{
  "id": "RL30341",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL30341",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 436839,
      "date": "2015-01-05",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-06T22:50:08.538505",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \u201cOne China\u201d Policy\u2014Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": "Despite broadly consistent statements, the U.S. \u201cone China\u201d policy concerning Taiwan remains somewhat ambiguous and subject to different interpretations. Apart from questions about what the policy entails, issues have arisen about whether U.S. Presidents have stated clear positions and have changed or should change policy, affecting U.S. interests in security and democracy. This CRS Report, updated through the 113th Congress, analyzes the \u201cone China\u201d policy since U.S. Presidents began in 1971 to reach understandings with the People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC). Taiwan calls itself the Republic of China (ROC) and does not recognize the PRC. There are three sets of issues: sovereignty over Taiwan; PRC use of force or coercion against Taiwan; and cross-strait dialogue. The United States recognized the ROC until the end of 1978 and has maintained non-diplomatic engagement with Taiwan after recognition of the PRC in 1979. The State Department claims an \u201cunofficial\u201d relationship with Taiwan. The United States did not explicitly state Taiwan\u2019s status in the U.S.-PRC Joint Communiques of 1972, 1979, and 1982. The United States \u201cacknowledged\u201d the \u201cone China\u201d position of both sides of the Taiwan Strait.\nSince 1971, U.S. Presidents\u2014both secretly and publicly\u2014have articulated a \u201cone China\u201d policy in understandings with the PRC. Congressional oversight has watched for any new agreements and any shift in the U.S. stance closer to that of Beijing\u2019s \u201cone China\u201d principle\u2014on questions of sovereignty, arms sales, or dialogue. Not recognizing the PRC\u2019s claim over Taiwan or Taiwan as a sovereign state, U.S. policy has considered Taiwan\u2019s status as unsettled. With added conditions, U.S. policy leaves the Taiwan question to be resolved by the people on both sides of the strait: a \u201cpeaceful resolution\u201d with the assent of Taiwan\u2019s people and without unilateral changes. In short, U.S. policy focuses on the process of resolution of the Taiwan question, not any set outcome.\nThe Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) of 1979, P.L. 96-8, has governed U.S. policy in the absence of a diplomatic relationship or a defense treaty. The TRA stipulates the expectation that the future of Taiwan \u201cwill be determined\u201d by peaceful means. The TRA specifies that it is U.S. policy, among the stipulations: to consider any non-peaceful means to determine Taiwan\u2019s future \u201ca threat\u201d to the peace and security of the Western Pacific and of \u201cgrave concern\u201d to the United States; \u201cto provide Taiwan with arms of a defensive character;\u201d and \u201cto maintain the capacity of the United States to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion\u201d jeopardizing the security, or social or economic system of Taiwan\u2019s people. The TRA provides a congressional role in determining security assistance \u201cnecessary to enable Taiwan to maintain a sufficient self-defense capability.\u201d President Reagan also offered \u201cSix Assurances\u201d to Taipei in 1982, partly to continue arms sales.\nPolicy makers have continued to face unresolved issues, while the political and strategic context of the policy has changed dramatically since the 1970s. Since the early 1990s, U.S. interests in the military balance as well as Taiwan\u2019s security and democracy have been challenged by the PRC\u2019s military buildup (particularly in missiles) and potential coercion, moves perceived by Beijing for Taiwan\u2019s de jure independence under the Democratic Progressive Party\u2019s (DPP\u2019s) president (2000-2008), and resistance in Taiwan by the Kuomintang (KMT) party to investing in self-defense. After the KMT\u2019s Ma Ying-jeou became President in May 2008, Taipei and Beijing reduced tension and resumed talks\u2014beyond seeking detente. With President Obama since 2009, a rhetorical convergence emerged about \u201cpeaceful development\u201d of cross-strait ties. However, disagreements remain about the PRC\u2019s goal of political talks for unification, Taiwan\u2019s status, Taiwan\u2019s self-defense, and U.S. arms sales and other cooperation with Taiwan. On September 23, 2014, 29 Members of the House sent a letter to Secretary of State John Kerry, calling for a new Taiwan Policy Review (after 20 years) to examine expanded engagement with Taiwan.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "encoding": "utf-8",
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL30341",
          "sha1": "d478fe5e0cb9947c0e667740156ea4e9ab06b1c8",
          "filename": "files/20150105_RL30341_d478fe5e0cb9947c0e667740156ea4e9ab06b1c8.html",
          "images": null
        },
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "encoding": null,
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL30341",
          "sha1": "6a250771f574e01575c1cc9fa15c71f92858ef44",
          "filename": "files/20150105_RL30341_6a250771f574e01575c1cc9fa15c71f92858ef44.pdf",
          "images": null
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "IBCList",
          "id": 278,
          "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc461954/",
      "id": "RL30341_2014Oct10",
      "date": "2014-10-10",
