{ "id": "R45415", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "R", "number": "R45415", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "U.S. Sanctions on Russia", "retrieved": "2022-02-15T04:03:42.179186", "id": "R45415_10_2022-01-18", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2022-01-18_R45415_a4001ba9468a68e32b66ce8a20001f1fc5109ad1.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45415/10", "sha1": "a4001ba9468a68e32b66ce8a20001f1fc5109ad1" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-01-18_R45415_a4001ba9468a68e32b66ce8a20001f1fc5109ad1.html" } ], "date": "2022-01-18", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "R", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45415", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 614543, "date": "2020-01-17", "retrieved": "2020-01-23T14:05:06.385064", "title": "U.S. Sanctions on Russia", "summary": "Sanctions are a central element of U.S. policy to counter and deter malign Russian behavior. The United States has imposed sanctions on Russia mainly in response to Russia\u2019s 2014 invasion of Ukraine, to reverse and deter further Russian aggression in Ukraine, and to deter Russian aggression against other countries. The United States also has imposed sanctions on Russia in response to (and to deter) election interference and other malicious cyber-enabled activities, human rights abuses, the use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, and support to Syria and Venezuela. Most Members of Congress support a robust use of sanctions amid concerns about Russia\u2019s international behavior and geostrategic intentions. \nSanctions related to Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine are based mainly on four executive orders (EOs) that President Obama issued in 2014. That year, Congress also passed and President Obama signed into law two acts establishing sanctions in response to Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine: the Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 (SSIDES; P.L. 113-95/H.R. 4152) and the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (UFSA; P.L. 113-272/H.R. 5859).\nIn 2017, Congress passed and President Trump signed into law the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44/H.R. 3364, Countering America\u2019s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act [CAATSA], Title II). This legislation codified Ukraine-related and cyber-related EOs, strengthened sanctions authorities initiated in Ukraine-related EOs and legislation, and identified several new targets for sanctions. It also established congressional review of any action the President takes to ease or lift a variety of sanctions. \nThe United States established sanctions related to Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine largely in coordination with the European Union (EU). Since 2017, the efforts of Congress and the Trump Administration to tighten sanctions on Russia have prompted some concern in the EU about U.S. commitment to sanctions coordination and U.S.-EU cooperation on Russia and Ukraine more broadly. Many in the EU oppose the United States\u2019 use of secondary sanctions, including sanctions aimed at curbing Russian energy export pipelines to Europe, such as Nord Stream 2.\nIn terms of economic impact, studies suggest that sanctions have had a negative but relatively modest impact on Russia\u2019s growth. Changes in world oil prices have had a much greater impact on the Russian economy. After oil prices rose in 2016, Russia\u2019s economy began to strengthen even as sanctions remained in place and, in some instances, were tightened. The Obama Administration and the EU designed sanctions related to Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine, in part, to impose longer-term pressures on Russia\u2019s economy while minimizing collateral damage to the Russian people and to the economic interests of the countries imposing sanctions.\nDebates about the effectiveness of sanctions against Russia continue in Congress, in the Administration, and among other stakeholders. Russia has not reversed its occupation and annexation of Ukraine\u2019s Crimea region, nor has it stopped sustaining separatist regimes in eastern Ukraine. In 2018, it extended its military operations against Ukraine to nearby waters. At the same time, Russia has not expanded its land-based operations in Ukraine, and Moscow participates in a conflict resolution process that formally recognizes Ukraine\u2019s sovereignty over Russia-controlled areas in eastern Ukraine. With respect to other malign activities, the relationship between sanctions and changes in Russian behavior is difficult to determine. Nonetheless, many observers argue that sanctions help restrain Russia or that their imposition is an appropriate foreign policy response regardless of immediate effect. \nThe 116th Congress has continued to consider new sanctions on Russia. The FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 116-92/S. 1790) establishes sanctions related to the construction of Nord Stream 2 and other Russian subsea natural gas export pipelines. The Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act of 2019 (S. 482) and other legislation propose additional measures to address Russian election interference, aggression in Ukraine, arms sales, and other activities.