{ "id": "RL32048", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RL", "number": "RL32048", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "retrieved": "2021-09-29T18:49:23.586649", "id": "RL32048_363_2021-07-29", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2021-07-29_RL32048_ce5421c7843a384e103dc4a32e8234dfe9ff3983.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL32048/363", "sha1": "ce5421c7843a384e103dc4a32e8234dfe9ff3983" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-07-29_RL32048_ce5421c7843a384e103dc4a32e8234dfe9ff3983.html" } ], "date": "2021-07-29", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL32048", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "retrieved": "2021-09-29T18:49:23.585912", "id": "RL32048_362_2020-12-09", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-12-09_RL32048_01903402cc5ffc26d472b19977551249dbcb381d.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL32048/362", "sha1": "01903402cc5ffc26d472b19977551249dbcb381d" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-12-09_RL32048_01903402cc5ffc26d472b19977551249dbcb381d.html" } ], "date": "2020-12-09", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL32048", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "retrieved": "2021-09-29T18:49:23.583917", "id": "RL32048_359_2020-05-20", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-05-20_RL32048_010d7ee5d30d38860adf39c61e7733c323cf0b8a.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL32048/359", "sha1": "010d7ee5d30d38860adf39c61e7733c323cf0b8a" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-05-20_RL32048_010d7ee5d30d38860adf39c61e7733c323cf0b8a.html" } ], "date": "2020-05-20", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL32048", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 616151, "date": "2020-02-06", "retrieved": "2020-02-07T23:02:19.408906", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "U.S.-Iran relations have been mostly adversarial since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, occasionally flaring into direct conflict while at other times witnessing negotiations or tacit cooperation on selected issues. U.S. officials have consistently identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies, and Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as that program advanced. \nDuring 2010-2016, the Obama Administration led a campaign of broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program, producing the July 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). That agreement exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain binding curbs on Iran\u2019s missile program or its regional interventions, or any reference to Iranian human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited the JCPOA\u2019s deficiencies in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the accord and reimpose all U.S. secondary sanctions. The stated intent of that step, as well as subsequent imposition of additional sanctions on Iran, is to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran to compel it to change its behavior, including negotiating a new JCPOA that takes into account the broad range of U.S. concerns. Iran has responded to the maximum pressure campaign by undertaking actions against commercial shipping in the Persian Gulf, supporting attacks by allies in Iraq and Yemen to attack U.S., Saudi, and other targets in the region, and by exceeding nuclear limits set by the JCPOA. The Administration has added forces to the Gulf region, as well as explained the January 2, 2020, airstrike that killed a top Iranian commander, Qasem Soleimani, as efforts to deter further such Iranian or Iran-backed actions. \nBefore and since the escalation of U.S.-Iran tensions in May 2019, President Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders without preconditions. Iranian leaders say there will be no direct high level U.S.-Iran meetings until the United States reenters the 2015 JCPOA and lifts U.S. sanctions as provided for in that agreement. Administration statements and reports detail a long litany of objectionable behaviors that Iran must change for there to be a normalization of relations. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. In the context of escalating U.S.-Iran tensions, President Trump has specifically denied that this is his Administration\u2019s goal. Any U.S. regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest resulting from political and economic frustration. Unrest in recent years has not appeared to threaten the regime\u2019s grip on power. However, significant protests and riots, including burning of some government installations and private establishments, broke out on November 15 in response to a government announcement of a reduction in fuel subsidies, as well as in January 2020 in response to the regime\u2019s concealment of responsibility for accidentally downing a Ukraine passenger aircraft. \nU.S. pressure has widened leadership differences in Iran. Hassan Rouhani, who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. Yet, the killing of Soleimani might potentially improve prospects for hardliners in the February 21, 2020, Majles (parliamentary) elections. Hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security largely through suppression and by all accounts have been emboldened by U.S. policy to challenge the United States and pursue significant U.S. concessions in order to avoid conflict. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R45795, U.S.-Iran Conflict and Implications for U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman, Kathleen J. McInnis, and Clayton Thomas.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "2275fac8005e86f1dfcdc8a216a0d07dc14301dd", "filename": "files/20200206_RL32048_2275fac8005e86f1dfcdc8a216a0d07dc14301dd.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200206_RL32048_images_f7948e6a32f052af3981019961a94bf32ae7dd4c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200206_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200206_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200206_RL32048_images_9fe201d543c11f18aa5068e42309e7b8363e8a75.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "d1800fc7789a662211e4c530f485e48e8a8eae12", "filename": "files/20200206_RL32048_d1800fc7789a662211e4c530f485e48e8a8eae12.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 612474, "date": "2019-11-20", "retrieved": "2020-01-06T23:08:11.174646", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "U.S.