{ "id": "RL31448", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL31448", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 378881, "date": "2011-02-07", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T22:09:28.422518", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": "On May 24, 2002, President Bush and Russia\u2019s President Putin signed the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (known as the Moscow Treaty). It mandated that the United States and Russia reduce their strategic nuclear weapons to between 1,700 and 2,200 warheads by December 31, 2012. The U.S. Senate gave its advice and consent to ratification on March 6, 2003; the Russian Parliament did the same on May 14, 2003. The treaty entered into force on June 1, 2003, and lapsed on February 5, 2011, when the New START Treaty entered into force.\nRussia entered the negotiations seeking a \u201clegally binding document\u201d that would contain limits, definitions, counting rules and elimination rules that resembled those in the START Treaties. Russia also wanted the treaty to contain a statement noting U.S. missile defenses would not undermine the effectiveness of Russia\u2019s offensive forces. The United States preferred a less formal process in which the two nations would state their intentions to reduce their nuclear forces, possibly accompanied by a document outlining added monitoring and transparency measures. Furthermore, the United States had no intention of including restrictions on missile defenses in an agreement outlining reductions in strategic offensive nuclear weapons.\nRussia convinced the United States to sign a legally binding treaty, but the United States rejected any limits and counting rules that would require the elimination of delivery vehicles and warheads removed from service. It wanted the flexibility to reduce its forces at its own pace, and to restore warheads to deployed forces if conditions warranted. The treaty contains four substantive Articles. The first limited each side to 1,700-2,200 strategic nuclear warheads, but states that the parties can determine the structure of their forces themselves. The second states that START I remained in force; the parties would use that treaty\u2019s verification regime to monitor reductions under the Moscow Treaty. The third established a bilateral implementation commission and the fourth sets December 31, 2012, for the treaty\u2019s expiration and noted that either party could withdraw on three months notice.\nUnder the Moscow Treaty, the United States retained most of the delivery vehicles planned for START II, which would have limited each side to 3,500 warheads. But the United States removed additional warheads from deployed forces and left out of its tally warheads that could be deployed on systems in overhaul or assigned to conventional missions. Russia eliminated many of its existing ballistic missiles and submarines, retaining fewer than 150 multiple warhead ICBMs, around 200 single warhead ICBMs, and 10 ballistic missile submarines.\nAccording to official and unofficial reports, both sides have implemented the treaty smoothly. However, they have not held all the planned consultations, as there has been little to discuss. Instead, the two nations began, in 2006, to hold discussions about the 2009 expiration of the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), which contains monitoring provisions that aid with verification of the Moscow Treaty. \nThis report will no longer be updated.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL31448", "sha1": "cf5e4414667a8cc0af1e6183eafd3580707ae8b4", "filename": "files/20110207_RL31448_cf5e4414667a8cc0af1e6183eafd3580707ae8b4.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL31448", "sha1": "bd1c6cee57542178d8ac403eb729970056e8b799", "filename": "files/20110207_RL31448_bd1c6cee57542178d8ac403eb729970056e8b799.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc227973/", "id": "RL31448_2011Jan03", "date": "2011-01-03", "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": "Report that provides background information regarding the Nuclear Arms Control negotiations between U.S. and Russia. Articles of the Treaty of Moscow and force structures under this treaty are discussed.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110103_RL31448_40eeb58625e0fd7f776a0a772e574aa80acafcd2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110103_RL31448_40eeb58625e0fd7f776a0a772e574aa80acafcd2.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear weapons information", "name": "Nuclear weapons information" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc505487/", "id": "RL31448_2010Jan12", "date": "2010-01-12", "retrieved": "2015-05-29T05:37:21", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": "This report provides a brief overview of the United States' and Russia's objectives when they began discussions on the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty and a summary of how they resolved these differences when concluding the negotiations. It then describes the key provisions in the Treaty, offers a brief assessment of how each nation fared in achieving its objectives when negotiating this agreement, and a summary of reaction from U.S. and Russian commentators.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100112_RL31448_0e0502556a71b9185d512abcdaba0c1e562ed75d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100112_RL31448_0e0502556a71b9185d512abcdaba0c1e562ed75d.