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45415", "sha1": "da46922198a479d0212fa35543187734fb0504be", "filename": "files/20200117_R45415_da46922198a479d0212fa35543187734fb0504be.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45415_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200117_R45415_images_db082ec0e558a9de75b34e36db5f298891889687.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45415_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200117_R45415_images_cee981c23ffef483a03926bc37882860fafecfdf.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45415", "sha1": "ccd0afb3308db7d592c51e5d7ba8b8cd0b5ce808", "filename": "files/20200117_R45415_ccd0afb3308db7d592c51e5d7ba8b8cd0b5ce808.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 611816, "date": "2019-01-11", "retrieved": "2019-12-20T20:11:50.406222", "title": "U.S. Sanctions on Russia", "summary": "Many observers consider sanctions to be a central element of U.S. policy to counter Russian malign behavior. Most Russia-related sanctions implemented by the United States have been levied in response to Russia\u2019s 2014 invasion of Ukraine. In addition, the United States has imposed sanctions on Russia in response to human rights abuses, election interference and cyberattacks, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, support to Syria, and use of a chemical weapon. The United States also employs sanctions to deter further objectionable activities. Most Members of Congress support a robust use of sanctions amid concerns about Russia\u2019s international behavior and geostrategic intentions. \nUkraine-related sanctions are mainly based on four executive orders (EOs) the President introduced in 2014. In addition, Congress passed and the President signed into law two acts establishing sanctions in response to Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine: the Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 (SSIDES; P.L. 113-95/H.R. 4152) and the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (UFSA; P.L. 113-272/H.R. 5859).\nIn 2017, Congress passed and the President signed into law the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44/H.R. 3364, Countering America\u2019s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act [CAATSA], Title II). This legislation codifies Ukraine-related and cyber-related EOs, strengthens existing Russia-related sanctions authorities, and identifies several new targets for sanctions. It also establishes congressional review of any action the President takes to ease or lift a variety of sanctions. \nAdditional sanctions on Russia may be forthcoming. On August 6, 2018, the United States determined that in March 2018 the Russian government used a chemical weapon in the United Kingdom in contravention of international law. In response, the United States launched an initial round of sanctions on Russia, as required by the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (CBW Act; P.L. 102-182/H.R. 1724, Title III). The law requires a second, more severe round of sanctions in the absence of Russia\u2019s reliable commitment to no longer use such weapons. \nThe United States has imposed most Ukraine-related sanctions on Russia in coordination with the European Union (EU). Since 2017, the efforts of Congress and the Trump Administration to tighten U.S. sanctions on Russia have prompted some degree of concern in the EU about U.S. commitment to sanctions coordination and U.S.-EU cooperation on Russia and Ukraine more broadly. The EU continues to consider the possibility of imposing sanctions in response to Russia\u2019s use of a chemical weapon in the United Kingdom, human rights abuses, and cyberattacks.\nDebates about the effectiveness of U.S. and other sanctions on Russia continue in Congress, in the Administration, and among other stakeholders. Russia has not reversed its occupation and annexation of Ukraine\u2019s Crimea region, nor has it stopped fostering separatism in eastern Ukraine. On the contrary, it has extended military operations to the Black Sea and the Azov Sea bordering Ukraine and Russia. With respect to other malign activities, the relationship between sanctions and Russian behavior is difficult to determine. Nonetheless, many observers argue that sanctions help to restrain Russia or that their imposition is an appropriate foreign policy response regardless of immediate effect. \nIn the 115th Congress, several bills were introduced to increase the use of sanctions in response to Russia\u2019s malign activities. The 116th Congress may continue to debate the role of sanctions in U.S. foreign policy toward Russia.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45415", "sha1": "381b3e0f2bbda1ac3be455a65360bfc1595614f4", "filename": "files/20190111_R45415_381b3e0f2bbda1ac3be455a65360bfc1595614f4.