{ "id": "RL31555", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL31555", "active": false, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 436823, "date": "2015-01-05", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T22:50:50.536704", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "Congress has long been concerned about whether policy advances the U.S. interest in reducing the role of the People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of PRC technology included Pakistan, North Korea, and Iran. This CRS Report, updated through the 113th Congress, discusses the security problem of China\u2019s role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. and other foreign concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. Unclassified intelligence reports told Congress that China was a \u201ckey supplier\u201d of technology, particularly with PRC entities providing nuclear and missile-related technology to Pakistan and missile-related technology to Iran.\nPolicy issues in seeking PRC cooperation have concerned summits, sanctions, and satellite and nuclear exports. PRC proliferation activities have continued to raise questions about China\u2019s practices and policies in weapons nonproliferation. The United States has imposed sanctions on various PRC \u201centities\u201d (including state-owned entities) for troublesome transfers related to missiles and chemical weapons to Pakistan, Iran, or perhaps another country, including repeated sanctions on some \u201cserial proliferators.\u201d Since 2009, the Obama Administration has imposed sanctions on 18 occasions on numerous entities in China for weapons proliferation. By 2014, the Administration started to negotiate a renewal of the U.S.-PRC nuclear cooperation agreement. President Obama\u2019s summits with PRC leader Xi Jinping have not produced significant results.\nSkeptics question whether China\u2019s roles in weapons nonproliferation warrant a closer relationship with China, even as sanctions were required on some PRC technology transfers. Some criticize the imposition of U.S. sanctions targeting PRC \u201centities\u201d but not the government. Others doubt the effectiveness of any stress on sanctions over diplomacy or a comprehensive strategy. Concerns grew that China expanded nuclear cooperation with Pakistan, supported North Korea, and could undermine sanctions against Iran (including in the oil/gas energy sector). In 2002-2008, the U.S. approach relied on China\u2019s influence on North Korea to dismantle its nuclear weapons. Beijing hosted the Six-Party Talks (last held in December 2008) with limited results. Since 2006, China\u2019s balanced approach has evolved to vote for some U.N. Security Council (UNSC) sanctions against missile or nuclear proliferation in North Korea and Iran. Some called for engaging more with Beijing to use its leverage against Pyongyang and Tehran. However, North Korea\u2019s nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, and 2013 prompted greater debate about how to change China\u2019s calculus and the value of its cooperation. After negotiations, the PRC voted in June 2009 for UNSC Resolution 1874 to expand sanctions imposed under Resolution 1718 in 2006 against North Korea. The PRC voted in June 2010 for UNSC Resolution 1929 for the fourth set of sanctions against Iran. In 2013, the PRC voted for UNSC Resolutions 2087 and 2094 on North Korea for missile and nuclear tests. Still, China has continued its balanced approach that includes incremental implementation of UNSC sanctions. China\u2019s approach has not shown fundamental changes toward Pakistan, Iran, and North Korea. China has called for resuming the Six-Party Talks, but the Administration says the goal is North Korea\u2019s credible denuclearization. Legislation in the 113th Congress includes the FY2014 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) (P.L. 113-66) with Section 1248 to require a report on a plan to reduce missile proliferation in Iran, North Korea, and Syria, including how to secure the PRC\u2019s cooperation. In its report on the FY2015 NDAA (H.R. 4435), the House Armed Services Committee required a report from the Defense Intelligence Agency on the PRC\u2019s support for Karl Lee\u2019s repeated transfers to Iran. The final FY2015 NDAA (H.R. 3979) became P.L. 113-291 on December 19, 2014.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL31555", "sha1": "cf6129f7be5dc76d3e97ac51b7148ea622a8a97c", "filename": "files/20150105_RL31555_cf6129f7be5dc76d3e97ac51b7148ea622a8a97c.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL31555", "sha1": "9f1fef4a669bfbc5cc7d836a4def7344661fdcd5", "filename": "files/20150105_RL31555_9f1fef4a669bfbc5cc7d836a4def7344661fdcd5.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491343/", "id": "RL31555_2014Nov25", "date": "2014-11-25", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This report, updated through the 113th Congress, discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid-1990s.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20141125_RL31555_1a28c8aca202eaeb25edbe8eb3eb119b31362b63.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20141125_RL31555_1a28c8aca202eaeb25edbe8eb3eb119b31362b63.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491259/", "id": "RL31555_2014Oct29", "date": "2014-10-29", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. and other foreign concerns about its role in weapons proliferation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20141029_RL31555_1bec25471d55b125546dde51441303abdf43a593.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20141029_RL31555_1bec25471d55b125546dde51441303abdf43a593.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc272085/", "id": "RL31555_2014Jan03", "date": "2014-01-03", "retrieved": "2014-02-03T19:46:03", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. and other foreign concerns about its role in weapons proliferation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140103_RL31555_d422d96b9be2b623c36494b14584b956d2a841e6.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140103_RL31555_d422d96b9be2b623c36494b14584b956d2a841e6.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc821128/", "id": "RL31555_2012Nov07", "date": "2012-11-07", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the national security problem of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation since the mid-1990's.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20121107_RL31555_0eac4ef964ff60c6eedacda071d6505e41fd629b.pdf" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc85443/", "id": "RL31555_2012Apr25", "date": "2012-04-25", "retrieved": "2012-06-06T14:34:05", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. Recipients of China's technology reportedly include Pakistan and countries said by the State Department to have supported terrorism, such as Iran. This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid-1990s.