{ "id": "R43960", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R43960", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "retrieved": "2021-12-17T04:03:29.001676", "id": "R43960_43_2021-11-23", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2021-11-23_R43960_78f1d14b55384c80a02b78819d35e3b893c6ba76.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43960/43", "sha1": "78f1d14b55384c80a02b78819d35e3b893c6ba76" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-11-23_R43960_78f1d14b55384c80a02b78819d35e3b893c6ba76.html" } ], "date": "2021-11-23", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "R", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R43960", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "retrieved": "2021-12-17T04:03:29.000347", "id": "R43960_41_2021-03-12", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2021-03-12_R43960_df5fc78b758815da4b70c3973b731c385e8ad961.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43960/41", "sha1": "df5fc78b758815da4b70c3973b731c385e8ad961" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-03-12_R43960_df5fc78b758815da4b70c3973b731c385e8ad961.html" } ], "date": "2021-03-12", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "R", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R43960", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "retrieved": "2021-12-17T04:03:28.999187", "id": "R43960_39_2020-12-08", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-12-08_R43960_371ef9415f4bbbef8c62bb2ebaec1d6fca1fbdff.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43960/39", "sha1": "371ef9415f4bbbef8c62bb2ebaec1d6fca1fbdff" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-12-08_R43960_371ef9415f4bbbef8c62bb2ebaec1d6fca1fbdff.html" } ], "date": "2020-12-08", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "R", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R43960", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 622883, "date": "2020-04-23", "retrieved": "2020-04-23T22:20:36.943052", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides information on the ongoing crisis in Yemen. In 2014, the northern Yemeni-based Ansar Allah/Houthi movement (referred to in this report as \u201cthe Houthis\u201d) took over the capital, Sanaa (also commonly spelled Sana\u2019a), and in early 2015, advanced southward from the capital to Aden on the Arabian Sea. In March 2015, after Yemeni President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi, who had fled to Saudi Arabia, appealed for international intervention, Saudi Arabia and a hastily assembled international coalition (referred to in this report as \u201cthe Saudi-led coalition\u201d) launched a military offensive aimed at restoring Hadi's rule and evicting Houthi fighters from the capital and other major cities.\nSince then, the conflict in Yemen has killed tens of thousands, caused significant humanitarian suffering, and has significantly damaged the country\u2019s infrastructure. One U.S.- and European-funded organization, the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), estimated in October 2019 that more than 100,000 Yemenis have been killed since 2015. \nDespite multiple attempts by the United Nations (U.N.) to broker a cease-fire that would lead to a comprehensive settlement of the conflict, the parties themselves continue to hinder diplomatic progress. In December 2018, the Special Envoy of the U.N. Secretary-General for Yemen, Martin Griffiths, brokered a cease-fire, known as the Stockholm Agreement, centered on the besieged Red Sea port city of Hudaydah. Over a year later, the agreement remains unfulfilled and, though fighting around Hudaydah has subsided, other fronts have intensified. Parallel initiatives to secure the western city of Taiz and exchange prisoners also remain to be implemented. \nAlthough media coverage of the 2015 Saudi-led intervention tended to focus on the binary nature of the war (the Saudi-led coalition versus the Houthis), there actually have been a multitude of combatants whose alliances and loyalties have been somewhat fluid. In summer 2019 in southern Yemen, long-simmering tensions between the internationally recognized Republic of Yemen government (ROYG) and the separatist Southern Transitional Council (STC) boiled over, leading to open warfare between the local allies of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. \nMany foreign observers have denounced human rights violations that they charge have been committed by all parties to the conflict. In the United States and some European countries, there has been vociferous opposition to coalition air strikes that hit civilian targets. Congress has debated and enacted some legislation to limit U.S. support for the coalition, while some Members have highlighted Iran\u2019s support for the Houthis as a major factor in Yemen\u2019s destabilization. The Trump Administration opposes congressional efforts to restrain U.S. support for Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates and continues to call for a comprehensive settlement to the conflict in line with relevant U.N. Security Council resolutions and other international initiatives. \nFor several years, Yemen has been considered the worst humanitarian crisis in the world, and public health experts warn that the COVID-19 pandemic may have significant negative effects on Yemen\u2019s vulnerable population. Half of the country\u2019s medical facilities are either closed or partially functioning due to damage from the war, neglect, or lack of basic infrastructure such as running water and electricity. In war-torn Taiz, Yemen\u2019s third largest city, all hospitals combined possess four ventilators. Nationwide, Yemen has several hundred ventilators to serve a population of 30 million. Since 2015, the United States has provided over $2.4 billion in emergency humanitarian aid for Yemen.