-Iran relations have been adversarial\u2014to varying degrees of intensity\u2014since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. U.S. officials have consistently identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies, and Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as that program advanced. \nIn 2010, the Obama Administration led a campaign of broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014an effort that contributed to Iran\u2019s acceptance of the July 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). That agreement exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain binding curbs on Iran\u2019s missile program, its regional interventions, or human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited the JCPOA\u2019s deficiencies in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the accord and reimpose all U.S. secondary sanctions. The stated intent of that step, as well as subsequent imposition of additional sanctions on Iran, is to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran to compel it to change its behavior, including negotiating a new JCPOA that takes into account the broad range of U.S. concerns. Iran has responded to the maximum pressure campaign by undertaking actions against commercial shipping in the Persian Gulf and by exceeding some nuclear limits set by the JCPOA. \nBefore and since the escalation of U.S.-Iran tensions in May 2019, President Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders without preconditions. Iranian leaders say there will be no direct high level U.S.-Iran meetings until the United States reenters the 2015 JCPOA and lifts U.S. sanctions as provided for in that agreement. Administration statements and reports detail a long litany of objectionable behaviors that Iran must change for there to be any consideration of normalized U.S.-Iran relations. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. In the context of escalating U.S.-Iran tensions in 2019, President Trump has specifically denied that this is his Administration\u2019s goal. Any U.S. regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest resulting from political and economic frustration. Unrest in recent years has not appeared to threatened the regime\u2019s grip on power. However, significant protests and riots, including burning of some government installations and private establishments, broke out on November 15 in response to a government announcement of a reduction in fuel subsidies. \nU.S. pressure has widened leadership differences in Iran. Hassan Rouhani, who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. Hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security largely through suppression and by all accounts have been emboldened by U.S. policy to challenge the United States and pursue significant U.S. concessions in order to avoid conflict. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R45795, U.S.-Iran Tensions and Implications for U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman, Kathleen J. McInnis, and Clayton Thomas.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "316c1235e9e43f4f87bb1dcc4a296b23a7f49043", "filename": "files/20191120_RL32048_316c1235e9e43f4f87bb1dcc4a296b23a7f49043.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191120_RL32048_images_f7948e6a32f052af3981019961a94bf32ae7dd4c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191120_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191120_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191120_RL32048_images_9fe201d543c11f18aa5068e42309e7b8363e8a75.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "d0fd600706a0861354ff0634fdd33a2ba677e1dc", "filename": "files/20191120_RL32048_d0fd600706a0861354ff0634fdd33a2ba677e1dc.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 606652, "date": "2019-10-22", "retrieved": "2019-10-25T22:14:43.095773", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "U.S.-Iran relations have been adversarial\u2014to varying degrees of intensity\u2014since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. U.S. officials have consistently identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies, and Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as that program advanced. \nIn 2010, the Obama Administration led a campaign of broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014an effort that contributed to Iran\u2019s acceptance of the July 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). That agreement exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain binding curbs on Iran\u2019s missile program, its regional interventions, or human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited the JCPOA\u2019s deficiencies in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the accord and reimpose all U.S. secondary sanctions. The stated intent of that step, as well as subsequent imposition of additional sanctions on Iran, is to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran to compel it to change its behavior, including negotiating a new JCPOA that takes into account the broad range of U.S. concerns. Iran has responded to the maximum pressure campaign by undertaking actions against commercial shipping in the Persian Gulf and by exceeding some nuclear limits set by the JCPOA. \nBefore and since the escalation of U.S.-Iran tensions in May 2019, President Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders without preconditions. Iranian leaders say there will be no direct high level U.S.-Iran meetings until the United States reenters the 2015 JCPOA and lifts U.S. sanctions as provided for in that agreement. Administration statements and reports detail a long litany of objectionable behaviors that Iran must change for there to be any consideration of normalized U.S.-Iran relations. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. In the context of escalating U.S.-Iran tensions in 2019, President Trump has specifically denied that this is his Administration\u2019s goal. Any U.S. regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest resulting from political and economic frustration. However, unrest in recent years has not appeared to threatened the regime\u2019s grip on power.\nU.S. pressure has widened leadership differences in Iran. Hassan Rouhani, who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. Hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security largely through suppression and by all accounts have been emboldened by U.S. policy to challenge the United States and pursue significant U.S. concessions in order to avoid conflict. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R45795, U.S.-Iran Tensions and Implications for U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman, Kathleen J. McInnis, and Clayton Thomas.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "8f5ea53c61e864b9518f7c9c85c87d771ecc6667", "filename": "files/20191022_RL32048_8f5ea53c61e864b9518f7c9c85c87d771ecc6667.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191022_RL32048_images_5e03799e6c1914650271dfe59a29e9abbb57ee83.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191022_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191022_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191022_RL32048_images_9fe201d543c11f18aa5068e42309e7b8363e8a75.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "c809eb9979033bcfdfc2bc2cd66b02f2514c512e", "filename": "files/20191022_RL32048_c809eb9979033bcfdfc2bc2cd66b02f2514c512e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 603557, "date": "2019-08-13", "retrieved": "2019-08-14T22:13:42.550448", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "U.S.