{
  "id": "R45460",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "R45460",
  "active": true,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 590334,
      "date": "2019-01-15",
      "retrieved": "2019-12-20T20:10:53.231975",
      "title": "Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA): Overview and Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "Congress enacted the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA; P.L. 92-583, 16 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a71451-1466) in 1972 and has amended the act 11 times, most recently in 2009. CZMA sets up a national framework for states and territories to consider and manage coastal resources. If a state or territory chooses to develop a coastal zone management program and the program is approved, the state or territory (1) becomes eligible for several federal grants and (2) can perform reviews of federal agency actions in coastal areas (known as federal consistency determination reviews).\nEach level of government plays a role in coastal management under CZMA. At the federal level, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA\u2019s) Office for Coastal Management (OCM) in the Department of Commerce implements CZMA\u2019s national policies and provisions. OCM administers CZMA under several national programs; the National Coastal Zone Management Program (NCZMP) is the focus of this report. To participate in the NCZMP, states and territories (hereinafter referred to as states) must adhere to guidelines set out in CZMA and related regulations. States determine the details of their coastal management programs (CMPs), including the boundaries of their coastal zones, issues of most interest to the state, and policies to address these issues, among other factors. Local governments then implement the approved CMPs, often through land use regulations.\nThe Secretary of Commerce must approve state CMPs. Once the Secretary approves a state\u2019s CMP, the state is eligible to receive the NCZMP\u2019s benefits and is referred to as a participant in the program (16 U.S.C. \u00a71455). Participation in the NCZMP provides several advantages to participants, including eligibility for federal grant programs and the right to review federal actions for consistency with state coastal policies. Thirty-five states and territories (including states surrounding the Great Lakes, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) are eligible to participate. Although all 35 eligible states have at some point chosen to participate, 34 are currently part of the NCZMP. \nSince 1972, NOAA has allocated over $2 billion in coastal zone management-related grants to eligible coastal states. States have received amounts ranging from $13 million to over $106 million in grant funding, depending on factors such as how long the state has been a part of the NCZMP, the state\u2019s size and population, and extent of the state\u2019s applications to grant programs.\nCZMA consistency provisions (Section 307) require federal actions that have reasonably foreseeable effects on coastal uses or resources to be consistent with the enforceable policies of a participant\u2019s approved CMP. These actions may occur in the state\u2019s approved coastal zone or in federal or out-of-state waters (which may cause interstate coastal effects). Federal agencies or applicants proposing to perform these federal actions must submit a consistency determination to the potentially affected participant, certifying that the actions are consistent with state coastal policies and providing participants the opportunity to review their determinations (16 U.S.C. \u00a71456).\nThe 116th Congress may consider changes to CZMA. These changes may address issues such as growing population and infrastructure needs and changing environmental conditions along the coast, questions about the effectiveness of CZMA implementation, and expired authorization of appropriations for CZMA grant programs. Some of these concerns were addressed in proposed legislation in the 115th Congress, such as legislation to expand grant programs to cover more topics and affected groups, and may be addressed in the 116th Congress.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": true,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "encoding": "utf-8",
          "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/R45460",
          "sha1": "7b3ea099d75caa2b57c876d796b2c9dc6e32ae0f",
          "filename": "files/20190115_R45460_7b3ea099d75caa2b57c876d796b2c9dc6e32ae0f.html",
          "images": {
            "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45460_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190115_R45460_images_a75dad3acad1f5afaaabdfcdcfbc27abbf8a763f.png",
            "/products/Getimages/?directory=R/html/R45460_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190115_R45460_images_cc00a3871be11bbbf4d98792e90e1c8c7adef02f.png"
          }
        },
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "encoding": null,
          "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/R45460",
          "sha1": "1d6c78e274d50e6b7b2b87c895f419945e4c43cb",
          "filename": "files/20190115_R45460_1d6c78e274d50e6b7b2b87c895f419945e4c43cb.pdf",
          "images": {}
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "IBCList",
          "id": 4908,
          "name": "Oceans & Fisheries"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Appropriations",
    "Energy Policy",
    "Environmental Policy"
  ]
}