by executive order\u2014when the IAEA certified that Iran had complied with the initial set of nuclear-related requirements, and \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016. In the 114th Congress, some legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA.\nPresident Obama and other P5+1 leaders have asserted that the JCPOA represented the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon. U.S. officials also assert that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire, and that the JCPOA contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments under the JCPOA. \nCritics of the agreement express concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region. Nonetheless, during his campaign, President-elect Donald Trump made sometimes contradictory comments on whether his Administration would continue adhering to the JCPOA if he were elected, and the incoming Administration has not articulated a policy regarding the agreement. Aside from the President-elect, critics also assert that the lifting of a U.N. prohibition on arms sales to Iran or arms exports by Iran in five years, and on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles within eight years, will set the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. These commitments are stated in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which has become the only operative Resolution on Iran as of Implementation Day. Other critics have said that the JCPOA did not require that Iran cease support for groups that conduct acts of international terrorism. The Obama Administration asserts that it is countering Iran\u2019s destabilizing activities in the Middle East and is able to address such issues as Iran\u2019s human rights practices, ballistic missile development, and other issues through other policies and initiatives. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "62ccd02bdc6e9d97705c5bba3802bd2ce436cabe", "filename": "files/20161205_R43333_62ccd02bdc6e9d97705c5bba3802bd2ce436cabe.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "f3175317ce6f4d5b754d87f58d1cc76f497dc4fe", "filename": "files/20161205_R43333_f3175317ce6f4d5b754d87f58d1cc76f497dc4fe.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 457191, "date": "2016-11-17", "retrieved": "2016-11-28T21:06:25.146846", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA seeks to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes, in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The JCPOA largely reflects what was agreed in an April 2, 2015, framework for the accord. The agreement replaced a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in effect from 2014 to 2016. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and U.S. officials have indicated Iran is abiding by its JCPOA commitments.\nA resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17). Iran\u2019s legislature approved the agreement and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015). On Adoption Day, the Obama Administration issued provisional waivers for U.S. sanctions laws. Those waivers took effect\u2014along with the revocation of some sanctions imposed by executive order\u2014when the IAEA certified that Iran had complied with the initial set of nuclear-related requirements, and \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016. In the 114th Congress, some legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA.\nPresident Obama and other P5+1 leaders have asserted that the JCPOA represented the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon. U.S. officials also assert that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire, and that the JCPOA contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments under the JCPOA. \nCritics of the agreement express concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region. Nonetheless, during his campaign, President-elect Donald Trump made sometimes contradictory comments on whether his Administration would continue adhering to the JCPOA if he were elected, and the incoming Administration has not articulated a policy regarding the agreement. Aside from the President-elect, critics also assert that the lifting of a U.N. prohibition on arms sales to Iran or arms exports by Iran in five years, and on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles within eight years, will set the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. These commitments are stated in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which has become the only operative Resolution on Iran as of Implementation Day. Other critics have said that the JCPOA did not require that Iran cease support for groups that conduct acts of international terrorism. The Obama Administration asserts that it is countering Iran\u2019s destabilizing activities in the Middle East and is able to address such issues as Iran\u2019s human rights practices, ballistic missile development, and other issues through other policies and initiatives. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "23994d60452460ceb49d190a4ce446bc210df607", "filename": "files/20161117_R43333_23994d60452460ceb49d190a4ce446bc210df607.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "2ede4e36163d484637c7a8fd797172ee2e025b9d", "filename": "files/20161117_R43333_2ede4e36163d484637c7a8fd797172ee2e025b9d.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 456252, "date": "2016-10-04", "retrieved": "2016-10-17T19:21:04.133003", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA is intended to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes, in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The JCPOA largely reflects what was agreed in an April 2, 2015, framework for the accord. The agreement replaces a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in operation since January 2014. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and U.S. officials have indicated Iran is abiding by its commitments to the JCPOA.\nA resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17). Iran\u2019s legislature approved the agreement and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015), the date stipulated by the JCPOA as 90 days after passage of Resolution 2231 on July 20, 2015. On Adoption Day, the Administration issued provisional waivers for U.S. sanctions laws. Those waivers took effect\u2014along with the revocation of some sanctions imposed by executive order\u2014when the IAEA certified that Iran had complied with the initial set of nuclear-related requirements, and \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016. In the 114th Congress, some legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA.\nPresident Obama and other P5+1 leaders have asserted that the JCPOA represented the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon. U.S. officials also assert that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire, and that the JCPOA contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments under the JCPOA. Some experts assert that it is difficult to predict whether international governments would reimpose sanctions.\nCritics of the agreement, including some U.S. allies in the Middle East, express concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region. Critics also assert that the lifting of a U.N. prohibition on arms sales to Iran or arms exports by Iran in five years, and on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles within eight years, will set the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. These commitments are stated in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which has become the only operative Resolution on Iran as of Implementation Day. Some U.S. regional allies express concerns that the JCPOA could produce a broader U.S.-Iran rapprochement that could cause the United States to reduce its commitments to their security. Other critics have said that the JCPOA did not require that Iran cease support for groups that conduct acts of international terrorism. Most of the U.S.-Iran dual nationals held by Iran were released on Implementation Day after separate but parallel negotiations. The Administration asserts that it is undertaking numerous initiatives to counter Iran\u2019s destabilizing activities in the Middle East and can address such issues as Iran\u2019s human rights practices, ballistic missile development, and other issues through other policies and initiatives. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "ca86f1727bca84deff3244e83fd25d76ddf2f449", "filename": "files/20161004_R43333_ca86f1727bca84deff3244e83fd25d76ddf2f449.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "d44b31123a5876e29444f292db6946a7b36df591", "filename": "files/20161004_R43333_d44b31123a5876e29444f292db6946a7b36df591.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4873, "name": "Strategic Forces, CBRN, & Nonproliferation" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 454738, "date": "2016-08-02", "retrieved": "2016-09-09T19:05:03.626228", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA is intended to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes, in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The JCPOA largely reflects what was agreed in an April 2, 2015, framework for the accord. The agreement replaces a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in operation since January 2014. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and U.S. officials have indicated Iran is abiding by its commitments to the JCPOA.\nA resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17). Iran\u2019s legislature approved the agreement and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015), the date stipulated by the JCPOA as 90 days after passage of Resolution 2231 on July 20, 2015. On Adoption Day, the Administration issued provisional waivers for U.S. sanctions laws. Those waivers took effect\u2014along with the revocation of some sanctions imposed by executive order\u2014when the IAEA certified that Iran had complied with the initial set of nuclear-related requirements, and \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016. In the 114th Congress, some legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal or preventing any U.S. sanctions relief beyond that explicitly promised in the JCPOA.\nPresident Obama and other P5+1 leaders have asserted that the JCPOA represented the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon. U.S. officials also assert that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire, and that the JCPOA contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments under the JCPOA. Some experts assert that it is difficult to predict whether international governments would reimpose sanctions.\nCritics of the agreement, including some U.S. allies in the Middle East, express concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region. Critics also assert that the lifting of a U.N. prohibition on arms sales to Iran or arms exports by Iran in five years, and on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles within eight years, will set the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. These commitments are stated in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which has become the only operative Resolution on Iran as of Implementation Day. Some U.S. regional allies express concerns that the JCPOA could produce a broader U.S.-Iran rapprochement that could cause the United States to reduce its commitments to their security. Other critics have said that the JCPOA did not require that Iran cease support for groups that conduct acts of international terrorism. Most of the U.S.-Iran dual nationals held by Iran were released on Implementation Day after separate but parallel negotiations. The Administration asserts that it is undertaking numerous initiatives to counter Iran\u2019s destabilizing activities in the Middle East and can address such issues as Iran\u2019s human rights practices, ballistic missile development, and other issues through other policies and initiatives. For details on the sanctions relief aspects of the JCPOA, see CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "77b6569078974ca204394c39bcdbdc48e6f9ef01", "filename": "files/20160802_R43333_77b6569078974ca204394c39bcdbdc48e6f9ef01.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "3957ce0b25b948276560abaa52a13e31a69975ef", "filename": "files/20160802_R43333_3957ce0b25b948276560abaa52a13e31a69975ef.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3227, "name": "Proliferation and Arms Control" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 453036, "date": "2016-05-31", "retrieved": "2016-06-21T21:11:53.114819", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that have negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA is intended to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes, in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The JCPOA largely reflects what was agreed in an April 2, 2015, framework for the accord. The agreement replaces a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in operation since January 2014. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and U.S. officials have indicated Iran has abided by its commitments to the JCPOA.