{
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      "date": "2005-05-27",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T19:43:29.633029",
      "title": "Port and Maritime Security: Background and Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 heightened awareness about the vulnerability to\nterrorist\nattack of all modes of transportation. Port security has emerged as a significant part of the overall\ndebate on U.S. homeland security. The overarching issues for Congress are providing oversight on\ncurrent port security programs and making or responding to proposals to improve port security. \n \n The U.S. maritime system consists of more than 300 sea and river ports with more than 3,700\ncargo and passenger terminals. However, a large fraction of maritime cargo is concentrated at a few\nmajor ports. Most ships calling at U.S. ports are foreign owned with foreign crews. Container ships\nhave been the focus of much of the attention on seaport security because they are seen as vulnerable\nto terrorist infiltration. More than 9 million marine containers enter U.S. ports each year. While the\nBureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) analyzes cargo and other information to target\nspecific shipments for closer inspection, it physically inspects only a small fraction of the containers. \n \n The Coast Guard and CBP are the federal agencies with the strongest presence in seaports. In\nresponse to September 11, 2001, the Coast Guard created the largest port-security operation since\nWorld War II. The Coast Guard has advanced its 24-hour Notice of Arrival (NOA) for ships to a\n96-hour NOA. The NOA allows Coast Guard officials to select high risk ships for boarding upon\ntheir arrival at the entrance to a harbor. CBP has also advanced the timing of cargo information it\nreceives from ocean carriers. Through the Container Security Initiative (CSI) program, CBP\ninspectors pre-screen U.S.-bound marine containers at foreign ports of loading. The Customs Trade\nPartnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) offers importers expedited processing of their cargo if they\ncomply with CBP measures for securing their entire supply chain. \n \n To raise port security standards, Congress passed the Maritime Transportation Security Act of\n2002 ( P.L. 107-295 ) in November 2002. The focus of debate in Congress has been about whether\ncurrent efforts to improve port security are adequate in addressing the threat. While many agree that\nCoast Guard and CBP programs to address the threat are sound, they contend that these programs\nrepresent only a framework for building a maritime security regime, and that significant gaps in\nsecurity still remain. The GAO has investigated how the CSI and C-TPAT programs are being\nimplemented and found several shortcomings that need correction. The GAO found that C-TPAT\nparticipants were benefitting from reduced scrutiny of their imported cargo after they had been\ncertified into the program but before CBP had validated that the participants were indeed carrying\nout the promised security measures. The GAO also found that not all containers that CBP had\ntargeted for inspection at the overseas loading port were being inspected by the host customs\nadministration. This report will be updated periodically.",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6470/",
      "id": "RL31733 2005-05-10",
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      "retrieved": "2005-07-26T08:14:55",
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          "id": "Infrastructure",
          "name": "Infrastructure"
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          "id": "Marine terminals - Security measures",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7841/",
      "id": "RL31733 2004-12-15",
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      "retrieved": "2005-12-21T16:10:01",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc810171/",
      "id": "RL31733_2004Aug12",
      "date": "2004-08-12",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
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      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5040/",
      "id": "RL31733 2003-12-05",
      "date": "2003-12-05",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-11T21:06:03",
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      "id": "RL31733_2003May20",
      "date": "2003-05-20",
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      "title": "Port and Maritime Security: Background and Issues for Congress",
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  "topics": [
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