{ "id": "R45300", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R45300", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Questioning Judicial Nominees: Legal Limitations and Practice", "retrieved": "2022-04-25T04:03:47.553907", "id": "R45300_4_2022-03-17", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2022-03-17_R45300_ce2264205a2272fcf7569bf9f894293cb42005b6.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45300/4", "sha1": "ce2264205a2272fcf7569bf9f894293cb42005b6" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-03-17_R45300_ce2264205a2272fcf7569bf9f894293cb42005b6.html" } ], "date": "2022-03-17", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "R", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45300", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584790, "date": "2018-08-30", "retrieved": "2018-09-12T22:22:27.106512", "title": "Questioning Judicial Nominees: Legal Limitations and Practice", "summary": "The U.S. Constitution vests the Senate with the role of providing \u201cadvice\u201d and affording or withholding \u201cconsent\u201d when a President nominates a candidate to be an Article III judge\u2014that is, a federal judge entitled to life tenure, such as a Supreme Court Justice. To carry out this \u201cadvice and consent\u201d role, the Senate typically holds a hearing at which Members question the nominee. After conducting this hearing, the Senate generally either \u201cconsents\u201d to the nomination by voting to confirm the nominee or instead rejects the nominee.\nNotably, many prior judicial nominees have refrained from answering certain questions during their confirmation hearings on the ground that responding to those questions would contravene norms of judicial ethics or the Constitution. Various \u201ccanons\u201d of judicial conduct\u2014that is, self-enforcing aspirational norms intended to promote the independence and integrity of the judiciary\u2014may potentially discourage nominees from fully answering certain questions that Senators may pose to them in the confirmation context. However, although these canons squarely prohibit some forms of conduct during the judicial confirmation process\u2014such as pledging to reach specified results in future cases if confirmed\u2014it is less clear whether or to what extent the canons constrain judges from providing Senators with more general information regarding their jurisprudential views. As a result, disagreement exists regarding the extent to which applicable ethical rules prohibit nominees from answering certain questions.\nBeyond the judicial ethics rules, broader constitutional values, such as due process and the separation of powers, have informed the Senate\u2019s questioning of judicial nominees. As a result, historical practice can help illuminate which questions a judicial nominee may or should refuse to answer during his or her confirmation. Recent Supreme Court nominees, for instance, have invoked the so-called \u201cGinsburg Rule\u201d to decline to discuss any cases that are currently pending before the Court or any issues that are likely to come before the Court. Senators and nominees have disagreed about whether any given response would improperly prejudge an issue that is likely to be contested at the Supreme Court. Although nominees have reached varied conclusions regarding which responses are permissible or impermissible, nominees have commonly answered general questions regarding their judicial philosophy, their prior statements, and judicial procedure. Nominees have been more hesitant, however, to answer specific questions about prior Supreme Court precedent, especially cases presenting issues that are likely to recur in the future. Ultimately, however, there are few available remedies when a nominee refuses to answer a particular question. Although a Senator may vote against a nominee who is not sufficiently forthcoming, as a matter of historical practice the Senate has rarely viewed lack of candor during confirmation hearings as disqualifying, and it does not appear that the Senate has ever rejected a Supreme Court nominee solely on the basis of evasiveness.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45300", "sha1": "b07053939282588910f3b2a403b0c18a69640f2e", "filename": "files/20180830_R45300_b07053939282588910f3b2a403b0c18a69640f2e.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45300", "sha1": "7632941ec1f97fb78e2901af57dca1b14fc305eb", "filename": "files/20180830_R45300_7632941ec1f97fb78e2901af57dca1b14fc305eb.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4755, "name": "Judicial Branch" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Foreign Affairs" ] }