\nSection 1273 of the FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 116-92) codified (for a two-year period) an existing Department of Defense policy to end in-flight refueling of Saudi-led coalition aircraft engaged in hostile operations in Yemen. After President Trump signed the Act, he issued a signing statement noting that \u201cSeveral provisions of the Act, including sections 1254, 1273, 1698(a), and 2810, purport to restrict the President\u2019s authority to manage personnel, materiel, and logistical matters in the manner the President believes to be necessary or advisable for the successful conduct of military missions and foreign affairs....My Administration will implement these provisions consistent with the President\u2019s authority as Commander in Chief...\u201d For additional information on Yemen, including a summary of relevant legislation, please see CRS Report R45046, Congress and the War in Yemen: Oversight and Legislation 2015-2019, by Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "0c9833d2141d657094a91ffbef8b82028d836bbc", "filename": "files/20200423_R43960_0c9833d2141d657094a91ffbef8b82028d836bbc.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200423_R43960_images_d298cd1c2a6e5b5367a8dc38ee23335f43d5d7e6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200423_R43960_images_4627d29ea6f326165a0c5f6fd9aecc78e162bccf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/4.png": "files/20200423_R43960_images_fc6ab3d83ccae6368db8cff5bcad3ac58df553f3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200423_R43960_images_170805227056b8bea710e3658a2ac5995f2111d4.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200423_R43960_images_b94aed4f15cdb16c1dd74601686632ca3c88ffca.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "dfba834058f7e2f05c382adc017dccb592ffd073", "filename": "files/20200423_R43960_dfba834058f7e2f05c382adc017dccb592ffd073.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 605223, "date": "2019-09-17", "retrieved": "2019-09-19T22:20:26.489908", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides information on the ongoing crisis in Yemen. Now in its fifth year, the war in Yemen shows no signs of abating. The war has killed thousands of Yemenis, including civilians as well as combatants, and has significantly damaged the country\u2019s infrastructure. One U.S.- and European-funded organization, the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), estimated in June 2019 that more than 90,000 Yemenis have been killed since 2015, including more than 30,000 in 2018 and nearly 12,000 in 2019.\nDespite multiple attempts by the United Nations (U.N.) to broker a cease-fire that would lead to a comprehensive settlement to the conflict, the parties themselves continue to hinder diplomatic progress. In December 2018, the Special Envoy of the U.N. Secretary-General for Yemen Martin Griffiths brokered a cease-fire, known as the Stockholm Agreement, centered on the besieged Red Sea port city of Hudaydah. Eight months later, the agreement remains unfulfilled and, though fighting around Hudaydah has subsided, other fronts have intensified. Parallel initiatives to secure the western city of Taiz and exchange prisoners also remain to be implemented. \nAlthough media coverage of the 2015 Saudi-led intervention tended to focus on the binary nature of the war (the Saudi-led coalition versus the Houthis), in fact, there have been a multitude of combatants whose alliances and loyalties have been somewhat fluid. In the summer of 2019 in southern Yemen, long simmering tensions between the internationally recognized Republic of Yemen government (ROYG) and the separatist Southern Transitional Council (STC) boiled over, leading to open warfare between the local allies of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. \nMany foreign observers have denounced human rights violations that they charge have been committed by all parties to the conflict. In the United States and other Western countries, there has been vociferous opposition to errant coalition air strikes against civilian targets. Some lawmakers have proposed legislation to limit U.S. support for the coalition while others have highlighted Iran\u2019s support for the Houthis as a major factor in Yemen\u2019s destabilization. The Trump Administration opposes congressional efforts to restrain U.S. support for Saudi Arabia and continues to call for a comprehensive settlement to the conflict in line with relevant U.N. Security Council resolutions and other international initiatives. \nAccording to U.N. officials, Yemen\u2019s humanitarian crisis is the worst in the world, with close to 80% of Yemen\u2019s population of nearly 30 million needing some form of assistance. Two-thirds of the population is considered food insecure. The United Nations notes that humanitarian assistance is \u201cincreasingly becoming the only lifeline for millions of Yemenis.\u201d As of mid-September 2019, U.N. financial appeals for 2019 programming in Yemen sought $4.2 billion, but had received only $1.5 billion (36%) through U.N. plan channels. \nFor additional information on Yemen, including a summary of relevant legislation, please see CRS Report R45046, Congress and the War in Yemen: Oversight and Legislation 2015-2019, by Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "81e3f3d2710ccd60c555f9991e2acd49d0a436ec", "filename": "files/20190917_R43960_81e3f3d2710ccd60c555f9991e2acd49d0a436ec.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190917_R43960_images_d298cd1c2a6e5b5367a8dc38ee23335f43d5d7e6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190917_R43960_images_b94aed4f15cdb16c1dd74601686632ca3c88ffca.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190917_R43960_images_f67aafec04873b72b740c3c3a29a80aa7121f0e3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/8.png": "files/20190917_R43960_images_38c4fefd24d0aaef910c1e2de69b0c67a6accbe1.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190917_R43960_images_fc6ab3d83ccae6368db8cff5bcad3ac58df553f3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190917_R43960_images_170805227056b8bea710e3658a2ac5995f2111d4.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190917_R43960_images_4627d29ea6f326165a0c5f6fd9aecc78e162bccf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/6.png": "files/20190917_R43960_images_27394c999e1345218689c4c689529fa2c322b40b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/7.png": "files/20190917_R43960_images_c140c80c7469114c914bc9a04815d9d0a3acf1ec.