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In May 2017, the Trump Administration sent a 90-day notification to Congress of its intent to begin talks with Canada and Mexico to renegotiate and modernize NAFTA, as required by the 2015 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA). Negotiations officially began on August 16, 2017, and were concluded on September 30, 2018. The USMCA was signed on November 30, 2018. The agreement was approved by the House of Representatives (H.R. 5430) on December 19, 2019, by a vote of 385-41, and by the Senate (S. 3052) on January 16, 2020, by a vote of 89-10. President Trump signed the USMCA implementing legislation on January 29, 2020 (P.L. 116-113). All three parties must ratify the agreement and have regulations and laws in effect to meet their USMCA commitments before the agreement enters into force. \nThe first NAFTA negotiations were launched in 1992. Implementing legislation was signed on December 8, 1991 (P.L. 103-182) and NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994. It is particularly significant because it was the most comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) negotiated at the time, contained several groundbreaking provisions, and was the first of a new generation of U.S. FTAs later negotiated. NAFTA established trade liberalization commitments and set new rules and disciplines for future FTAs on issues important to the United States, including intellectual property rights protection, services trade, dispute settlement procedures, investment, labor, and environment. NAFTA\u2019s market-opening provisions gradually eliminated nearly all tariff and most nontariff barriers on merchandise trade. At the time of NAFTA negotiations, average applied U.S. duties on imports from Mexico were 2.07%, while U.S. businesses faced average tariffs of 10%, in addition to nontariff and investment barriers, in Mexico. The U.S.-Canada FTA, which had been in effect since 1989, was suspended under NAFTA. NAFTA will stay in effect until USMCA enters into force. \nUSMCA, comprised of 34 chapters and 12 side letters, retains most of NAFTA\u2019s market opening measures and other measures, while making notable changes to auto rules of origin, dispute settlement provisions, government procurement, investment, and intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. It also modernizes provisions in services, labor, and the environment. New trade issues, such as digital trade, state-owned enterprises, anticorruption, and currency misalignment, are also addressed. Key issues for Congress in the debate surrounding USMCA included worker rights protection in Mexico, IPR provisions and access to medicine, the enforceability of labor and environmental provisions, as well the constitutional authority of Congress over international trade and its role in revising, approving, or withdrawing from the agreement. Congress was also active in considering U.S. negotiating objectives and the extent to which USMCA made progress in meeting them, as required under TPA. \nAt least 30 days prior to USMCA\u2019s entry into force, the President must notify Congress that he has determined that the other parties have taken the necessary legal and regulatory measures to comply with their commitments under the agreement. Such measures include laws or regulations regarding rules of origin, tariffs, panel rosters related to dispute resolution, establishing committees such as the one called for in the chapter on small and medium-sized enterprises, and labor law implementation in Mexico, among others. After all parties have the necessary legal and regulatory measures in place to meet their USMCA commitments, the agreement will enter into force \u201con the first day of the third month following the last notification.\u201d The process could take several months or longer. USMCA parties may take as much time as they need to meet their obligations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R44981", "sha1": "fafc398ace2fddd091942b916c663f39b7c633f7", "filename": "files/20200302_R44981_fafc398ace2fddd091942b916c663f39b7c633f7.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200302_R44981_images_e7750e8bd4fb249d9543645f7bb59b55ffff21e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/4.png": "files/20200302_R44981_images_cc7646a704433fa0072030b74f0e6ba3eaf7b256.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200302_R44981_images_6e2f6d2f81fe309f7ddb75bed2163219ab299b69.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200302_R44981_images_cd60a363f34db12a94de9d6509abf169a15a5d32.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200302_R44981_images_27acf2f904b229547fdd9dc9e9e4ecc485544933.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R44981", "sha1": "cb2c8918ab5d623c4954e666604915302585b487", "filename": "files/20200302_R44981_cb2c8918ab5d623c4954e666604915302585b487.