{
  "id": "RL30379",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL30379",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 333791,
      "date": "1999-11-30",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:40:51.453941",
      "title": "Missile Defense Options for Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan: A Review of the Defense Department Report to Congress",
      "summary": "The FY 1999 National Defense Authorization Act ( P.L. 105-261 ) required the Secretary of\nDefense\nto study the U.S. missile defense systems that could protect, and could be transferred to, Japan,\nSouth Korea, and Taiwan. The Secretary was directed to describe these missile defense systems and\nthe factors used in the study in separate classified and unclassified reports to Congress. In May\n1999, the Department of Defense (DoD) transmitted the unclassified report which provides a\ndiscussion of five missile defense systems that are currently being developed by the United States\nand could be provided to Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan: systems similar to the U.S.\nPatriot PAC-3, Navy Area Defense (NAD), Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), and\nNavy Theater Wide (NTW) Phase I with Standard Missile-3 Block I, and Phase II with Standard\nMissile-3 Block II. The report weighed various combinations of these systems, stating what number\nof missile defense units \"could reasonably be expected to provide area coverage ... against a limited\nattack....\" DoD's analysis of the individual characteristics and limitations of the five systems showed\nthey would provide different results for different areas. For Japan, an option like NTW Block II\nproved best. The differing geography of South Korea and the threat it faces indicated a combination\nof THAAD-like and PAC-3-like systems would be most effective. According to the DoD report,\nTaiwan could be protected by one system similar to THAAD, NTW Block I, or NTW Block II. \nHowever, Taiwan's defense may well require a combination of lower-tier systems like PAC-3 or\nNAD and upper-tier systems like NTW (Block I or II) or THAAD for layered defenses.\n Information in the DoD report was constrained because it was unclassified, the reporting\nrequirement was narrow, and DoD had relatively little time to complete the study. The DoD report\nfocuses on the TMD requirements for coverage of particular areas, considering the minimum number\nof firing units needed for maximum coverage. It therefore remains unclear how well these\nU.S. TMD systems would protect East Asia against the missiles of North Korea and China. For\ninstance, the report does not explain the net capabilities of the defense systems against fast missiles,\nlow-flying missiles, a large number of missiles, missiles carrying weapons of mass destruction\n(WMD), or missiles with penetration aids, multiple warheads, or submunitions. Some of these\nissues relate to the different perspectives among foreign leaders, as well as U.S. citizens, as to the\ntechnical distinctions between strategic missiles and theater missiles, and between national missile\ndefense and theater missile defense. It was also beyond the scope of report requirements to evaluate\nthe international political, strategic and tactical military, or foreign and domestic economic\nadvisability of transferring particular missile defense units to Japan, South Korea, or Taiwan. In a\ncontext broader than that presented by the DoD report, there are issues and options concerning\nalternative ways in which the United States could provide missile defense to East Asia. For instance,\nit could unilaterally deploy TMD systems with U.S. troops in Asia; sell TMD systems to one or more\nparties; or co-develop and co-produce TMD or NMD systems with one or more allies or friends.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL30379",
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      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}