{
  "id": "RL31497",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL31497",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
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      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 101318,
      "date": "2003-09-08",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-08T14:38:39.018544",
      "title": "Creation of Executive Departments: Highlights from the Legislative History of Modern Precedents",
      "summary": "On November 25, 2002, President George W. Bush signed legislation to establish a Department\nof\nHomeland Security ( P.L. 107-296 , 106 Stat. 2135). In the period from World War II until the\nestablishment of this latest department, Congress also created or implemented major reorganizations\nof seven other Cabinet departments. This report provides a brief legislative history of the\nestablishment of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and for the purpose of comparison,\ndescribes the principal elements of the legislative process that established the Departments of\nDefense; Health, Education, and Welfare (now, in part, Health and Human Services); Housing and\nUrban Development; Transportation; Energy; Education; and Veterans Affairs. \n  The legislative process surrounding the consideration of legislation to establish the Department\nof Homeland Security varied in some ways from the procedures that were generally associated with\nthe creation of the other modern Cabinet departments. Responding to the need to strengthen\nhomeland defense in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks, Congress passed legislation\ncreating the department less than six months after receiving the President's formal legislative\nproposal.\n  Congressional consideration of legislation establishing earlier Cabinet departments generally\nexhibited certain common procedural elements:\n   A formal presidential endorsement generally preceded congressional action.\n  \n   The predominant committees considering the legislation were the Government\nOperations (now Government Reform) Committee in the House and the Governmental Affairs\nCommittee in the Senate, or their predecessors.  \n   With few exceptions, departmental creation proposals were considered under\nan open rule in the House; they were most often brought up for Senate consideration by unanimous\nconsent.  \n   Votes on passage were generally by comfortable\nmajorities.  \n   All bills but one went to conference to resolve House-Senate differences;\nexcept in two instances, conferees were drawn exclusively from the reporting committees,.  \n  \n  Additional information on the history of creating Cabinet departments appears in  CRS Report RL31472(pdf) ,  Departmental Organization, 1947-2003.   CRS Report RL30673(pdf) ,  The\nPresident's Cabinet:\nEvolution, Alternatives, and Proposals for Change,  analyzes the role of the Cabinet.",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6525/",
      "id": "RL31497 2002-07-30",
      "date": "2002-07-30",
      "retrieved": "2005-08-03T10:16:23",
      "title": "Creation of Executive Departments: Highlights from the Legislative History of Modern Precedents",
      "summary": "This report describes the principal elements of legislative process used to establish these executive branch entities. Legislative histories of the organic acts of these Cabinet departments are set out in narrative form in the body of the report, and in tabular format in the appendix.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Executive departments",
          "name": "Executive departments"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Executive reorganization - Legislative histories",
          "name": "Executive reorganization - Legislative histories"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Congress",
          "name": "Congress"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2784/",
      "id": "RL31497 2002-07-12",
      "date": "2002-07-12",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-11T10:29:24",
      "title": "Creation of Executive Departments: Highlights from the Legislative History of Modern Precedents",
      "summary": "This report describes the principal elements of legislative process used to establish these executive branch entities. Legislative histories of the organic acts of these Cabinet departments are set out in narrative form in the body of the report, and in tabular format in the appendix.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": [
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Executive departments",
          "name": "Executive departments"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Executive reorganization - Legislative histories",
          "name": "Executive reorganization - Legislative histories"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Congress",
          "name": "Congress"
        }
      ]
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  ],
  "topics": [
    "American Law",
    "Economic Policy",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}