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4765, "name": "Trade Agreements & WTO" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 592427, "date": "2019-02-26", "retrieved": "2019-12-20T19:54:25.879618", "title": "NAFTA Renegotiation and the Proposed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)", "summary": "The 116th Congress faces policy issues related to the Trump Administration\u2019s renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the proposed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). On May 18, 2017, the Trump Administration sent a 90-day notification to Congress of its intent to begin talks with Canada and Mexico to renegotiate and modernize NAFTA, as required by the 2015 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA). Talks officially began on August 16, 2017. Negotiations were concluded on September 30, 2018. The proposed USMCA was signed on November 30, 2018. The agreement must be approved by Congress and ratified by the governments of Mexico and Canada before it can enter into force. \nThe first NAFTA negotiations were launched in 1992 under President George H.W. Bush and continued under President William J. Clinton, who signed the implementing legislation on December 8, 1991 (P.L. 103-182). NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994. It is particularly significant because it was the most comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) negotiated at the time, contained several groundbreaking provisions, and was the first of a new generation of U.S. FTAs later negotiated. Congress played a major role during its consideration and, after contentious and comprehensive debate, ultimately approved legislation to implement the agreement. \nNAFTA established trade liberalization commitments and set new rules and disciplines for future FTAs on issues important to the United States, including intellectual property rights protection, services trade, dispute settlement procedures, investment, labor, and environment. NAFTA\u2019s market-opening provisions gradually eliminated nearly all tariff and most nontariff barriers on merchandise trade. At the time of NAFTA negotiations, average applied U.S. duties on imports from Mexico were 2.07%, while U.S. businesses faced average tariffs of 10%, in addition to nontariff and investment barriers, in Mexico. The U.S.-Canada FTA had been in effect since 1989.\nThe proposed USMCA, comprising 34 chapters and 12 side letters, retains most of NAFTA\u2019s market opening measures and most of its chapters, while making notable changes to auto rules of origin, dispute settlement provisions, government procurement, investment, and intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. It also modernizes provisions in services, labor, and the environment. New trade issues, such as digital trade, state-owned enterprises, anticorruption, and currency misalignment, are also addressed. Key issues for Congress in regard to the proposed USMCA include the constitutional authority of Congress over international trade, its role in revising, approving, or withdrawing from the agreement, U.S. negotiating objectives and the extent to which the proposed agreement makes progress in meeting them as required under TPA. Congress may also consider the agreement\u2019s impact on U.S. industries, the U.S. economy, and broader U.S. trade relations with Canada and Mexico. \nThe timing for congressional consideration of the proposed USMCA is unclear in part because of the TPA timeline and also because of issues of interest and concern voiced by Congress, including the level of enforceable labor provisions, auto rules of origin, and investor-state dispute settlement. Some policymakers have stated that the path forward to passage of the USMCA by Congress is uncertain partially because the three countries have yet to resolve disputes over U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs imposed by the Trump Administration. The United States, Canada, and Mexico are currently in a trade dispute over U.S. actions under Section 232 of the Trade Act of 1962 to impose tariffs on such imports due to national security concerns. In response to the U.S. action, Mexico and Canada initiated World Trade Organization dispute settlement proceedings and retaliated against certain U.S. exports. The conclusion of the proposed USMCA did not resolve the Section 232 tariff dispute. The U.S. business community, industry groups, and some congressional leaders have publicly stated that the tariff issue must be resolved before the USMCA could enter into force.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R44981", "sha1": "e9bb544dd6f1a6e6021d38b1a9a47320009ceb9e", "filename": "files/20190226_R44981_e9bb544dd6f1a6e6021d38b1a9a47320009ceb9e.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190226_R44981_images_697d39e12f3423a0f8f99392663d3f0b8eb92c83.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190226_R44981_images_7dd42ed7718a7a63e7b9030c2a4addf72144f4c6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/6.png": "files/20190226_R44981_images_5737572b5eaf5a8f8d934b8ce1d70f40c9cba90c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190226_R44981_images_29b1c40abffe7307f063dd8149cc33bef094a1af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190226_R44981_images_d910b32f285806b9a8b7b19fb43a4b7ee21147de.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190226_R44981_images_26f2e6b0f53562568a5ec0ddaae55213c1b24f1d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190226_R44981_images_f2aed2a51f20cf94913a27b10b2ed668246c6616.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R44981", "sha1": "8aaa20dea9fab7a1148d72c464b20bfe9800d45d", "filename": "files/20190226_R44981_8aaa20dea9fab7a1148d72c464b20bfe9800d45d.