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear weapons", "name": "Nuclear weapons" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Strategic forces", "name": "Strategic forces" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463202/", "id": "RL31448_2008Dec30", "date": "2008-12-30", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": "This report provides a brief overview of U.S. and Russian objectives when they began discussions on the 1994 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and a summary of how they resolved these differences when concluding the negotiations. It then describes the key provisions in the Treaty and presents illustrative forces that each side might deploy in the next 10 years. It offers a brief assessment of how each nation fared in achieving its objectives when negotiating this agreement and a summary of reaction from U.S. and Russian commentators. It concludes with a brief review of the issues raised during the Treaty's ratification debates.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20081230_RL31448_550b4e7aad0c93990538f9bb050732a4bc371079.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20081230_RL31448_550b4e7aad0c93990538f9bb050732a4bc371079.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear weapons information", "name": "Nuclear weapons information" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military policy", "name": "Military policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear warfare", "name": "Nuclear warfare" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Treaties", "name": "Treaties" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc93962/", "id": "RL31448_2008Jan18", "date": "2008-01-18", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": "This report provides background information regarding the Nuclear Arms Control negotiations between U.S. and Russia. In addition it discusses treaties, the content and form of the agreements.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080118_RL31448_4e6acad5810e00c66e9d5e03f013740f5141dc9e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080118_RL31448_4e6acad5810e00c66e9d5e03f013740f5141dc9e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear weapons information", "name": "Nuclear weapons information" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc817406/", "id": "RL31448_2007Jan03", "date": "2007-01-03", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070103_RL31448_85ca5472ef5f97b0fdf56681b9ac298ac7c6353f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070103_RL31448_85ca5472ef5f97b0fdf56681b9ac298ac7c6353f.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10461/", "id": "RL31448_2006Oct12", "date": "2006-10-12", "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:26:10", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": "On May 24, 2002, President Bush and Russia's President Putin signed the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (known as the Treaty of Moscow) that will reduce strategic nuclear weapons to between 1,700 and 2,200 warheads by December 31, 2012. Russia convinced the United States to sign a legally binding treaty, but the United States rejected any limits and counting rules that would require the elimination of delivery vehicles and warheads removed from service. It wanted the flexibility to reduce its forces at its own pace, and to restore warheads to deployed forces if conditions warranted. Russian officials have hailed the success of Russia's diplomacy in convincing the United States to sign a legally binding Treaty that casts Russia as an equal partner in the arms control process.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20061012_RL31448_3b27b2510ff237fcba421caeba41703d7a5aba0f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20061012_RL31448_3b27b2510ff237fcba421caeba41703d7a5aba0f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nucler nonproliferation", "name": "Nucler nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8365/", "id": "RL31448 2006-01-23", "date": "2006-01-23", "retrieved": "2006-02-28T08:56:58", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060123_RL31448_6f08318a9a674450a2b240f34a06aae0cf9e22c0.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060123_RL31448_6f08318a9a674450a2b240f34a06aae0cf9e22c0.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation - Treaties", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation - Treaties" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6182/", "id": "RL31448 2005-01-21", "date": "2005-01-21", "retrieved": "2005-06-11T04:35:25", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20050121_RL31448_8dd2330ad581aebd5bd56287631a7732a7ff1d4e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20050121_RL31448_8dd2330ad581aebd5bd56287631a7732a7ff1d4e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation - Treaties", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation - Treaties" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4273/", "id": "RL31448 2003-05-20", "date": "2003-05-20", "retrieved": "2005-06-11T04:34:49", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20030520_RL31448_142850c1a3d277191f4d27a38e5f9e37b6af901c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20030520_RL31448_142850c1a3d277191f4d27a38e5f9e37b6af901c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Russia - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Russia" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation - Treaties", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation - Treaties" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc811860/", "id": "RL31448_2003Mar03", "date": "2003-03-03", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20030303_RL31448_70489f4bad525f234cfc0542d2797fc493831356.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20030303_RL31448_70489f4bad525f234cfc0542d2797fc493831356.html" } ], "topics": [] } ], "topics": [ "Foreign Affairs", "National Defense" ] }