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "0ae8aef063532aa48081bbedecd442b10277aa42", "filename": "files/20190917_R43960_0ae8aef063532aa48081bbedecd442b10277aa42.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 594946, "date": "2019-03-21", "retrieved": "2019-04-17T13:58:09.972065", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides information on the ongoing crisis in Yemen. Now in its fifth year, the war in Yemen shows no signs of abating. The war has killed thousands of Yemenis, including combatants as well as civilians, and has significantly damaged the country\u2019s infrastructure. The difficulty of accessing certain areas of Yemen has made it problematic for governments and aid agencies to count the war\u2019s casualties. One U.S. and European-funded organization, the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), estimates that 60,000 Yemenis have been killed since January 2016. \nThough fighting continues along several fronts, on December 13, 2018, Special Envoy of the United Nations Secretary-General for Yemen Martin Griffiths brokered a cease-fire centered on the besieged Red Sea port city of Hudaydah, Yemen\u2019s largest port. As part of the deal, the coalition and the Houthis agreed to redeploy their forces outside Hudaydah city and port. The United Nations agreed to chair a Redeployment Coordination Committee (RCC) to monitor the cease-fire and redeployment. On January 16, the United Nations Security Council (UNSCR) passed UNSCR 2452, which authorized (for a six-month period) the creation of the United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement (UNMHA), of which the RCC is a significant component. As of late March 2019, the Stockholm Agreement remains unfulfilled, although U.N. officials claim that the parties have made \u201csignificant progress towards an agreement to implement phase one of the redeployments of the Hudayda agreement.\u201d\nAlthough both the Obama and Trump Administrations have called for a political solution to the conflict, the two sides in Yemen appear to fundamentally disagree over the framework for a potential political solution. The Saudi-led coalition demands that the Houthi militia disarm, relinquish its heavy weaponry (ballistic missiles and rockets), and return control of the capital, Sanaa, to the internationally recognized government of President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi, who is in exile in Saudi Arabia. The coalition asserts that there remains international consensus for these demands, insisting that the conditions laid out in United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 2216 (April 2015) should form the basis for a solution to the conflict. The Houthis reject UNSCR 2216 and seem determined to outlast their opponents while consolidating their control over northern Yemen. Since the December 2017 Houthi killing of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, a former Houthi ally, there is no apparent single Yemeni rival to challenge Houthi rule in northern Yemen. Armed groups, including Islamist extremists, operate in other parts of the country, and rival political movements and trends advance competing visions for the long-term reestablishment of national governance in the country. The reconciliation of Yemeni factions and the redefinition of the country\u2019s political system, security sector, and social contract will likely require years of additional diplomatic engagement.\nAccording to the United Nations, Yemen\u2019s humanitarian crisis is the worst in the world, with close to 80% of Yemen\u2019s population of nearly 30 million needing some form of assistance. Two-thirds of the population is considered food insecure; one-third is suffering from extreme levels of hunger; and the United Nations estimates that 230 out of Yemen\u2019s 333 districts are at risk of famine. In sum, the United Nations notes that humanitarian assistance is \u201cincreasingly becoming the only lifeline for millions of Yemenis.\u201d\nFor additional information on Yemen, including a summary of relevant legislation, please see CRS Report R45046, Congress and the War in Yemen: Oversight and Legislation 2015-2019, by Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "b87ad697362076d635fb62d45d4a4ebec62319b4", "filename": "files/20190321_R43960_b87ad697362076d635fb62d45d4a4ebec62319b4.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/9.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_e4043407312bc0ecd59e1f62d7425c321ab5b394.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/11.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_6d63f79de4779eeef3f43540af5759fdc9ff8b98.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/15.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/14.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_e4043407312bc0ecd59e1f62d7425c321ab5b394.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/8.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/7.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_e4043407312bc0ecd59e1f62d7425c321ab5b394.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/16.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_e4043407312bc0ecd59e1f62d7425c321ab5b394.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/10.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/13.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_e4043407312bc0ecd59e1f62d7425c321ab5b394.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/18.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_bb61be705d72e97ee8f42e2942b08f5ae3384bd7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/12.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/17.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_1bf23b1007a02869665af6f9400f0c3d67b75d6d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/6.png": "files/20190321_R43960_images_78a07f5f16b98d1275cfca54b901b06ef1cd805d.