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4765, "name": "Trade Agreements & WTO" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584940, "date": "2018-07-26", "retrieved": "2018-09-12T22:34:52.501428", "title": "NAFTA Renegotiation and Modernization", "summary": "The 115th Congress faces policy issues related to the Trump Administration\u2019s renegotiation and modernization of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA negotiations were first launched in 1992 under President George H. W. Bush and continued under President Bill Clinton. President Clinton signed the agreement into law on December 8 1993 (P.L. 103-182), and NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994. It is particularly significant because it was the most comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) negotiated at the time, contained several groundbreaking provisions, and was the first of a new generation of U.S. FTAs later negotiated. Congress played a major role during its consideration and, after contentious and comprehensive debate, ultimately approved legislation to implement the agreement.\nNAFTA established trade liberalization commitments that set new rules and disciplines for future FTAs on issues important to the United States, including intellectual property rights protection, services trade, dispute settlement procedures, investment, labor, and environment. NAFTA\u2019s market-opening provisions gradually eliminated nearly all tariff and most nontariff barriers on merchandise trade. At the time of NAFTA, average applied U.S. duties on imports from Mexico were 2.07%, while U.S. businesses faced average tariffs of 10%, in addition to nontariff and investment barriers, in Mexico. The U.S.-Canada FTA had been in effect since 1989. \nThe Trump Administration has made NAFTA renegotiation and modernization a prominent priority of its trade policy. President Trump has characterized the agreement as the \u201cworst trade deal,\u201d and has stated that he may seek to withdraw from the agreement. He has focused on the trade deficit with Mexico as a major reason for his critique. On May 18, 2017, the Trump Administration sent a 90-day notification to Congress of its intent to begin talks to renegotiate NAFTA, as required by the 2015 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) (P.L. 114-26). Negotiators began the talks on August 16, 2017. They have held eight formal rounds and are continuing talks on technical issues. Contentious issues in the negotiations include auto rules of origin, dispute settlement provisions, agriculture, government procurement, and other issues. Mexico\u2019s President-elect, Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador, who enters into office on December 1, 2018, has stated that he supports NAFTA and would support a previously negotiated agreement. All three North American leaders have expressed interest in reaching a deal over the next several months. \nCongress will likely continue to be a major participant in shaping and potentially considering an updated NAFTA. Key issues for Congress in regard to NAFTA renegotiation or modernization include the constitutional authority of Congress over international trade, its role in revising or withdrawing from the agreement, U.S. negotiating objectives, the impact on U.S. industries and the U.S. economy, the negotiating objectives of Canada and Mexico, and the impact on broader relations with Canada and Mexico. The outcome of these negotiations will have implications for the future direction of U.S. trade policy under President Trump.\nNAFTA renegotiation presents opportunities to modernize the agreement. For example, the widespread use of the internet has significantly affected economic activities. A renegotiation could incorporate elements of more recent U.S. FTAs, such as digital and services trade and enhanced IPR protection. Many U.S. manufacturers, services providers, and agricultural producers oppose efforts to eliminate NAFTA and ask that the Trump Administration \u201cdo no harm\u201d in the NAFTA renegotiation because they have much to lose. Other groups contend that NAFTA renegotiation should include stronger and more enforceable labor protections, provisions on currency manipulation, and stricter rules of origin.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R44981", "sha1": "d01c798a2e4c08b7dcffe8937ef4e5b48a6e220b", "filename": "files/20180726_R44981_d01c798a2e4c08b7dcffe8937ef4e5b48a6e220b.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180726_R44981_images_184826d5c330a84c8cff0186d93ef3185d9e05bf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180726_R44981_images_7dd42ed7718a7a63e7b9030c2a4addf72144f4c6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180726_R44981_images_29b1c40abffe7307f063dd8149cc33bef094a1af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180726_R44981_images_d910b32f285806b9a8b7b19fb43a4b7ee21147de.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180726_R44981_images_26f2e6b0f53562568a5ec0ddaae55213c1b24f1d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180726_R44981_images_f2aed2a51f20cf94913a27b10b2ed668246c6616.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R44981", "sha1": "8df7877d15bfbe4c07dbe93b8086c8702f94657a", "filename": "files/20180726_R44981_8df7877d15bfbe4c07dbe93b8086c8702f94657a.