{
  "id": "RL30967",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL30967",
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  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 100397,
      "date": "2002-06-14",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:08:26.307941",
      "title": "National Missile Defense: Russia's Reaction",
      "summary": "In the late 1990s, the United States began to focus on the possible deployment of defenses\nagainst\nlong-range ballistic missiles. The planned National Missile Defense (NMD) system would have\nexceeded the terms of the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Recognizing this, the Clinton\nAdministration sought to convince Russia to modify the terms of the Treaty. But Russia was\nunwilling to accept any changes to the Treaty. It also decried the U.S plan to deploy NMD, insisting\nthat it would upset strategic stability and start a new arms race.\n  Russia claimed that the ABM Treaty is the \"cornerstone of strategic stability\" and that, without\nits limits on missile defense, the entire framework of offensive arms control agreements could\ncollapse. Furthermore, Russia argued that a U.S. NMD system would undermine Russia's nuclear\ndeterrent and upset stability by allowing the United States to initiate an attack and protect itself from\nretaliatory strike. The Clinton Administration claimed that the U.S. NMD system would be directed\nagainst rogue nations and would be too limited to intercept a Russian attack. But Russian officials\nquestioned this argument. They doubted that rogue nations would have the capability to attack U.S.\nterritory for some time, and they believed that the United States could expand its NMD system\neasily. Furthermore, they argued that, when combined with the entirety of U.S. conventional and\nnuclear weapons, an NMD system would place the United States in a position of strategic\nsuperiority.\n  During the Clinton Administration and first year of the Bush Administration, Russian officials\nstated that, if the United States withdrew from the ABM Treaty and deployed an NMD, Russia\nwould withdraw from a range of offensive arms control agreements. Furthermore, Russia could\ndeploy multiple warheads on its ICBMs to overcome a U.S. NMD, or deploy new intermediate-range\nmissiles or shorter-range nuclear systems to enhance its military capabilities.\n  Russia has also outlined diplomatic and cooperative military initiatives as alternatives to the\ndeployment of a U.S. NMD. Russia has proposed that the international community negotiate a\nGlobal Missile and Missile Technology Non-Proliferation regime as a means to discourage nations\nfrom acquiring ballistic missiles. It has also suggested that it would cooperate with nations in\nEurope to develop and deploy defenses against theater-range ballistic missiles. Many analysts\nbelieve this proposal was designed to win support among U.S. allies for Russia's opposition to the\nU.S. NMD program. U.S. officials expressed an interest in the idea but said it could not substitute\nfor defenses against longer-range missiles.\n  The Clinton Administration sought to address Russia's concerns by offering continued support\nto the fundamental principles of the ABM Treaty and by seeking to convince Russia that the U.S.\nNMD system would remain too limited to threaten Russia's nuclear deterrent. The Bush\nAdministration, in contrast, has supported more robust missile defenses, but it also has stated that\nthey will not be directed against Russia's offensive forces. The President has indicated that the\nUnited States will need to move beyond the limits in the ABM Treaty, but he suggested that Russia\njoin the United States in developing a new strategic framework.",
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      "typeId": "REPORTS",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2062/",
      "id": "RL30967 2001-08-10",
      "date": "2001-08-10",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-12T17:18:29",
      "title": "National Missile Defense: Russia's Reaction",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Weapons systems",
          "name": "Weapons systems"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Ballistic missile defenses",
          "name": "Ballistic missile defenses"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Nuclear weapons - Treaties",
          "name": "Nuclear weapons - Treaties"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "International affairs",
          "name": "International affairs"
        }
      ]
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  ],
  "topics": [
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}