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "6504382c792e0da20b253f12af20e3b165bd1595", "filename": "files/20190321_R43960_6504382c792e0da20b253f12af20e3b165bd1595.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 585589, "date": "2018-08-24", "retrieved": "2018-10-05T22:40:00.615287", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides information on the ongoing crisis in Yemen. Now in its fourth year, the war in Yemen shows no signs of abating. On June 12, 2018, the Saudi-led coalition, a multinational grouping of armed forces led primarily by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), launched Operation Golden Victory, with the aim of retaking the Red Sea port city of Hudaydah. The coalition also has continued to conduct air strikes inside Yemen. The war has killed thousands of Yemenis, including combatants as well as civilians, and has significantly damaged the country\u2019s infrastructure. According to the United Nations (U.N.) High Commissioner for Human Rights, from the start of the conflict in March 2015 through August 9, 2018, the United Nations documented \u201ca total of 17,062 civilian casualties\u20146,592 dead and 10,470 injured.\u201d This figure may vastly underestimate the war\u2019s death toll.\nAlthough both the Obama and Trump Administrations have called for a political solution to the conflict, the war\u2019s combatants still appear determined to pursue military victory. The two sides also appear to fundamentally disagree over the framework for a potential political solution. The Saudi-led coalition demands that the Houthi militia disarm, relinquish its heavy weaponry (ballistic missiles and rockets), and return control of the capital, Sanaa, to the internationally recognized government of President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi, who is in exile in Saudi Arabia. The coalition cites international consensus for these demands, insisting that the conditions laid out in United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 2216 (April 2015) should form the basis for a solution to the conflict. The Houthis reject UNSCR 2216 and seem determined to outlast their opponents while consolidating their control over northern Yemen. Since the December 2017 Houthi killing of former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, a former Houthi ally, there is no apparent single Yemeni rival to challenge Houthi rule in northern Yemen. \nThe prospects for returning to a unified Yemen remain dim. According to the United Nations Panel of Experts on Yemen, \u201cThe authority of the legitimate Government of Yemen has now eroded to the point that it is doubtful whether it will ever be able to reunite Yemen as a single country.\u201d While the country\u2019s unity is a relatively recent historical phenomenon (dating to 1990), the international community had widely supported the reform of Yemen\u2019s political system under a unified government just a few years ago. In 2013, Yemenis from across the political spectrum convened a National Dialogue Conference aimed at reaching broad national consensus on a new political order. However, in January 2014 it ended without agreement, and the Houthis launched a war. \nThe situation in Yemen is considered one of the world\u2019s worst humanitarian disasters. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), out of a total population of nearly 30 million people, 22.2 million Yemenis are in need of humanitarian assistance. Since March 2015, the United States has been the largest contributor of humanitarian aid to Yemen. \nFor additional information on Yemen, including a summary of relevant legislation, please see CRS Report R45046, The War in Yemen: A Compilation of Legislation in the 115th Congress, by Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "0d8e40fa12cbabd0356604482b9fd70f9b29a289", "filename": "files/20180824_R43960_0d8e40fa12cbabd0356604482b9fd70f9b29a289.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180824_R43960_images_a9e0696569e5bef1db5161f3c22d5887e097b2c2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180824_R43960_images_1bf23b1007a02869665af6f9400f0c3d67b75d6d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180824_R43960_images_62ed0d3155e8e4f1675af51803bca4feebbe341a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180824_R43960_images_1edb39b274570f223547e1511517ae0b12306515.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180824_R43960_images_bb61be705d72e97ee8f42e2942b08f5ae3384bd7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180824_R43960_images_40cad3c71ef4e8d30495395ebb9d842c6b73193e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180824_R43960_images_f281c7143cab41c8a18a9b517c3366173a92d809.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "71ff8842b861ec46d818c980e1b5cbaacd5c1799", "filename": "files/20180824_R43960_71ff8842b861ec46d818c980e1b5cbaacd5c1799.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580171, "date": "2018-04-12", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T10:41:38.429179", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides information on the ongoing crisis in Yemen. Now in its fourth year, the war in Yemen shows no signs of abating and may be escalating. In recent weeks, the northern Yemeni armed militia and political movement known as the Houthis have launched several missile attacks into Saudi Arabia, while the Saudi-led coalition, a multinational grouping of armed forces primarily led by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), has continued to conduct air strikes inside Yemen. Including combatants, the war in Yemen may have killed more than 10,000 Yemenis and has significantly damaged the country\u2019s infrastructure. As the war continues, the risk of it spreading beyond Yemeni territory appears to be growing. \nYemen is considered one of the world\u2019s worst humanitarian disasters. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), out of a total population of nearly 30 million people, 22 million Yemenis are in need of humanitarian assistance. Since March 2015, the United States has been the largest contributor of humanitarian aid to Yemen. The United States has provided a total of $854.223 million in humanitarian assistance in FY2017 and FY2018.