{
  "id": "RL30528",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL30528",
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  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 104445,
      "date": "2001-06-28",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:22:56.505941",
      "title": "National Monuments and the Antiquities Act: President Clinton's Designations and Related Issues",
      "summary": "President Clinton used the Antiquities Act of 1906 (16 U.S.C. \u00bf\u00bf431-433) to create 19 new\nnational\nmonuments and enlarge 3 others. All but one of the designations were made during President\nClinton's last year in office. The new monuments range in size from 2 acres to nearly 1.9 million\nacres. The 22 monuments created or enlarged by President Clinton total about 5.9 million acres, the\nsecond largest acreage of any President, and only President Franklin D. Roosevelt used his authority\nmore often (on 28 occasions vs. 22 for President Clinton). \n The Antiquities Act authorizes the President to create national monuments on federal lands that\ncontain historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, or other objects of historic or scientific\ninterest. The President is to reserve \"the smallest area compatible with the proper care and\nmanagement of the objects to be protected.\" The Act was designed to quickly protect federal lands\nand resources, and Presidents have proclaimed about 120 monuments totaling about more than 70\nmillion acres. Congress has modified many of these, has created monuments itself, and about a\ndozen times has abolished presidentially created monuments. \n Presidential establishment of monuments sometimes has been contentious, e.g., President\nFranklin Delano Roosevelt's creation of the Jackson Hole National Monument in Wyoming (1943)\nand especially President Carter's massive Alaskan withdrawals (1978). Monuments created by\nPresident Clinton also have generated criticisms centering on the size and the types of resources\nprotected; the level and types of threats to areas; the inclusion of non-federal lands within monument\nboundaries; effects on land uses; the agency that manages the monuments; the constitutionality of\nthe Act; and consistencies of the Act with the withdrawal, public participation, and environmental\nreview aspects of other laws. Opponents have sought to revoke or limit the President's authority to\nproclaim monuments, or to impose environmental studies and consultation procedures, among other\nchanges. Supporters favor the Act in its present form, as applied by Presidents for nearly a century,\nand note that many past designations that initially were controversial have come to be supported. \nThey contend that the President needs continued authority to promptly protect valuable resources on\nfederal lands that may be threatened. \n  President Clinton selected the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to manage many of the\nmonuments, but other agencies were assigned to manage monuments as well. Monuments typically\nare established or enlarged subject to valid existing rights, which would allow existing rights to\ncontinue, e.g., development of valid existing mineral rights. In general, land uses may continue if\nthey are not barred by the proclamations and do not conflict with monument purposes. Usually the\nproclamations and supporting documents do address land uses. Many of the new monuments bar\n new  mining claims and mineral and energy leases, as well as motorized vehicle use off-\nroad,\nalthough grazing often is allowed. In some cases, water rights have been reserved for the federal\ngovernment, while in others water rights are expressly  not  reserved. Monument\nmanagement plans,\nto be developed with public participation, also will elaborate on land use regulation.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
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      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1462/",
      "id": "RL30528 2001-01-15",
      "date": "2001-01-15",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-10T22:26:44",
      "title": "National Monuments and the Antiquities Act: Recent Designations and Issues",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
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          "filename": "files/20010115_RL30528_1a269e3d2cdba7e8e6d4a09d81a8c3bc8b59c1a9.html"
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      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Commemorations",
          "name": "Commemorations"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Presidential powers",
          "name": "Presidential powers"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "National monuments",
          "name": "National monuments"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Presidents",
          "name": "Presidents"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Public lands",
          "name": "Public lands"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "American Law",
    "Constitutional Questions",
    "Energy Policy",
    "Environmental Policy"
  ]
}