      "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \"One China\" Policy \u2014 Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": "This report provides background information regarding U.S. policy on \"One China\". The second part of this report discusses the highlights of key statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20141010_RL30341_572537448b05fce6afa549d46fc40fcc931966b4.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20141010_RL30341_572537448b05fce6afa549d46fc40fcc931966b4.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- Taiwan -- U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- Taiwan -- U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Taiwan",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Taiwan"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "International affairs",
          "name": "International affairs"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc227954/",
      "id": "RL30341_2013Aug26",
      "date": "2013-08-26",
      "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \"One China\" Policy--Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": "This report provides background information regarding U.S. policy on \"One China\". The second part of this report discusses the highlights of key statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20130826_RL30341_49b566c372d2899113a9f853efe697ad596f7302.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20130826_RL30341_49b566c372d2899113a9f853efe697ad596f7302.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- Taiwan -- U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- Taiwan -- U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Taiwan",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Taiwan"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "International affairs",
          "name": "International affairs"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815182/",
      "id": "RL30341_2011Jun03",
      "date": "2011-06-03",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \u201cOne China\u201d Policy\u2014Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20110603_RL30341_2a12f8b513bc9e7220a48a56d21b698368647ac3.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20110603_RL30341_2a12f8b513bc9e7220a48a56d21b698368647ac3.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc227953/",
      "id": "RL30341_2011Jan10",
      "date": "2011-01-10",
      "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \"One China\" Policy --Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": "Report that reviews the relationship between the United States, Taiwan, and China, and comprehensively reviews the evolution of the \"one China\" issue as it has been articulated in key statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20110110_RL30341_80a0c3ea84512024e2b29b8d0585628f504b68ac.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20110110_RL30341_80a0c3ea84512024e2b29b8d0585628f504b68ac.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- Taiwan -- U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- Taiwan -- U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Taiwan",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Taiwan"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "U.S. foreign policy -- China",
          "name": "U.S. foreign policy -- China"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700647/",
      "id": "RL30341_2009Aug17",
      "date": "2009-08-17",
      "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \"One China\" Policy--Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": "This report provides background information regarding U.S. policy on \"One China\". The second part of this report discusses the highlights of key statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20090817_RL30341_22b103896bfb0f3e0e45af1f470fbb6019adfb93.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20090817_RL30341_22b103896bfb0f3e0e45af1f470fbb6019adfb93.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Taiwan",
          "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Taiwan"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "International affairs",
          "name": "International affairs"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc812525/",
      "id": "RL30341_2007Dec13",
      "date": "2007-12-13",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \u201cOne China\u201d Policy \u2014 Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20071213_RL30341_a08ce8b1950323132e09f8386d874a8177b7a0b4.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20071213_RL30341_a08ce8b1950323132e09f8386d874a8177b7a0b4.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807848/",
      "id": "RL30341_2007Jul09",
      "date": "2007-07-09",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \u201cOne China\u201d Policy \u2014 Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20070709_RL30341_2b6dd521ab702fa28aa8e8617669b0a0c594c87f.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20070709_RL30341_2b6dd521ab702fa28aa8e8617669b0a0c594c87f.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9896/",
      "id": "RL30341 2006-09-07",
      "date": "2006-09-07",
      "retrieved": "2007-06-12T15:46:48",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \"One China\" Policy - Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": "In Part I, this CRS report discusses the policy on \u201cone China\u201d since the United States began in 1971 to reach understandings with the People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) government in Beijing. Part II documents the evolution of the \u201cone China\u201d principle as articulated in key statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei. The U.S. policy on \u201cone China\u201d has evolved to cover three issues: sovereignty, peaceful resolution, and cross-strait dialogue.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20060907_RL30341_10105ad24c7366cd77e937630ea1e85cf7a72bfd.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20060907_RL30341_10105ad24c7366cd77e937630ea1e85cf7a72bfd.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Taiwan",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Taiwan"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - China - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - China - U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "U.S. foreign policy - China",