\nFor additional information on Yemen, including a summary of relevant legislation, please see CRS Report R45046, The War in Yemen: A Compilation of Legislation in the 115th Congress, by Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard and CRS Insight IN10866, Joint Resolution Seeks to End U.S. Support for Saudi-led Coalition Military Operations in Yemen, by Christopher M. Blanchard, Jeremy M. Sharp, and Matthew C. Weed.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "60d6081e237f63c53566e7c077264896d8553360", "filename": "files/20180412_R43960_60d6081e237f63c53566e7c077264896d8553360.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180412_R43960_images_bb61be705d72e97ee8f42e2942b08f5ae3384bd7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180412_R43960_images_3f2b86bd41c3adca672894d84982442757178f30.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180412_R43960_images_7a96374752d42425296c9faf087aa82abc964181.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180412_R43960_images_62ed0d3155e8e4f1675af51803bca4feebbe341a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180412_R43960_images_786ac1571fae4ea0c08ce4812e03a5194926168d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180412_R43960_images_1edb39b274570f223547e1511517ae0b12306515.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180412_R43960_images_18846289053b9e3fe5bed188727795ccd8252296.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "3b8b0563dac7f203cfd3bc39e5e66c70b0977d23", "filename": "files/20180412_R43960_3b8b0563dac7f203cfd3bc39e5e66c70b0977d23.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 578265, "date": "2018-02-07", "retrieved": "2018-02-13T14:12:53.979924", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides information on the ongoing crisis in Yemen. Since March 2015, Saudi Arabia and members of a coalition it established have been engaged in military operations against an alliance composed of the Houthi movement and loyalists of the previous President, Ali Abdullah Saleh. In early December 2017, the Houthi-Saleh alliance unraveled, culminating in the killing of former President Saleh on December 4, 2017.\nHealth facilities in Yemen reported 9,245 conflict-related deaths and over 52,000 injuries from the start of hostilities in March 2015 through December 2017. However, due to the high number of nonfunctional health facilities in Yemen as a result of the war, the United Nations estimates that the death toll in Yemen is significantly underreported. The actual number of casualties is likely much higher, with more than 2,200 Yemeni deaths associated with a cholera outbreak alone in 2017.\nSince Saleh\u2019s death, the coalition has made modest military gains. Nevertheless, Houthi forces remain ensconced in northern Yemen and have consolidated their hold over the capital, Sana\u2019a. Despite multiple attempts by the United Nations to broker a peace agreement, all sides have remained deadlocked. U.N. Special Envoy for Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed has announced that he will step down from his position when his term ends at the end of February 2018. \nSince March 2015, the United States has been the largest contributor of humanitarian aid to Yemen. In FY2017, the United States provided over $635 million in humanitarian aid from multilateral accounts in response to Yemen\u2019s humanitarian crisis. \nFor additional information on Yemen, including a summary of relevant legislation, please see CRS Report R45046, The War in Yemen: A Compilation of Legislation in the 115th Congress, by Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "d6fc405a13d4044fc5adf0f26a6536988aa0e079", "filename": "files/20180207_R43960_d6fc405a13d4044fc5adf0f26a6536988aa0e079.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180207_R43960_images_18846289053b9e3fe5bed188727795ccd8252296.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180207_R43960_images_786ac1571fae4ea0c08ce4812e03a5194926168d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180207_R43960_images_375132053676132961e232e53e38d004840ba31e.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "9ecbe120d48878bafcb5c90a866d1812cdee1226", "filename": "files/20180207_R43960_9ecbe120d48878bafcb5c90a866d1812cdee1226.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 576355, "date": "2017-12-07", "retrieved": "2017-12-12T14:19:07.871988", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides information on the ongoing crisis in Yemen. Since March 2015, Saudi Arabia and members of a coalition it established have been engaged in military operations against an alliance composed of the Houthi movement and loyalists of the previous President, Ali Abdullah Saleh. In early December 2017, the Houthi-Saleh alliance unraveled, culminating in the killing of former President Saleh on December 4, 2017. The killing of Saleh and the end of his forces\u2019 alliance with the Houthis may have changed the dynamic of the war. In the coming months, it is possible that on-the-ground fighting may escalate, as the Saudi-led coalition and remnants of Saleh\u2019s allies join forces to isolate the Houthis.\nHealth facilities in Yemen reported 8,757 conflict-related deaths and over 50,000 injuries from the start of hostilities in March 2015 through October 2017. However, due to the high number of nonfunctional health facilities in Yemen as a result of the war, the United Nations estimates that the death toll in Yemen is significantly underreported. The actual number of casualties is likely much higher, with more than 2,200 Yemeni deaths associated with a cholera outbreak alone in 2017.