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4765, "name": "Trade Agreements & WTO" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 578808, "date": "2018-02-27", "retrieved": "2018-03-09T00:10:22.766016", "title": "NAFTA Renegotiation and Modernization", "summary": "The 115th Congress faces policy issues related to the Trump Administration\u2019s renegotiation and modernization of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA negotiations were first launched in 1992 under President H. W. Bush and continued under President Bill Clinton. President Clinton signed the agreement into law on December 8 1993 (P.L. 103-182), and NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994. It is particularly significant because it was the most comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) negotiated at the time, contained several groundbreaking provisions, and was the first of a new generation of U.S. FTAs later negotiated. Congress played a major role during its consideration and, after contentious and comprehensive debate, ultimately approved legislation to implement the agreement.\nNAFTA established trade liberalization commitments that set new rules and disciplines for future FTAs on issues important to the United States, including intellectual property rights protection, services trade, dispute settlement procedures, investment, labor, and environment. NAFTA\u2019s market-opening provisions gradually eliminated nearly all tariff and most nontariff barriers on merchandise trade. At the time of NAFTA, average applied U.S. duties on imports from Mexico were 2.07%, while U.S. businesses faced average tariffs of 10%, in addition to nontariff and investment barriers, in Mexico. The U.S.-Canada FTA had been in effect since 1989. \nThe Trump Administration has made NAFTA renegotiation and modernization a prominent initial priority of its trade policy. President Trump has characterized the agreement as the \u201cworst trade deal,\u201d and has stated that he may seek to withdraw from the agreement. He has focused on the trade deficit with Mexico as a major reason for his critique. On May 18, 2017, the Trump Administration sent a 90-day notification to Congress of its intent to begin talks to renegotiate NAFTA, as required by the 2015 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) (P.L. 114-26). Negotiations started August 16, 2017. Negotiators originally planned to have a series of seven rounds for a conclusion by the end of 2017 or early 2018. Six rounds of negotiations have taken place with the seventh planned for February 26 to March 6, 2018, in Mexico City. It is not clear if negotiations will be concluded at the next round. The final text of the agreement will not be released until after negotiations are concluded. NAFTA parties have agreed that the information exchanged in the context of the negotiations, such as the negotiating text, proposals of each government, and other materials related to the substance of the negotiations, must remain confidential. \nCongress will likely continue to be a major participant in shaping and potentially considering an updated NAFTA. Key issues for Congress in regard to NAFTA renegotiation or modernization include the constitutional authority of Congress over international trade, its role in revising or withdrawing from the agreement, the U.S. negotiating objectives, the impact on U.S. industries and the U.S. economy, the negotiating objectives of Canada and Mexico, and the impact on broader relations with Canada and Mexico. The outcome of these negotiations will have implications for the future direction of U.S. trade policy under President Trump.\nNAFTA renegotiation may provide opportunities to address issues that were not covered. Technology and industrial production processes have changed significantly since it was negotiated. The widespread use of the internet has significantly affected economic activities, for example. A renegotiation could incorporate elements of more recent U.S. FTAs, such as digital and services trade and enhanced IPR protection. Many U.S. manufacturers, services providers, and agricultural producers oppose efforts to eliminate NAFTA and ask that the Trump Administration \u201cdo no harm\u201d in the NAFTA renegotiation because they have much to lose if the United States pulls out of the agreement. Other groups contend that NAFTA renegotiation should include stronger and more enforceable labor protections, provisions on currency manipulation, and stricter rules of origin.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R44981", "sha1": "fbd87e59df583e1bd054761a008b29b4217ac3e8", "filename": "files/20180227_R44981_fbd87e59df583e1bd054761a008b29b4217ac3e8.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180227_R44981_images_184826d5c330a84c8cff0186d93ef3185d9e05bf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180227_R44981_images_7dd42ed7718a7a63e7b9030c2a4addf72144f4c6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180227_R44981_images_29b1c40abffe7307f063dd8149cc33bef094a1af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180227_R44981_images_d910b32f285806b9a8b7b19fb43a4b7ee21147de.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180227_R44981_images_f2aed2a51f20cf94913a27b10b2ed668246c6616.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180227_R44981_images_26f2e6b0f53562568a5ec0ddaae55213c1b24f1d.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R44981", "sha1": "4cc836449a9fd8095bbd12dadc9327837d06d574", "filename": "files/20180227_R44981_4cc836449a9fd8095bbd12dadc9327837d06d574.