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      "date": "2015-10-19",
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      "title": "Greenhouse Gas Pledges by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change",
      "summary": "International negotiations are underway toward an agreement, due in December 2015, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) regarding commitments and actions to address human-related, global climate change from 2020 on. This report summarizes the existing commitments and pledges of selected national and regional governments to limit their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as contributions to the global effort. \nThe negotiations cover additional topics, including adaptation to the impacts of climate change and financing to assist the efforts of low-income countries. However, parties to the UNFCCC have not agreed that intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) of parties must or should include those other topics. \nFollowing brief background on the UNFCCC, this report describes the role of INDCs in the current negotiations. It then summarizes selected parties\u2019 existing GHG mitigation commitments and pledges in a table that covers both the period to 2020 and from 2020 on. Information on additional parties\u2019 INDCs is available through the website of the UNFCCC.\nobjective of stabilizing GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous human-induced interference with the Earth\u2019s climate system (UNFCCC Article 2)\nTwo principles in the UNFCCC are that (1) parties\u2019 should act \u201con the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities,\u201d (CBDR) and (2) that developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change (italics added).\nCarbon dioxide, deep decarbonization, temperature, ratification, \u201ccarbon budget\u201d\nBrazil, China, India, Korea, or Mexico. \nCopenhagen Accord, \u201cConference of the Parties\u201d, \u201cCancun Agreements\u201d.\nAs part of the Durban Platform negotiations, the COP invited all parties to submit their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs\nThe United States, and later Australia, Canada, Japan, and Russia, \nParties not included in Table 1 that have submitted INDCs are, as of June 20, 2015: Andorra, Ethiopia, Gabon, Lichtenstein, Morocco, Norway, and Switzerland.",
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      "id": "R44092_2015Jul20",
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      "title": "Greenhouse Gas Pledges by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change",
      "summary": "This report briefly summarizes the existing commitments and pledges of selected national and regional governments to limit their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as contributions to the global effort.",
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          "id": "Air pollution",
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          "id": "Greenhouse gases",
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      "id": "R44092_2015Jun29",
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      "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31",
      "title": "Greenhouse Gas Pledges by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change",
      "summary": "This report briefly summarizes the existing commitments and pledges of selected national and regional governments to limit their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as contributions to the global effort.",
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          "id": "Greenhouse effect",
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          "id": "Environmental protection",
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