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      "title": "Internet Privacy: Overview and Legislation in the 109th Congress, 1st Session",
      "summary": "Internet privacy issues encompass several types of concerns. One is the collection of personally\nidentifiable information (PII) by website operators from visitors to government and commercial\nwebsites, or by software that is surreptitiously installed on a user\u2019s computer\n(\u201cspyware\u201d) and\ntransmits the information to someone else. Another is the monitoring of electronic mail and Web\nusage by the government or law enforcement officials, employers, or email service providers.\n \n The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks intensified debate over the issue of monitoring by the\ngovernment and law enforcement officials, with some advocating increased tools to help them track\ndown terrorists, and others cautioning that fundamental tenets of democracy, such as privacy, not be\nendangered in that pursuit. Congress passed the 2001 USA PATRIOT Act ( P.L. 107-56 ) that,\n inter\nalia , makes it easier for law enforcement officials to monitor Internet activities. That act was\namended by the Homeland Security Act ( P.L. 107-296 ), loosening restrictions as to when, and to\nwhom, Internet Service Providers may voluntarily release the content of communications if they\nbelieve there is a danger of death or injury. Some provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act, including\ntwo that relate to Internet use, would have expired on December 31, 2005. Congress passed a brief\nextension (to February 3, 2006) in  P.L. 109-160 . Debate over whether civil liberties protections\nneed to be added if the provisions are to be made permanent is expected to continue in the second\nsession of the 109th Congress. Revelations that President Bush directed the National Security\nAgency to monitor some communications, including e-mails, in the United States without warrants\nmay affect those deliberations.\n \n The debate over website information policies concerns whether industry self regulation or\nlegislation is the best approach to protecting consumer privacy. Congress has considered legislation\nthat would require  commercial  website operators to follow certain fair information practices,\nbut the\nonly law that has been enacted (COPPA,  P.L. 105-277 ) concerns the privacy of children under 13,\nnot the general public. Legislation has passed regarding information practices for  federal\ngovernment  websites, including the E-Government Act ( P.L. 107-347 ). \n \n The growing controversy about how to protect computer users from \u201cspyware\u201d\nwithout creating\nunintended consequences is discussed briefly in this report, but in more detail in  CRS Report RL32706 . Another issue, identity theft, is not an Internet privacy issue per se, but is often debated\nin the context of whether the Internet makes identity theft more prevalent. For example,\nInternet-based practices called \u201cphishing\u201d and \u201cpharming\u201d may\ncontribute to identity theft. Identity\ntheft is briefly discussed in this report; more information is available in  CRS Report RS22082 ,  CRS Report RL31919 , and  CRS Report RL32535 . Wireless privacy issues are discussed in  CRS Report RL31636 .\n \n This is the final edition of this report. It provides an overview of Internet privacy issues and\nrelated laws passed in previous Congresses, and discusses legislative activity in the first session of\nthe 109th Congress.",
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