-Iran relations have been mostly adversarial\u2014but with varying degrees of intensity\u2014since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. U.S. officials have consistently identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies, and Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as that program advanced. \nIn 2010, the Obama Administration led a campaign of broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014an effort that contributed to Iran\u2019s acceptance of the July 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). That agreement exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain binding limits on Iran\u2019s missile program, its regional influence, or human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited the JCPOA\u2019s deficiencies in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the accord and reimpose all U.S. secondary sanctions. The stated intent of that step, as well as subsequent imposition of additional sanctions on Iran, is to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran to compel it to change its behavior, including negotiating a new JCPOA that takes into account the broad range of U.S. concerns. Iran has responded to the maximum pressure campaign by undertaking actions against commercial shipping in the Persian Gulf and by undertaking modest violations of some JCPOA restrictions. \nBefore and since the escalation of U.S.-Iran tensions in May 2019, President Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders. However, Administration statements and reports detail a long litany of objectionable behaviors that Iran must change for there to be any dramatic change in U.S.-Iran relations. Iranian leaders say they will not talk with the Administration unless and until it reenters the 2015 JCPOA. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. In the context of escalating U.S.-Iran tensions in 2019, President Trump has specifically denied that this is his Administration\u2019s goal. Any U.S. regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest. In part as a response to repression as well as economic conditions, unrest erupts periodically, most recently during December 2017-January 2018, and sporadically since then, including in response to the regime\u2019s apparent mishandling of relief efforts for vast flooding in southwestern Iran. To date, the unrest is not at a level where it threatens the leadership\u2019s grip on power.\nU.S. pressure has widened leadership differences in Iran. Hassan Rouhani, who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. Nevertheless, hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security largely through suppression. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS In Focus IF11212, U.S.-Iran Tensions Escalate, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "b4e450fcf5b924ef5254a3ee7ba07f1a383d8972", "filename": "files/20190813_RL32048_b4e450fcf5b924ef5254a3ee7ba07f1a383d8972.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190813_RL32048_images_8a7a7c43d730749b776825280f055e358221909c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190813_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190813_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190813_RL32048_images_7c46fd50abda9c5bae2bfe4ca83b8db315e8f3f2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "7e9324ac19191650f3386215ad664fe1ce6977dc", "filename": "files/20190813_RL32048_7e9324ac19191650f3386215ad664fe1ce6977dc.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 599000, "date": "2019-05-30", "retrieved": "2019-05-31T22:13:14.842860", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "U.S.-Iran relations have been mostly adversarial\u2014but with varying degrees of intensity\u2014since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. Since then, U.S. officials have consistently identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies, and Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as that program advanced. \nIn 2010, the Obama Administration led a campaign of broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014an effort that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the July 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement\u2014the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). That agreement exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain binding limits on Iran\u2019s missile program or on its regional influence or human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited the JCPOA\u2019s deficiencies in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the JCPOA and reimpose all U.S. secondary sanctions. The stated intent of that step, as well as subsequent actions such as the April 2019 designation of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) as a foreign terrorist organization (FTO) and the May 2019 ending of sanctions exceptions for buyers of Iranian oil, is to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran to compel it to change its behavior, including negotiating a new JCPOA that takes into account the broad range of U.S. concerns. Included in these concerns is Iran\u2019s support for pro-Iranian regimes and armed factions. Iran has responded by abrogating some of its JCPOA commitments. \nBefore and particularly during an escalation of U.S.-Iran tensions in May 2019, President Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders. However, Administration statements and reports detail a long litany of objectionable behaviors that Iran must change for there to be any dramatic change in U.S.-Iran relations. Iranian leaders say they will not talk with the Administration unless and until it reenters the 2015 JCPOA. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. In the context of escalating U.S.-Iran tensions in May 2019, President Trump has specifically denied that this is his Administration\u2019s goal. Any U.S. regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest. In part as a response to repression as well as economic conditions, unrest erupts periodically, most recently during December 2017-January 2018, and sporadically since then, including in response to the regime\u2019s apparent mishandling of relief efforts for vast flooding in southwestern Iran. But the unrest evident to date is not at a level where it threatens the leadership\u2019s grip on power.\nU.S. pressure has widened leadership differences in Iran. Hassan Rouhani, who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. But hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security in large part through suppression. And Iran\u2019s Supreme Leader, Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamene\u2019i, is increasingly critical of Rouhani\u2019s commitment to the JCPOA in public statements. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS In Focus IF11212, U.S.-Iran Tensions Escalate, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "c9786887feeb77d5bb3607e46ee193c44dc7ec0c", "filename": "files/20190530_RL32048_c9786887feeb77d5bb3607e46ee193c44dc7ec0c.