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4765, "name": "Trade Agreements & WTO" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 574123, "date": "2017-10-12", "retrieved": "2017-10-17T14:17:40.984622", "title": "NAFTA Renegotiation and Modernization", "summary": "The 115th Congress faces policy issues related to the Trump Administration\u2019s renegotiation and modernization of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA negotiations were first launched in 1992 under President H. W. Bush, who signed the agreement in December 1992, and continued under President Bill Clinton, who negotiated additional side agreements on labor and the environment. President Clinton signed the agreement into law on December 8 1993, (P.L. 103-182) and NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994. It is particularly significant because it was the most comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) negotiated at the time, contained several groundbreaking provisions, and was the first of a new generation of U.S. FTAs later negotiated. Congress played a major role during its consideration and, after contentious and comprehensive debate, ultimately approved legislation to implement the agreement.\nNAFTA established trade liberalization commitments that set new rules and disciplines for future FTAs on issues important to the United States, including intellectual property rights protection, services trade, dispute settlement procedures, investment, labor, and the environment. NAFTA\u2019s market-opening provisions gradually eliminated nearly all tariff and most nontariff barriers on goods produced and traded within North America. At the time of NAFTA, average applied U.S. duties on imports from Mexico were 2.07%, while U.S. businesses faced average tariffs of 10%, in addition to nontariff and investment barriers, in Mexico. The U.S.-Canada FTA had been in effect since 1989. Trade among NAFTA partners has tripled since the agreement entered into force, forming a more integrated North American market. \nThe Trump Administration has made NAFTA renegotiation and modernization a prominent initial priority of its trade policy. President Trump has viewed the agreement as the \u201cworst trade deal,\u201d and has stated that he may seek to withdraw from the agreement. He has focused on the trade deficit with Mexico as a major reason for his critique. On May 18, 2017, the Trump Administration sent a 90-day notification to Congress of its intent to begin talks to renegotiate NAFTA, as required by the 2015 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) (P.L. 114-26). Negotiations started August 16, 2017. Stating they are committed to an expeditious process, negotiators plan to have a series of seven rounds at three-week intervals for a conclusion by the end of 2017 or early 2018. The fourth round of negotiations began at the time this report was printed. The final text of the agreement will not be released until after negotiations are concluded. NAFTA parties have agreed that the information exchanged in the context of the negotiations, such as the negotiating text, proposals of each government, and other materials related to the substance of the negotiations, must remain confidential. \nCongress will likely continue to be a major participant in shaping and potentially considering an updated NAFTA. Key issues for Congress in regard to the renegotiation or modernization include the constitutional authority of Congress over international trade, its role in revising or withdrawing from the agreement, the U.S. negotiating objectives, the impact on U.S. industries and the U.S. economy, the negotiating objectives of Canada and Mexico, and the impact on broader relations with Canada and Mexico. The outcome of these negotiations will have implications for the future direction of U.S. trade policy under President Trump.\nNAFTA renegotiation may provide opportunities to address issues not covered in the original text. Technology and industrial production processes have changed significantly since it was negotiated. The widespread use of the Internet has affected economic activities and the use of e-commerce, for example. A modernization could incorporate elements of more recent U.S. FTAs, such as digital and services trade and enhanced IPR protection. Many U.S. manufacturers, services providers, and agricultural producers oppose efforts to eliminate NAFTA and ask that the Trump Administration strive to \u201cdo no harm\u201d in the negotiations because they have much to lose if the United States pulls out of the agreement. Other groups contend that NAFTA should be rewritten to include stronger and more enforceable labor protections, provisions on currency manipulation, and stricter rules of origin.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R44981", "sha1": "61b5b059e556c52dd855386b8f808e51ba526a91", "filename": "files/20171012_R44981_61b5b059e556c52dd855386b8f808e51ba526a91.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171012_R44981_images_26f2e6b0f53562568a5ec0ddaae55213c1b24f1d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171012_R44981_images_d910b32f285806b9a8b7b19fb43a4b7ee21147de.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171012_R44981_images_6cc33dcb34375ff4dc437ea255b41706e392b7e7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R44981_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171012_R44981_images_9bc1e413dff5ab96f16e1e4106aa3136ad250b32.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R44981", "sha1": "1dd0994018d1b685564a7824b2765041888880e6", "filename": "files/20171012_R44981_1dd0994018d1b685564a7824b2765041888880e6.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4765, "name": "Trade Agreements & WTO" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Foreign Affairs", "Industry and Trade" ] }