\nOn November 4, 2017, the Houthis fired a ballistic missile into Saudi Arabia. In response, the Saudi-led coalition accused Iran of supplying more sophisticated missile technology to the Houthis, and said in a statement that the attack \u201ccould rise to be considered as an act of war\u201d by Iran. The coalition then announced that it was temporarily closing all Yemeni ports, including the main commercial port of Hodeida, on November 6, 2017. Many humanitarian agencies decried the closing of all ports of entry into Yemen, asserting that the Saudi-led coalition was violating international law by using starvation as a weapon. The total closure of all Yemeni ports lasted until November 24, 2017, when the Saudi-led coalition announced that it would begin allowing humanitarian aid to resume entering Hodeida port. The Saudi-led coalition did lift its blockade on select humanitarian deliveries as of early December 2017, but it is unclear whether the coalition is permitting commercial goods to be imported. \nThe Trump Administration welcomed the coalition\u2019s actions while further stating, \u201cWe look forward to additional steps that will facilitate the unfettered flow of humanitarian and commercial goods from all ports of entry to the points of need.... All sides must support a political process with facilitating humanitarian relief as the top priority. We remain committed to supporting Saudi Arabia and all our Gulf partners against the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps\u2019 aggression and blatant violations of international law.\u201d\nSince March 2015, the United States has been the largest contributor of humanitarian aid to Yemen. In FY2017, the United States provided over $635 million in humanitarian aid from multilateral accounts in response to Yemen\u2019s humanitarian crisis.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "73497a15db8bec786a380c906d3103fa2da121c0", "filename": "files/20171207_R43960_73497a15db8bec786a380c906d3103fa2da121c0.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171207_R43960_images_25ea65fc65d440a64db4273fb700d092ee5dea25.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "1188625d15fad1fc2aba541d40eb06b22e655d0e", "filename": "files/20171207_R43960_1188625d15fad1fc2aba541d40eb06b22e655d0e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 576203, "date": "2017-12-06", "retrieved": "2017-12-07T14:04:56.462359", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides information on the ongoing crisis in Yemen. Since March 2015, Saudi Arabia and members of a coalition it established have been engaged in military operations against an alliance composed of the Houthi movement and loyalists of the previous President, Ali Abdullah Saleh. In early December 2017, the Houthi-Saleh alliance unraveled, culminating in the killing of former president Saleh on December 4, 2017. The killing of Saleh and the end of his forces\u2019 alliance with the Houthis may have changed the dynamic of the war. In the coming months, it is possible that on-the-ground fighting may escalate, as the Saudi-led coalition and remnants of Saleh\u2019s allies join forces to isolate the Houthis.\nHealth facilities in Yemen reported 8,757 conflict-related deaths and over 50,000 injuries from the start of hostilities in March 2015 through October 2017. However, due to the high number of nonfunctional health facilities in Yemen as a result of the war, the United Nations estimates that the death toll in Yemen is significantly underreported. The actual number of casualties is likely much higher, with more than 2,200 Yemeni deaths associated with a cholera outbreak alone in 2017.\nOn November 4, 2017, the Houthis fired a ballistic missile into Saudi Arabia. In response, the Saudi-led coalition accused Iran of supplying more sophisticated missile technology to the Houthis, and said in a statement that the attack \u201ccould rise to be considered as an act of war\u201d by Iran. The coalition then announced that it was temporarily closing all Yemeni ports, including the main commercial port of Hodeida, on November 6, 2017. Many humanitarian agencies decried the closing of all ports of entry into Yemen, asserting that the Saudi-led coalition was violating international law by using starvation as a weapon. The total closure of all Yemeni ports lasted until November 24, 2017, when the Saudi-led coalition announced that it would begin allowing humanitarian aid to resume entering Hodeida port. The Saudi-led coalition did lift its blockade on select humanitarian deliveries as of early December 2017, but it is unclear whether the coalition is permitting commercial goods to be imported. \nThe Trump Administration welcomed the coalition\u2019s actions while further stating, \u201cWe look forward to additional steps that will facilitate the unfettered flow of humanitarian and commercial goods from all ports of entry to the points of need.... All sides must support a political process with facilitating humanitarian relief as the top priority. We remain committed to supporting Saudi Arabia and all our Gulf partners against the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps\u2019 aggression and blatant violations of international law.\u201d\nSince March 2015, the United States has been the largest contributor of humanitarian aid to Yemen. In FY2017, the United States provided over $635 million in humanitarian aid from multilateral accounts in response to Yemen\u2019s humanitarian crisis.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "3b8a410c14a2246220f9d4bd1de656b6b17503ec", "filename": "files/20171206_R43960_3b8a410c14a2246220f9d4bd1de656b6b17503ec.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R43960_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171206_R43960_images_25ea65fc65d440a64db4273fb700d092ee5dea25.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "112d51df6fc143062bfef8c270367323b98720f8", "filename": "files/20171206_R43960_112d51df6fc143062bfef8c270367323b98720f8.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 459859, "date": "2017-03-21", "retrieved": "2017-03-22T18:25:06.369038", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides material on the ongoing crisis in Yemen and the U.S. policy response.