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45415_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190111_R45415_images_2d977c1e3878a06cf53244102017564cd3897653.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45415_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190111_R45415_images_920c6ad75b4920a18c9657eb6d8174f68576185b.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45415", "sha1": "c9c2771c25457933730c8bcc8d7f657b3561ee20", "filename": "files/20190111_R45415_c9c2771c25457933730c8bcc8d7f657b3561ee20.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 588058, "date": "2018-11-28", "retrieved": "2018-12-04T14:10:10.285039", "title": "U.S. Sanctions on Russia", "summary": "Sanctions are considered by many to be a central element of U.S. policy to counter Russian malign behavior. Most Russia-related sanctions have been in response to Russia\u2019s 2014 invasion of Ukraine. In addition, the United States has imposed sanctions on Russia in response to human rights abuses, election interference and cyberattacks, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with North Korea, support to Syria, and use of a chemical weapon. The United States also employs sanctions to deter further objectionable activities. Most Members of Congress support a robust use of sanctions amid concerns about Russia\u2019s international behavior and geostrategic intentions. \nUkraine-related sanctions are mainly based on four executive orders (EOs) the President introduced in 2014. In addition, Congress passed and the President signed into law two acts establishing sanctions in response to Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine: the Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 (SSIDES; P.L. 113-95) and the Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 (UFSA; P.L. 113-272).\nIn 2017, Congress passed and the President signed into law the Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 2017 (CRIEEA; P.L. 115-44, Countering America\u2019s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act [CAATSA], Title II). This legislation codifies Ukraine-related and cyber-related EOs, strengthens existing Russia-related sanctions authorities, and identifies several new targets for sanctions. It also establishes congressional review of any action the President takes to ease or lift a variety of sanctions. \nAdditional sanctions on Russia may be forthcoming. On August 6, 2018, the United States determined that in March 2018 the Russian government used a chemical weapon in the United Kingdom in contravention of international law. In response, the United States launched an initial round of sanctions on Russia, as required by the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (CBW Act; P.L. 102-182, Title III). The law requires a second, more severe round of sanctions in the absence of Russia\u2019s reliable commitment to no longer use such weapons. \nThe United States has imposed most Ukraine-related sanctions on Russia in coordination with the European Union (EU). Since 2017, the efforts of Congress and the Trump Administration to tighten U.S. sanctions on Russia have prompted some degree of concern in the EU about U.S. commitment to sanctions coordination and U.S.-EU cooperation on Russia and Ukraine more broadly. The EU, in addition, continues to consider its response to Russia\u2019s use of a chemical weapon in the United Kingdom.\nDebates about the effectiveness of U.S. and other sanctions on Russia continue in Congress, in the Administration, and among other stakeholders. Russia has not reversed its occupation and annexation of Ukraine\u2019s Crimea region, nor has it stopped fostering separatism in eastern Ukraine. With respect to other malign activities, the relationship between sanctions and Russian behavior is difficult to determine. Nonetheless, many observers argue that sanctions help to restrain Russia or that their imposition is an appropriate foreign policy response regardless of immediate effect. \nIn the 115th Congress, several bills have been introduced to increase the use of sanctions in response to Russia\u2019s malign activities. The 116th Congress is likely to continue to debate the role of sanctions in U.S. foreign policy toward Russia.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45415", "sha1": "4cd8adce6cadb8ba4900cb6e038cdded7ab2fef6", "filename": "files/20181128_R45415_4cd8adce6cadb8ba4900cb6e038cdded7ab2fef6.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45415_files&id=/1.png": "files/20181128_R45415_images_2d977c1e3878a06cf53244102017564cd3897653.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45415_files&id=/0.png": "files/20181128_R45415_images_920c6ad75b4920a18c9657eb6d8174f68576185b.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45415", "sha1": "6dd3a477610556bdc24c223f1cb0afcd74863161", "filename": "files/20181128_R45415_6dd3a477610556bdc24c223f1cb0afcd74863161.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Economic Policy", "European Affairs", "Foreign Affairs", "Industry and Trade", "Intelligence and National Security", "National Defense" ] }