{
  "id": "RL31874",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL31874",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 103350,
      "date": "2003-07-15",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-08T14:41:49.801544",
      "title": "The University of Michigan Affirmative Action Cases: Racial Diversity in Higher Education",
      "summary": "The United States Supreme Court concluded its 2002-03 term with a pair of much anticipated\nrulings in the University of Michigan affirmative action cases. In  Grutter v. Bollinger  a\n5 to 4\nmajority of the Justices held that the University Law School had a \"compelling\" interest in the\n\"educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body,\" which justified its race-based efforts\nto construct a \"critical mass\" of \"underrepresented\" minority students. But in a companion decision,\n Gratz v. Bollinger , six Justices decided that the University's policy of awarding \"racial\nbonus points\"\nto minority applicants was not \"narrowly tailored\" enough to pass constitutional scrutiny. The\nMichigan cases revisited constitutional terrain first surveyed by the High Court a quarter century\nago in  University of California Regents v. Bakke . Unfortunately, the inability of the\n Bakke  Justices\nto achieve any sort of consensus led in the intervening period to a circuit conflict over the\nconstitutionality of policies to achieve racial and ethnic diversity in higher education. It remained\nfor the Court in Michigan cases to resolve the doctrinal muddle left in  Bakke 's wake.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Constitutional Questions"
  ]
}