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      "title": "Iraq: Reconstruction Assistance",
      "summary": "A large-scale assistance program has been undertaken by the United States in Iraq since mid-2003. To date, over $49 billion has been appropriated for Iraq reconstruction. \nMost recently, in June 2009, Congress provided $439 million in ESF and $20 million in INCLE funds for Iraq in the FY2009 supplemental appropriations (P.L. 111-32, H.R. 2346). The $1 billion in ISFF funding appropriated previously in P.L. 110-252 was rescinded and reappropriated in this bill. The CERP appropriation of $453 million is to be shared with Afghanistan. \nA significant number of reconstruction activities, especially those involving construction of road, sanitation, electric power, oil production, and other infrastructure, are completed or near completion. Security concerns slowed progress and added considerable expense to these efforts. \nReconstruction priorities and funding mechanisms have changed over time. The Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund (IRRF), the main U.S. assistance account in the first few years, is no longer available, and most large-scale infrastructure programs are no longer funded. However, many small-scale, targeted community-level infrastructure efforts are funded under the Commander\u2019s Emergency Response Program (CERP) and the Economic Support Fund (ESF). The key emphases of the aid program are the training of Iraqi forces and programs assisting the development of Iraqi governing capacities and supporting the work of the Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs).\nThe report will be updated as events warrant. For discussion of the Iraq political situation, see CRS Report RL31339, Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security, by Kenneth Katzman.",
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      "title": "Iraq: Recent Developments in Reconstruction Assistance",
      "summary": "Following years of authoritarian rule and economic sanctions, the United States\r\nand the international community agreed in the spring of 2003 that efforts should be\r\nmade to rehabilitate economic infrastructure and introduce representative government\r\nto post-war Iraq, among other objectives. More recently, the Bush Administration\r\nhas asserted a \u201cvictory\u201d strategy composed of eight objectives, five of which are to:\r\ntransition Iraq to security self-reliance, help Iraqis form a national compact for\r\ndemocratic government, help Iraq build government capacity and provide essential\r\nservices, help Iraq strengthen its economy, and help Iraq strengthen the rule of law\r\nand promote civil rights. To meet these ends, a large-scale assistance program has\r\nbeen undertaken by the United States in Iraq. This report describes recent developments in this assistance effort.",
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      "id": "RL31833 2005-05-12",
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      "id": "RL31833 2003-04-01",
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