\nIn March 2015, Saudi Arabia and members of a coalition it established (hereinafter referred to as the Saudi-led coalition) launched a military operation aimed at restoring the rule of Yemen\u2019s internationally recognized President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi. Prior to the start of hostilities, Hadi\u2019s government had been gradually supplanted by an alliance comprised of the Iran-supported Houthi movement and loyalists of the previous President, Ali Abdullah Saleh (hereinafter referred to as Houthi-Saleh forces). \nDespite multiple attempts by U.N. Special Envoy for Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed to broker a peace agreement, the Saudi-led coalition and Houthi-Saleh forces continue to disagree on the fundamentals of a political settlement. After two years of war, the Saudi-led coalition would most likely resume negotiations from a position of strength. The coalition\u2019s current offensive along the Red Sea coast seeks to cut maritime access off to Houthi-Saleh forces in the hopes that their isolation will force them back to the table. \nIn January 2017, the United Nations estimated that the civilian death toll in the nearly two-year conflict had reached 10,000. In March 2017, the World Food Program reported that while Yemen is not yet in a full-blown famine, 60% of Yemenis, or 17 million people, are in \u201ccrisis\u201d or \u201cemergency\u201d food situations.\nDuring the last year of the Obama Administration, U.S. policy toward the conflict in Yemen shifted toward a more nuanced approach after having initially emphasized strong support for the Saudi-led coalition\u2019s campaign and the restoration of Hadi\u2019s presidency. The Obama Administration called upon the parties to negotiate a political settlement directly, emphasizing that \u201cwe\u2019re on the side squarely of the Yemeni people,\u201d while also stressing that Saudi Arabia itself is under daily attack and has a right to defend itself. The Administration sought to work multilaterally through the United Nations to pursue a cease-fire that would\u2014in the expressed hopes of the Administration\u2014ultimately jumpstart negotiations toward a comprehensive political settlement to the conflict. \nAs those peace efforts did not succeed, some observers expect the Trump Administration to take a different approach toward the conflict by more openly trying to deter Iranian support for Houthi-Saleh forces and refraining from openly criticizing the Saudi-led coalition\u2019s conduct of the war. \nIn 2017, President Trump reportedly authorized an increase in U.S. airstrikes against AQAP. In early March 2017, the United States reportedly conducted over 40 airstrikes against AQAP inside Yemen, which U.S. officials said were coordinated with the Hadi government. A recent counterterrorism raid in Yemen generated debate following the death of Navy SEAL William \u201cRyan\u201d Owens. The raid also claimed the lives of between four and twelve Yemeni civilians, including several children, one of whom was a U.S. citizen. The raid was the Trump Administration\u2019s first acknowledged counterterror operation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "1a31808ffc9cfb8bf6cb780ca7aa692e1ee68ef2", "filename": "files/20170321_R43960_1a31808ffc9cfb8bf6cb780ca7aa692e1ee68ef2.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "8c4fb20c6f397785cd17a29bf3d95b172c6de804", "filename": "files/20170321_R43960_8c4fb20c6f397785cd17a29bf3d95b172c6de804.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 457088, "date": "2016-11-16", "retrieved": "2016-11-21T15:06:32.910683", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides material on the latest crisis in Yemen and the U.S. policy response.\nIn March 2015, Saudi Arabia and members of a coalition it established (hereinafter referred to as the Saudi-led coalition) launched a military operation aimed at restoring the rule of Yemen\u2019s internationally recognized President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi. Prior to the start of hostilities, Hadi\u2019s government had been gradually supplanted by an alliance comprised of the Iran-supported Houthi movement and loyalists of the previous President, Ali Abdullah Saleh (hereinafter referred to as Houthi-Saleh forces). \nAfter 20 months of war, battle lines in Yemen have hardened. The Saudi-led coalition has retaken the port city of Aden and the lowland areas of southern Yemen (traditionally Sunni). Houthis-Saleh forces remain ensconced in the capital Sana\u2019a and the mountainous highlands of northern Yemen (traditionally Zaydi). In fact, the lines of control now somewhat resemble the previous division of Yemen into two separate countries, a political situation that lasted from 1918 to 1990.\nBy August 2016, the United Nations estimated that the war had killed at least 10,000 people. According to the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, there were 3,980 civilian casualties from the start of hostilities through September 2016. The war has taken a devastating toll on the population in a country long-considered the least developed in the Middle East and one of the poorest in the world. The humanitarian crisis in Yemen is severe, with 80% (21.2 million) of Yemen\u2019s population in need of humanitarian assistance.\nAs the conflict in Yemen has continued, the Administration seeks to work multilaterally through the United Nations to pursue a cease-fire that ultimately jumpstarts negotiations toward a comprehensive political settlement to the conflict. On November 14, Secretary of State John Kerry traveled to Oman, where he again tried to broker a new cessation of hostilities that would open the door toward renewed peace negotiations. After his visit, Secretary Kerry announced that Houthi-Saleh forces had agreed to \u201cabide by the terms of the April 10 cessation of hostilities beginning on Nov. 17, provided the other party implements the same commitment.\u201d Days later, Yemeni Foreign Minister Abdel-Malek al Mekhlafi said: \u201cI believe the current U.S. administration is incapable of providing any guarantees to any party and what Kerry has said is no more than a media bubble at our people\u2019s expense.\u201d\nSince March 2015, the United States continues to be the largest contributor of humanitarian aid to Yemen, providing $327.5 million in FY2016. On February 11, 2015, due to the deteriorating security situation in Sana\u2019a, the Department of State suspended embassy operations and U.S. Embassy staff was relocated out of the country.