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120425_RL31555_d44c10f11207b36fea52af85f5c207a868cefb85.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120425_RL31555_d44c10f11207b36fea52af85f5c207a868cefb85.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction - China", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction - China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapon systems", "name": "Weapon systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc85444/", "id": "RL31555_2012Mar30", "date": "2012-03-30", "retrieved": "2012-06-06T14:34:05", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Skeptics question whether China's cooperation in weapons nonproliferation has warranted President Bush's pursuit of stronger bilateral ties. This report discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120330_RL31555_a8a80f05cea438dd177cca7302df7da392615e78.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120330_RL31555_a8a80f05cea438dd177cca7302df7da392615e78.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - China - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - China - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84036/", "id": "RL31555_2011May26", "date": "2011-05-26", "retrieved": "2012-04-27T15:49:45", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This CRS Report, updated as warranted, discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid- 1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. and other foreign concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Nonetheless, supplies from China have aggravated trends that result in ambiguous technical aid, more indigenous capabilities, longer-range missiles, and secondary (retransferred) proliferation. According to unclassified intelligence reports submitted as required to Congress, China has been a \"key supplier\" of technology, particularly PRC entities providing nuclear and missile-related technology to Pakistan and missile-related technology to Iran.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110526_RL31555_38b103bf36c1ef8201b0779d5a9d17a00d1436e9.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110526_RL31555_38b103bf36c1ef8201b0779d5a9d17a00d1436e9.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapon systems", "name": "Weapon systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - China - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - China - U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc99080/", "id": "RL31555_2011Mar03", "date": "2011-03-03", "retrieved": "2012-08-31T21:48:36", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the national security problem regarding China's role in weapons proliferation as well as issues related to the U.S. policy response (including legislation) starting in the mid-1990s. Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles that could deliver them.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110303_RL31555_fdf13f71b3d57e49fc7cfdf1376bf9f8feea68a0.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110303_RL31555_fdf13f71b3d57e49fc7cfdf1376bf9f8feea68a0.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction -- China", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapon systems", "name": "Weapon systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103160/", "id": "RL31555_2011Feb07", "date": "2011-02-07", "retrieved": "2012-09-19T20:16:14", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid-1990s.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110207_RL31555_518214632f8e983ba60dc0bd4e6ae869da5e4f12.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110207_RL31555_518214632f8e983ba60dc0bd4e6ae869da5e4f12.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction -- China", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapon systems", "name": "Weapon systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc811375/", "id": "RL31555_2011Feb03", "date": "2011-02-03", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110203_RL31555_a354b5a55f9ea571b8c870c0b2e7ce7bdae13c37.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110203_RL31555_a354b5a55f9ea571b8c870c0b2e7ce7bdae13c37.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822455/", "id": "RL31555_2010Sep13", "date": "2010-09-13", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the security problem of China\u2019s role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response since the mid-1990s. China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. and other foreign concerns about its role in weapons proliferation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100913_RL31555_30846c62504163c81ea78001c3293c1b718d3c57.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100913_RL31555_30846c62504163c81ea78001c3293c1b718d3c57.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- China -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491114/", "id": "RL31555_2010Aug16", "date": "2010-08-16", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the national security problem of the PRC's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid- 1990s.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100816_RL31555_3b0162e345f14e7228caacc8153c84d98f7bf16a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100816_RL31555_3b0162e345f14e7228caacc8153c84d98f7bf16a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, 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China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Skeptics question whether China's cooperation in weapons nonproliferation has warranted President Bush's pursuit of stronger bilateral ties. This report discusses the national security problem of China's role in weapons proliferation and issues related to the U.S. policy response, including legislation, since the mid-1990s.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070717_RL31555_4e04b3518c420351fdd849b837b3a79ecf8d8029.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070717_RL31555_4e04b3518c420351fdd849b837b3a79ecf8d8029.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons of mass destruction", "name": "Weapons of mass destruction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - China - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - China - U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822639/", "id": "RL31555_2007May09", "date": "2007-05-09", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues", "summary": "This report provides a brief background analysis and recent developments regarding China\u2019s Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles. 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China has taken some steps to mollify U.S. concerns about its role in weapons proliferation. Skeptics question whether China's cooperation in weapons nonproliferation has warranted President Bush's pursuit of stronger bilateral ties. 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