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190530_RL32048_images_1e8a54907dd6421f597b3562bc2f06b0ae0fd094.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190530_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190530_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190530_RL32048_images_7c46fd50abda9c5bae2bfe4ca83b8db315e8f3f2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "fba3ed7ff1ea0af44e27ade5cc4ce7ce96ab36f7", "filename": "files/20190530_RL32048_fba3ed7ff1ea0af44e27ade5cc4ce7ce96ab36f7.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 597567, "date": "2019-04-30", "retrieved": "2019-05-03T14:11:47.437782", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "The United States and Iran have been at odds, with varying degrees of intensity, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution there. U.S. officials have identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies, but Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as that program advanced. In 2010, the Obama Administration led a campaign of broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014an effort that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the July 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement\u2014the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). That agreement exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain binding limits on Iran\u2019s ballistic missile program or on its regional influence or human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited the deficiencies of the JCPOA in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the JCPOA and re-impose all U.S. secondary sanctions. The stated intent of that step, as well as subsequent actions such as the April 2019 designation of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) as a foreign terrorist organization (FTO), is to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran to compel it to change its behavior. A stated goal of the policy is to reduce Iran\u2019s support for pro-Iranian regimes and armed factions. President Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders, but the Administration in September 2018, in a report entitled Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran\u2019s Destructive Activities, presented a long litany of objectionable behaviors that seemingly would require change for there to be any dramatic change in U.S.-Iran relations. And the U.S. exit from the JCPOA and other U.S. measures against Iran have raised concerns about the potential for U.S.-Iran tensions to escalate to the point of direct or indirect armed conflict.\nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. A regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest. Hassan Rouhani, who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. But hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security in large part through suppression. In part as a response to repression as well as economic conditions, unrest erupts periodically, most recently during December 2017-January 2018, and sporadically since then, including in response to the regime\u2019s apparent mishandling of relief efforts for vast flooding in southwestern Iran. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "a83b1733ef2f2eb5b61f4271aee580c8a8894957", "filename": "files/20190430_RL32048_a83b1733ef2f2eb5b61f4271aee580c8a8894957.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190430_RL32048_images_1e8a54907dd6421f597b3562bc2f06b0ae0fd094.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190430_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190430_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190430_RL32048_images_7c46fd50abda9c5bae2bfe4ca83b8db315e8f3f2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "ef933caf43208b845fc64e0d0b86142405661244", "filename": "files/20190430_RL32048_ef933caf43208b845fc64e0d0b86142405661244.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 593071, "date": "2019-03-06", "retrieved": "2019-04-17T14:06:19.696088", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "Ever since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, the United States and Iran have been at odds, although to varying degrees of intensity. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. In 2010, the Obama Administration orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program. The pressure contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the July 2015 multilateral nuclear agreement\u2014the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). That agreement exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain binding limits on Iran\u2019s ballistic missile program or any curbs on its regional influence or its human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited these deficiencies of the JCPOA in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the JCPOA and re-impose all U.S. secondary sanctions by November 4, 2018. The stated intent of Trump Administration policy is to apply maximum economic pressure on Iran to compel it to change its behavior on the various issues of concern to the United States, particularly its support for pro-Iranian regimes and armed factions. The U.S. exit from the JCPOA has raised concerns about the potential for U.S.-Iran tensions to escalate to the point of direct or indirect armed conflict. On August 16, 2018, Secretary of State Michael Pompeo announced formation of an \u201cIran Action Group\u201d to coordinate all aspects of State Department activity on Iran. In September 2018, the Iran Action Group issued a report, entitled Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran\u2019s Destructive Activities that accused Iran of a long litany of objectionable behaviors. President Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders, but the Administration has demanded that Iran reverse virtually all its current policies as a condition for any broader improvement in relations.\nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. A regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest. Hassan Rouhani, who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. But hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security in large part through suppression. In part as a response to repression as well as economic conditions, unrest erupts periodically, most recently during December 2017-January 2018, and sporadically since then. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "5785f1987ef3ec3e0ec2d401084e532f496e8856", "filename": "files/20190306_RL32048_5785f1987ef3ec3e0ec2d401084e532f496e8856.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190306_RL32048_images_7bcf43e5b3a5bd1aecc6faef4085279591b78904.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190306_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190306_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190306_RL32048_images_7c46fd50abda9c5bae2bfe4ca83b8db315e8f3f2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "3430b5596b05a4bb669578639474c85ce1a64ca0", "filename": "files/20190306_RL32048_3430b5596b05a4bb669578639474c85ce1a64ca0.