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "3b7d919ad1f8a896a5dd4a0d306a84d8a9d20c9f", "filename": "files/20161116_R43960_3b7d919ad1f8a896a5dd4a0d306a84d8a9d20c9f.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "9acc5e1e49779acbdbf36fd006d14926cbb6832f", "filename": "files/20161116_R43960_9acc5e1e49779acbdbf36fd006d14926cbb6832f.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 448175, "date": "2015-12-18", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T17:40:40.608898", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides material on the latest crisis in Yemen and the U.S. policy response. For further background and analysis on Yemen, see CRS Report RL34170, Yemen: Background and U.S. Relations, by Jeremy M. Sharp.\nIn March 2015, Saudi Arabia and members of a coalition launched a military operation aimed at restoring the rule of Yemeni President Abdu Rabbo Mansour Hadi, who fled Yemen on March 25, 2015, after over a year in which his government and tribal allies have gradually been supplanted by an alliance comprised of the Houthi movement and loyalists of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh. \nThe White House issued a statement on March 25 blaming the Houthis for causing the crisis in Yemen. The United States recognizes President Hadi as the legitimate leader of Yemen, and President Obama authorized \u201cthe provision of logistical and intelligence support to GCC-led military operations.\u201d The Administration claimed that while U.S. forces are \u201cnot taking direct military action in Yemen in support of this effort, we are establishing a Joint Planning Cell with Saudi Arabia to coordinate U.S. military and intelligence support.\u201d\nAlthough the Houthi-Saleh alliance had been gradually seizing control of Yemeni provinces and government/military installations for more than a year, in the winter 2015, they had rapidly outmaneuvered President Hadi, who had been under house arrest since January. Hadi eventually escaped from his Houthi captors and fled to Aden, where he denounced the coup against him and began to marshal the remains of the national military as well as loyal tribal militias to counter Houthi-Saleh advances. \nAs of December 2015, the United Nations estimates that the war has killed at least 5,878 people. The United Nations, represented by U.N. Special Envoy for Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, has secured a commitment from all combatants to negotiate a peace deal. Formal talks began on December 15 in Switzerland; a cease-fire went into effect the same day. However, since the conflict began, previous agreed-upon cease-fires have been violated by all sides, with combatants continuing to fight for maximum territorial gains. As of December 18, reports indicate that fighting continues throughout Yemen, and peace talks in Switzerland have stalled.\nThere is a significant terrorist presence in Yemen, and U.S. policymakers are concerned that without a willing counterterrorism partner such as President Hadi, the United States may lack necessary intelligence cooperation on the ground to counter groups such as Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) or the Islamic State.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R43960", "sha1": "5ff759c4b18e9d909b19c1f98b5e99d71cff787a", "filename": "files/20151218_R43960_5ff759c4b18e9d909b19c1f98b5e99d71cff787a.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R43960", "sha1": "295db41592b0b7a27c188e0278e87084886c40c2", "filename": "files/20151218_R43960_295db41592b0b7a27c188e0278e87084886c40c2.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc795402/", "id": "R43960_2015Oct02", "date": "2015-10-02", "retrieved": "2016-01-13T14:26:20", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides material on the latest crisis in Yemen and the U.S. policy response. To date, more than 100 Saudi soldiers and 50 UAE troops have been killed in the war--the highest death toll for the UAE in any military operation abroad since the country was founded in 1971.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20151002_R43960_1f7b21c643466a4d396b1a7507c108638616adee.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20151002_R43960_1f7b21c643466a4d396b1a7507c108638616adee.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil war", "name": "Civil war" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Yemen", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Yemen" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Yemen -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Yemen -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815442/", "id": "R43960_2015Jun16", "date": "2015-06-16", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150616_R43960_13f065337c928f1fed49be4d471881d5c51e9a04.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150616_R43960_13f065337c928f1fed49be4d471881d5c51e9a04.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700733/", "id": "R43960_2015Mar26", "date": "2015-03-26", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention", "summary": "This report provides material on the latest crisis in Yemen and the U.S. policy response. Yemen's internationally backed transition government, which replaced the regime of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2012, appears to have fully collapsed.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150326_R43960_0452595c516d3e99632c3932131830b0a721fe88.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150326_R43960_0452595c516d3e99632c3932131830b0a721fe88.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil war", "name": "Civil war" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Yemen", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Yemen" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Yemen -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Yemen -- U.S." } ] } ], "topics": [ "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "Middle Eastern Affairs" ] }