          "name": "U.S. foreign policy - China"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10493/",
      "id": "RL30341_2006Sep07",
      "date": "2006-09-06",
      "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:25:55",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \"One China\" Policy -- Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": "Despite apparently consistent statements in over three decades, the \"one China\" policy concerning Taiwan remains somewhat ambiguous and subject to different interpretations. Questions have arisen about the policy itself and about the policy in relation to U.S. interests regarding peace and stability. This report discusses U.S. policy on the \"one China\" policy in regards to three major issues: sovereignty, use of force, and cross-strait dialogue. Since the mid-1990s, U.S. interests in preventing conflict across the Taiwan Strait have been challenged by China's military modernization and Taiwanese moves toward independence that have been perceived in Beijing as provocative. This report describes these issues in detail, including relevant legislation.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20060906_RL30341_10105ad24c7366cd77e937630ea1e85cf7a72bfd.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20060906_RL30341_10105ad24c7366cd77e937630ea1e85cf7a72bfd.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "U.S. foreign policy - China",
          "name": "U.S. foreign policy - China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - China - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - China - U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Taiwan",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Taiwan"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - Taiwan - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - Taiwan - U.S."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8002/",
      "id": "RL30341 2004-06-01",
      "date": "2004-06-01",
      "retrieved": "2006-02-14T16:23:09",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \"One China\" Policy - Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": "In Part I, this CRS report discusses the policy on \u201cone China\u201d since the United States began in 1971 to reach understandings with the People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) government in Beijing. Part II documents the evolution of the \u201cone China\u201d principle as articulated in key statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei. The U.S. policy on \u201cone China\u201d has evolved to cover three issues: sovereignty, peaceful resolution, and cross-strait dialogue.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20040601_RL30341_cc47b6416bec38f7e036fd8ad823c752ed9f5957.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20040601_RL30341_cc47b6416bec38f7e036fd8ad823c752ed9f5957.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Taiwan",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Taiwan"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - China - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - China - U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "U.S. foreign policy - China",
          "name": "U.S. foreign policy - China"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc810147/",
      "id": "RL30341_2002Dec16",
      "date": "2002-12-16",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \u201cOne China\u201d Policy \u2013 Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20021216_RL30341_0ed737750906e65c83bbe80eed258a5d56d32dcd.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20021216_RL30341_0ed737750906e65c83bbe80eed258a5d56d32dcd.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1783/",
      "id": "RL30341 2001-03-12",
      "date": "2001-03-12",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-11T17:24:10",
      "title": "China/Taiwan: Evolution of the \"One China\" Policy - Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei",
      "summary": "In Part I, this CRS report discusses the policy on \u201cone China\u201d since the United States began in 1971 to reach understandings with the People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) government in Beijing. Part II documents the evolution of the \u201cone China\u201d principle as articulated in key statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei. The U.S. policy on \u201cone China\u201d has evolved to cover three issues: sovereignty, peaceful resolution, and cross-strait dialogue.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20010312_RL30341_053b367ea7d5b94d0cbb59afa958e1d6cfd46155.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20010312_RL30341_053b367ea7d5b94d0cbb59afa958e1d6cfd46155.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Taiwan",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Taiwan"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - China - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - China - U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "U.S. foreign policy - China",
          "name": "U.S. foreign policy - China"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Asian Affairs",
    "Constitutional Questions",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}