{
  "id": "RL30386",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL30386",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 101747,
      "date": "1999-12-14",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:40:12.905941",
      "title": "Cuba-U.S. Relations: Chronology of Key Events 1959-1999",
      "summary": "This chronology outlines major events in U.S.-Cuban relations from Fidel Castro's rise to power\nin\n1959 through 1999. The chronology provides more detailed information on events since 1994,\nincluding U.S. legislative action and congressional hearings and significant economic and political\nevents in Cuba.\n  In the 1960s, U.S.-Cuban relations deteriorated quickly as the Castro government espoused\nCommunism and aligned itself with the Soviet Union. After Cuba began expropriating U.S. property\nin 1960, the United States began imposing economic sanctions. In 1961, diplomatic relations were\nbroken in January, and in April the United States sponsored the failed Bay of Pigs invasion led by\nCuban exiles to overthrow Castro. President Kennedy imposed a near total embargo on Cuba in\nFebruary 1962. In the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States confronted the Soviet\nUnion over the introduction of nuclear missiles in Cuba.\n  In the 1970s, there were some efforts toward normalizing relations, but these were undermined\nby Cuba's policy of supporting revolutionary movements abroad. The U.S. embargo was modified\nin 1975 to allow U.S. foreign subsidiaries to trade with Cuba. Under the Carter Administration, the\nUnited States essentially lifted its ban on travel with Cuba and \"interests sections\" were established\nin Havana and Washington in 1977. In the late 1970s, prospects for normalized relations dimmed\nwith Cuba's increased military role in Africa and its support for revolutionary movements in Central\nAmerica and the Caribbean. \n  The 1980s began with the Mariel boatlift in which some 125,000 Cubans were allowed to leave\ntheir island nation for the United States by boat. The Reagan Administration adopted a harder line\npolicy toward Cuba. In 1982, it reimposed restrictions on travel to Cuba, although certain categories\nof travel were permitted. The 1983 U.S. invasion of Grenada ended Cuban support for the\nrevolutionary government of that country. U.S. government-sponsored broadcasting to Cuba, Radio\nMarti, began operations in 1985.\n  In the 1990s, U.S. sanctions were strengthened, while a policy of providing support to the\nCuban people gained momentum. In 1992, the United States tightened its embargo on Cuba with the\nCuban Democracy Act, which again banned U.S. foreign subsidiary trade with Cuba. The act also\nincluded measures of support for the Cuban people such as the establishment of direct telephone\nservice. With the loss of backing from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Cuba experienced rapid\neconomic decline. In the summer of 1994, thousands of Cubans began fleeing to the United States\nby boat. This led to two U.S.-Cuban migration accords. In February 1996, Cuban military jets shot\ndown two U.S. civilian planes, killing four Americans. The action led to approval of the Cuban\nLiberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, which strengthened U.S. sanctions. In the aftermath of Pope\nJohn Paul's visit to Cuba in January 1998, the Clinton Administration has taken policy initiatives\nto support the Cuban people, including an expansion of direct flights and increased exchanges.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL30386",
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      ],
      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Economic Policy",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "Latin American Affairs"
  ]
}