\nA resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17). Iran\u2019s legislature approved the agreement and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015), the date stipulated by the JCPOA as 90 days after passage of Resolution 2231 on July 20, 2015. On Adoption Day, the Administration issued provisional waivers for U.S. sanctions laws. Those waivers took effect\u2014along with the revocation of some sanctions imposed by executive order\u2014when the IAEA certified that Iran had complied with the initial set of nuclear-related requirements, and \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016. In the 114th Congress, some legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal.\nPresident Obama and other P5+1 leaders have asserted that the JCPOA represented the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon. U.S. officials also assert that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire, and that the JCPOA contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments under the JCPOA. Some experts assert that it is difficult to predict whether international governments would reimpose sanctions.\nCritics of the agreement, including some U.S. allies in the Middle East, express concerns that the extensive sanctions relief provided under the accord gives Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region. Critics also assert that the lifting of a U.N. prohibition on arms sales to Iran or arms exports by Iran in five years, and on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles within eight years, will set the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. These commitments are stated in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which is the one operative Resolution still in effect, as of Implementation Day. Some U.S. regional allies express concerns that the JCPOA could produce a broader U.S.-Iran rapprochement that could cause the United States to reduce its commitments to their security. Other critics have said that the JCPOA did not require that Iran cease support for groups that conduct acts of international terrorism. Most of the U.S.-Iran dual nationals held by Iran were released on Implementation Day after separate but parallel negotiations. \nThe Administration asserts that it is undertaking numerous initiatives to counter Iran\u2019s destabilizing activities in the Middle East and can address such issues as Iran\u2019s human rights practices, ballistic missile development, and other issues through other policies and initiatives. President Obama has said that the Administration is \u201cnot counting on\u201d a broader change in Iranian behavior, and neither he nor any other U.S. official indicated that Implementation Day and the prisoner releases would quickly lead to a restoration of formal U.S.-Iran diplomatic relations. Iran\u2019s continued support for the regime of President Bashar Al Assad and other pro-Iranian factions and governments and its conduct of ballistic missile tests suggest that the JCPOA has not reduced Iran\u2019s commitment to pursuing what it asserts are its core security and foreign policy interests.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "9d9c7caca6af91de060daf83c999173698705467", "filename": "files/20160531_R43333_9d9c7caca6af91de060daf83c999173698705467.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "4f3aaa034990c2d3c37566a3fe6fb6c57d78c6af", "filename": "files/20160531_R43333_4f3aaa034990c2d3c37566a3fe6fb6c57d78c6af.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3227, "name": "Proliferation and Arms Control" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 452462, "date": "2016-03-07", "retrieved": "2016-05-24T19:28:57.007941", "title": "Iran Nuclear Agreement", "summary": "On July 14, 2015, Iran and the six powers that have negotiated with Iran about its nuclear program since 2006 (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1) finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). The JCPOA is intended to ensure that Iran\u2019s nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes, in exchange for a broad lifting of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations (U.N.) sanctions on Iran. The JCPOA largely reflects what was agreed in an April 2, 2015, framework for the accord. The agreement replaces a Joint Plan of Action (JPA) interim nuclear accord in operation since January 2014. A resolution of disapproval of the JCPOA was not enacted by Congress by the deadline of September 17, 2015, set by the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17). Iran\u2019s legislature approved the agreement and the JCPOA formally took effect on \u201cAdoption Day\u201d (October 18, 2015), the date stipulated by the JCPOA as 90 days after passage of Resolution 2231 of July 20, 2015). On Adoption Day, the Administration issued provisional waivers for U.S. sanctions laws. Those waivers took effect\u2014along with the revocation of some sanctions imposed by executive order\u2014when the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certified that Iran had complied with the initial set of nuclear-related requirements and \u201cImplementation Day\u201d was declared by the P5+1 on January 16, 2016. In the 114th Congress, some legislation has been introduced with the stated purpose of redressing asserted weaknesses of the deal.\nPresident Obama and other P5+1 leaders have asserted that the JCPOA represented the most effective means to ensure that Iran cannot obtain a nuclear weapon. U.S. officials also assert that all U.S. options to prevent Iran from developing a nuclear weapon remain available even after the key nuclear restrictions of the JCPOA expire, and that the JCPOA contains provisions for U.N. sanctions to be reimposed if Iran violates its commitments under the JCPOA. Some experts assert that it is difficult to predict whether international governments would reimpose sanctions.\nCritics of the agreement, including some U.S. allies in the Middle East, express concerns that the extensive sanctions relief be provided under the accord give Iran additional resources to extend its influence in the region. Critics also assert that the lifting of a U.N. prohibition on arms sales to Iran or arms exports by Iran in five years, and on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles within eight years, will set the stage for Iran to emerge as a key regional actor. These commitments are stated in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which is the one operative Resolution still in effect, as of Implementation Day. Some U.S. regional allies express concerns that the JCPOA could produce a broader U.S.-Iran rapprochement that could cause the United States to reduce its commitments to their security. Other critics have said that the JCPOA did not require that Iran cease support for groups that conduct acts of international terrorism. Most of the U.S.-Iran dual nationals held by Iran were released on Implementation Day after separate but parallel negotiations. \nThe Administration asserts that it is undertaking numerous initiatives to counter Iran\u2019s destabilizing activities in the Middle East and can address such issues as Iran\u2019s human rights practices, ballistic missile development, and other issues through other policies and initiatives. President Obama has said that the Administration is \u201cnot counting on\u201d a broader change in Iranian behavior, and neither he nor any other U.S. official indicated that Implementation Day and the prisoner releases would quickly lead to a restoration of formal U.S.-Iran diplomatic relations. Iran\u2019s continued support for the regime of President Bashar Al Assad and other pro-Iranian factions and governments and its conduct of ballistic missile tests suggest that the JCPOA has not reduced Iran\u2019s commitment to pursuing what it asserts are its core security and foreign policy interests.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43333", "sha1": "03149db36f89ae7613e805b32998066b02c1a779", "filename": "files/20160307_R43333_03149db36f89ae7613e805b32998066b02c1a779.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43333", "sha1": "f24bac0d17d4bdb0da2575a0e00f3bb45b6aba73", "filename": "files/20160307_R43333_f24bac0d17d4bdb0da2575a0e00f3bb45b6aba73.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3227, "name": 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finalized Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) that attempts to ensure that Iran's nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes, in exchange for a broad suspension of U.S., European Union (EU), and United Nations sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20151027_R43333_47435c0940e419e74026cc3404767947bd25939b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20151027_R43333_47435c0940e419e74026cc3404767947bd25939b.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", 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They have finalized a Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, (JCPOA) that attempts to ensure that Iran's nuclear program can be used for purely peaceful purposes, in exchange for a broad suspension of U.S. sanctions and a lifting of those sanctions imposed by the European Union (EU) and the United Nations. This report discusses the agreement and implications for U.S.-Iran relations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150909_R43333_e0ad51282f67f5c40336dcfddb2e3996021fc6f8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150909_R43333_e0ad51282f67f5c40336dcfddb2e3996021fc6f8.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International relations", "name": "International relations" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743453/", "id": "R43333_2015Jul30", 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"name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700548/", "id": "R43333_2015Jul01", "date": "2015-07-01", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "Iran: Efforts to Achieve a Nuclear Accord", "summary": "This report discusses Iran's nuclear program and diplomatic efforts to forge a comprehensive agreement to keep that program peaceful.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150701_R43333_e69ae6020b6faed8a63e38071ae6c292dcc6b7dd.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150701_R43333_e69ae6020b6faed8a63e38071ae6c292dcc6b7dd.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International relations", "name": "International relations" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear 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"name": "International relations" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear weapons", "name": "Nuclear weapons" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807655/", "id": "R43333_2015Mar27", "date": "2015-03-27", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: Interim Nuclear Agreement and Talks on a Comprehensive Accord", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150327_R43333_357554c25e8ae781b873b799ef52265948476ddb.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150327_R43333_357554c25e8ae781b873b799ef52265948476ddb.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503586/", "id": "R43333_2015Mar09", "date": "2015-03-09", "retrieved": "2015-04-30T17:37:21", "title": "Iran: Interim Nuclear Agreement and Talks on a Comprehensive Accord", "summary": "This report discusses the nuclear agreement talks between Iran and the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, and Germany--collectively known as the P5+1, which finalized an interim agreement (\"Joint Plan of Action,\" JPA) requiring Iran to freeze many aspects of its nuclear program in exchange for relief from some international sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150309_R43333_817238d76ae30857a142a0aa1317de6d6fff7ee6.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150309_R43333_817238d76ae30857a142a0aa1317de6d6fff7ee6.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": 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in exchange for relief from some international sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150202_R43333_2df654397a3c8440a86f9d2d3edb2ea5a960ea3f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150202_R43333_2df654397a3c8440a86f9d2d3edb2ea5a960ea3f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491254/", "id": 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U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc272067/", "id": "R43333_2013Dec11", "date": "2013-12-11", "retrieved": "2014-02-03T19:46:03", "title": "Interim Agreement on Iran's Nuclear Program", "summary": "This report discusses the recent development regarding the negotiations with Iran about its nuclear program. The report provides background information on Iranian nuclear program and debates the November 24 Joint Plan of Action Elements.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20131211_R43333_e4f10714a6e664ace9049172da68b8e48d3f712e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20131211_R43333_e4f10714a6e664ace9049172da68b8e48d3f712e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "Middle Eastern Affairs", "National Defense" ] }