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 589717, "date": "2019-01-10", "retrieved": "2019-01-11T14:04:11.054515", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "Ever since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, the United States and Iran have been at odds, although to varying degrees of intensity. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. In 2010, the Obama Administration orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program. The pressure contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the negotiation of a nuclear agreement\u2014the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA)\u2014which exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The JCPOA reduced the potential threat from Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain strict or binding limits on Iran\u2019s ballistic missile program; its regional influence; its conventional military programs; or its human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited these deficiencies of the JCPOA in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the JCPOA and reimpose all U.S. secondary sanctions by November 4, 2018. The stated intent of Trump Administration policy is to apply maximum economic pressure on Iran to compel it to change its behavior on the various issues of concern to the United States, including its support for regional armed factions. The U.S. exit from the JCPOA has raised concerns about the potential for the United States and Iran to come into direct armed conflict in the region, and the Administration asserts that it might react militarily to provocative actions by Iran. Because of the many facets and issues involved in U.S. policy, on August 16, 2018, Secretary of State Michael Pompeo announced formation of an \u201cIran Action Group\u201d to coordinate all aspects of State Department activity on Iran. In September 2018, the Iran Action Group issued a report, entitled Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran\u2019s Destructive Activities that accused Iran of a long litany of behaviors, including human rights abuses that threaten U.S. interests. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. A regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest. Hassan Rouhani, a moderate who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. But hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security in large part through suppression. In part as a response to repression as well as economic conditions, unrest erupts periodically, most recently during December 2017-January 2018, and sporadically since then. \nPresident Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders, but his key foreign policy subordinates have set strict conditions for any broader improvement in relations\u2014conditions the regime is highly unlikely to meet. Administration officials have been increasingly highlighting Iran\u2019s human rights abuses and systemic corruption in an apparent attempt to build international support for sanctions and possibly also to weaken support for the regime within Iran. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "fbadcd0a0a7dde089ea35b075ffbae97555a3c54", "filename": "files/20190110_RL32048_fbadcd0a0a7dde089ea35b075ffbae97555a3c54.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190110_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190110_RL32048_images_7bcf43e5b3a5bd1aecc6faef4085279591b78904.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190110_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190110_RL32048_images_7c46fd50abda9c5bae2bfe4ca83b8db315e8f3f2.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "156ccec92be346104526f5477d2dfe33667d85e9", "filename": "files/20190110_RL32048_156ccec92be346104526f5477d2dfe33667d85e9.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 588955, "date": "2018-12-19", "retrieved": "2018-12-20T23:07:39.871119", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "Ever since the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, the United States and Iran have been at odds, although to varying degrees of intensity. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. In 2010, the Obama Administration orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program. The pressure contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the negotiation of a nuclear agreement\u2014the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA)\u2014which exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The JCPOA reduced the potential threat from Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain strict or binding limits on Iran\u2019s ballistic missile program; its regional influence; its conventional military programs; or its human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited these deficiencies of the JCPOA in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the JCPOA and reimpose all U.S. secondary sanctions by November 4, 2018. The stated intent of Trump Administration policy is to apply maximum economic pressure on Iran to compel it to change its behavior on the various issues of concern to the United States, including its support for regional armed factions. The U.S. exit from the JCPOA has raised concerns about the potential for the United States and Iran to come into direct armed conflict in the region, and the Administration asserts that it might react militarily to provocative actions by Iran. Because of the many facets and issues involved in U.S. policy, on August 16, 2018, Secretary of State Michael Pompeo announced formation of an \u201cIran Action Group\u201d to coordinate all aspects of State Department activity on Iran. In September 2018, the Iran Action Group issued a report, entitled Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran\u2019s Destructive Activities that accused Iran of a long litany of behaviors, including human rights abuses that threaten U.S. interests. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. A regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest. Hassan Rouhani, a moderate who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. But hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security in large part through suppression. In part as a response to repression as well as economic conditions, unrest erupts periodically, most recently during December 2017-January 2018, and sporadically since then. \nPresident Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders, but his key foreign policy subordinates have set strict conditions for any broader improvement in relations\u2014conditions the regime is highly unlikely to meet. Administration officials have been increasingly highlighting Iran\u2019s human rights abuses and systemic corruption in an apparent attempt to build international support for sanctions and possibly also to weaken support for the regime within Iran. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "97bb9ecce9193de1df51483478849e67f7e23177", "filename": "files/20181219_RL32048_97bb9ecce9193de1df51483478849e67f7e23177.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20181219_RL32048_images_1d16c01333d3688e3480bd7bbfc7295576866b4f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20181219_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20181219_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20181219_RL32048_images_a882e78f5941ba39d108d7c4ca647f5941625797.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "6073f0549da9d563195f2a5dc08de62064099784", "filename": "files/20181219_RL32048_6073f0549da9d563195f2a5dc08de62064099784.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 586453, "date": "2018-10-17", "retrieved": "2018-10-22T22:04:45.083354", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. In 2010, the Obama Administration orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the negotiation of a nuclear agreement\u2014the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The JCPOA reduced the potential threat from Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain strict or binding limits on Iran\u2019s ballistic missile program; its regional influence; its conventional military programs; or its human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited these deficiencies of the JCPOA in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the JCPOA and reimpose all U.S. secondary sanctions by November 4, 2018. The stated intent of Trump Administration policy is to apply maximum economic pressure on Iran to compel it to change its behavior on the various issues of concern to the United States, including its support for regional armed factions. The U.S. exit from the JCPOA has raised concerns about the potential for the United States and Iran to come into direct armed conflict in the region, and the Administration asserts that it might react militarily to provocative actions by Iran. Because of the many facets and issues involved in U.S. policy, on August 16, 2018, Secretary of State Michael Pompeo announced formation of an \u201cIran Action Group\u201d to coordinate all aspects of State Department activity on Iran. In September 2018, the Iran Action Group issued a report, entitled Outlaw Regime: A Chronicle of Iran\u2019s Destructive Activities that accused Iran of a long litany of behaviors, including human rights abuses, that threaten U.S. interests. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. A regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest. Hassan Rouhani, a moderate who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. But hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security in large part through suppression. In part as a response to repression as well as economic conditions, unrest erupts periodically, most recently during December 2017-January 2018, and sporadically since then. \nPresident Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders, but his key foreign policy subordinates have set strict conditions for any broader improvement in relations\u2014conditions the regime is highly unlikely to meet. Administration officials have been increasingly highlighting Iran\u2019s human rights abuses and systemic corruption in an apparent attempt to build international support for sanctions and possibly also to weaken support for the regime within Iran. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "5519a85e084eea9cba66f8fea05a6bf058589f03", "filename": "files/20181017_RL32048_5519a85e084eea9cba66f8fea05a6bf058589f03.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20181017_RL32048_images_1d16c01333d3688e3480bd7bbfc7295576866b4f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20181017_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20181017_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20181017_RL32048_images_10c725696717b202d4dfb9c4dd4b86bfc17b132f.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "f13b68956acf5714472ce800676eb4f345ac2060", "filename": "files/20181017_RL32048_f13b68956acf5714472ce800676eb4f345ac2060.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584753, "date": "2018-08-23", "retrieved": "2018-10-05T22:41:19.475175", "title": "Iran: Internal Politics and U.S. Policy and Options", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been estranged and at odds. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. In 2010, the Obama Administration orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the negotiation of a nuclear agreement\u2014the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA exchanged sanctions relief for limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The JCPOA reduced the potential threat from Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain strict or binding limits on Iran\u2019s ballistic missile program; its regional influence; its conventional military programs; and its human rights abuses. \nThe Trump Administration cited these deficiencies of the JCPOA in its May 8, 2018, announcement that the United States would exit the JCPOA and reimpose all U.S. secondary sanctions by November 4, 2018. The stated intent of Trump Administration policy is to apply maximum economic pressure on Iran to compel it to change its behavior on the various issues of concern to the United States, including its support for regional armed factions. Iran\u2019s reaction to the U.S. exit from the JCPOA has raised concerns about the potential for the United States and Iran to come into direct armed conflict. Because of the many facets and issues involved in U.S. policy, on August 16, 2018, Secretary of State Michael Pompeo announced formation of an \u201cIran Action Group\u201d to coordinate all aspects of State Department activity on Iran. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that the underlying, if unstated, goal of Trump Administration policy is to bring about regime collapse. A regime change strategy presumably would take advantage of divisions and fissures within Iran, as well as evident popular unrest. Hassan Rouhani,a moderate who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West, including the United States, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017, and reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities. But hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security in large part through suppression. In part as a response to repression as well as economic conditions, unrest erupts periodically, most recently during December 2017-January 2018, and more sporadically since then. \nPresident Trump has indicated a willingness to meet with Iranian leaders, but his key foreign policy subordinates have set strict conditions for any broader improvement in relations\u2014conditions the regime is highly unlikely to meet. As of mid-2018, Administration officials have been increasingly highlighting Iran\u2019s human rights abuses and systemic corruption in an apparent attempt to weaken support for the regime within Iran. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "1df11ef32f390ccec3489915a1357fc3861a4983", "filename": "files/20180823_RL32048_1df11ef32f390ccec3489915a1357fc3861a4983.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180823_RL32048_images_1d16c01333d3688e3480bd7bbfc7295576866b4f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180823_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180823_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180823_RL32048_images_10c725696717b202d4dfb9c4dd4b86bfc17b132f.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "37e065de20be657f7179d2339f25e4bde2622da7", "filename": "files/20180823_RL32048_37e065de20be657f7179d2339f25e4bde2622da7.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 583056, "date": "2018-07-23", "retrieved": "2018-07-24T14:07:38.186490", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have estranged and at odds. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. In 2010, the Obama Administration orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the negotiation of a nuclear agreement\u2014the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which took effect in January 2016, exchanged sanctions relief for temporary limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The JCPOA reduced the potential threat from Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not contain strict or binding limits on Iran\u2019s ballistic missile program; its regional influence; its conventional military programs; and its human rights abuses. \nIn October 2017, President Trump articulated a U.S. commitment to addressing the deficiencies of the JCPOA and, on January 12, 2018, the President threatened to withdraw the United States from the JCPOA unless European countries and the U.S. Congress addressed his stated concerns about the deal. U.S.-European negotiations and U.S.-Europe summit meetings produced pledges of action to address at least some of President Trump\u2019s requirements but the Administration deemed those offers insufficient for the United States to remain in the accord. On May 8, 2018, in advance of the May 12 expiration of the waiver of a key sanctions law, President Trump announced that the United States is withdrawing from the JCPOA and would reimpose all sanctions that were suspended or lifted. \nSome experts assert that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime, and that U.S.-Iran relations will not improve substantially as long as the current regime is in power in Iran. One moderate who seeks to improve Iran\u2019s relations with the West including the United States, Hassan Rouhani, won successive presidential elections in 2013 and 2017. Reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. But, hardliners continue to control the state institutions that maintain internal security in large part through suppression. In part as a response to repression as well as economic conditions, unrest erupts periodically, most recently during December 2017-January 2018, and more sporadically since then. Trump Administration officials have not, at any time, articulated an intent to improve relations with the existing regime in Iran absent dramatic changes in Iran\u2019s policies and instead have expressed hope that the Iranian public and their protests might be able to achieve significant political change. As of mid-2018, perhaps sensing potential instability in Iran, Administration officials are increasingly highlighting Iran\u2019s human rights abuses and systemic corruption in an apparent attempt to weaken support for the regime within Iran. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "0f650ca673d11c78c897a9b2ca72a837f414daa7", "filename": "files/20180723_RL32048_0f650ca673d11c78c897a9b2ca72a837f414daa7.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180723_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180723_RL32048_images_1d16c01333d3688e3480bd7bbfc7295576866b4f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180723_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180723_RL32048_images_10c725696717b202d4dfb9c4dd4b86bfc17b132f.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "6d497bfbd502b2b6eddaf5a3c95c575d498298fb", "filename": "files/20180723_RL32048_6d497bfbd502b2b6eddaf5a3c95c575d498298fb.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 581283, "date": "2018-05-21", "retrieved": "2018-05-22T13:06:55.600975", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been broadly at odds. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which took effect in January 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for temporary limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The JCPOA reduced the potential threat from Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not directly address the full range of threats posed by Iran, including from its ballistic missile program; its regional influence and support for armed factions; its conventional military programs; and its human rights abuses. \nSome experts and U.S. officials have asserted that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime. Whereas hardliners continue to control the state institutions that are responsible for Iran\u2019s policies, public support for moderate and reformist figures that seek to promote free expression and international engagement appears strong. One moderate, Hassan Rouhani, has demonstrated this support by winning clear victories in two successive presidential elections, in June 2013 and again on May 19, 2017. In the May 2017 vote, reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. Still, the political successes of moderate candidates have not eliminated deep grievances in Iranian society, as demonstrated by significant unrest that erupted all over Iran during late December 2017-January 2018, and which has continued to simmer in the form of women protesting against enforcement of the strict dress code. \nOn October 13, 2017, President Trump articulated a U.S. commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence, curbing its ballistic missile program, and addressing the nuclear-related deficiencies of the JCPOA. On January 12, 2018, the President threatened to withdraw the United States from the JCPOA unless European countries and the U.S. Congress address his stated concerns about the deal. U.S.-European negotiations and U.S.-Europe summit meetings have produced pledges of action to address President Trump\u2019s demands but have not caused the President to state that he will keep the United States in the accord. On May 8, 2018, in advance of the May 12 expiration of the waiver of a key sanctions law, President Trump announced that the United States is withdrawing from the JCPOA and will be reimposing all sanctions that were suspended or lifted. Trump Administration officials have not, at any time, articulated an intent to improve relations with the existing regime in Iran absent dramatic changes in Iran\u2019s policies, and have instead expressed hope that the Iranian public and their protests might be able to achieve significant political change. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "2e46aaf7834100d8abb1f832341fae03a75311d0", "filename": "files/20180521_RL32048_2e46aaf7834100d8abb1f832341fae03a75311d0.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180521_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180521_RL32048_images_1d16c01333d3688e3480bd7bbfc7295576866b4f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180521_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180521_RL32048_images_502c43bddbf5f8063aecb548484b369147301536.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "a7f7575eda78ddf9b0f7c71a84a19770d28625dd", "filename": "files/20180521_RL32048_a7f7575eda78ddf9b0f7c71a84a19770d28625dd.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580902, "date": "2018-05-07", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T10:09:46.595511", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been broadly at odds. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which took effect in January 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for temporary limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The JCPOA reduced the potential threat from Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not directly address the full range of threats posed by Iran, including from its ballistic missile program; its regional influence and support for armed factions; its conventional military programs; and its human rights abuses. \nSome experts and U.S. officials have asserted that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime. Whereas hardliners continue to control the state institutions that are responsible for Iran\u2019s policies, public support for moderate and reformist figures that seek to promote free expression and international engagement appears strong. One moderate, Hassan Rouhani, has demonstrated this support by winning clear victories in two successive presidential elections, in June 2013 and again on May 19, 2017. In the May 2017 vote, reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. Still, the political successes of moderate candidates have not eliminated deep grievances in Iranian society, as demonstrated by significant unrest that erupted all over Iran during late December 2017-January 2018, and which has continued to simmer in the form of women protesting against enforcement of the strict dress code. \nOn October 13, 2017, President Trump articulated a U.S. commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence, curbing its ballistic missile program, and addressing the nuclear-related deficiencies of the JCPOA. On January 12, 2018, the President threatened to essentially withdraw the United States from the JCPOA by reimposing U.S. sanctions unless European countries and the U.S. Congress address his stated concerns about the deal. U.S.-European negotiations and U.S.-Europe summit meetings have produced pledges of action to address President Trump\u2019s demands but have not caused the President to state that he will keep the United States in the accord. A decision will become clear by May 12, 2018, when the waiver of a key sanctions law expires. Aside from the JCPOA, Trump Administration officials have not, at any time, articulated an intent to improve relations with the existing regime in Iran, and have instead expressed hope that the Iranian public and their protests might be able to achieve significant political change. As have successive Administrations, the Trump Administration is continuing efforts to promote civil society in Iran, perhaps in the hopes of expanding and emboldening opposition to the regime. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "8df8bb1e85cc7d9ca3223d8ab882e2b4efc9ba37", "filename": "files/20180507_RL32048_8df8bb1e85cc7d9ca3223d8ab882e2b4efc9ba37.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180507_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180507_RL32048_images_1d16c01333d3688e3480bd7bbfc7295576866b4f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180507_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180507_RL32048_images_502c43bddbf5f8063aecb548484b369147301536.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "1ef0e2a3845a86b9644b90661dce6cb1c7476ea8", "filename": "files/20180507_RL32048_1ef0e2a3845a86b9644b90661dce6cb1c7476ea8.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 579605, "date": "2018-03-26", "retrieved": "2018-04-03T13:34:03.631082", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been broadly at odds. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which took effect in January 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for temporary limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The JCPOA reduced the potential threat from Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not address the full range of threats posed by Iran, including from its ballistic missile program; its regional influence and support for armed factions; its conventional military programs; and its human rights abuses. \nSome experts and U.S. officials have asserted that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime. Whereas hardliners continue to control the state institutions that are responsible for Iran\u2019s policies, public support for moderate and reformist figures that seek to promote free expression and international engagement appears strong. One moderate, Hassan Rouhani, has demonstrated this support by winning clear victories in two successive presidential elections, in June 2013 and again on May 19, 2017. In the May 2017 vote, reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. Still, the political successes of moderate candidates have not eliminated deep grievances in Iranian society, as demonstrated by significant unrest that erupted all over Iran during late December 2017-January 2018, and which has continued to simmer in the form of women protesting against enforcement of the strict dress code. \nOn October 13, 2017, President Donald Trump articulated a U.S. commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence, curbing its ballistic missile program, and addressing the nuclear-related deficiencies of the JCPOA. On January 12, 2018, the President threatened to essentially withdraw the United States from the JCPOA by reimposing U.S. sanctions unless European countries and the U.S. Congress address his stated concerns about the deal. U.S.-European negotiations to meet President Trump\u2019s demands have produced some modest agreements to jointly sanction Iran\u2019s missile program, but the talks have not clearly met the President\u2019s stated demands for remaining in the deal. The naming of CIA Director Mike Pompeo as Secretary of State and former Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton as National Security Adviser in March 2018\u2014both vocal critics of Iran and of the weaknesses in the JCPOA\u2014have led many observes to conclude that the President will refuse to waive a major sanctions law when its waiver expires on May 12, 2018. Trump Administration officials have not, at any time, articulated an intent to improve relations with the existing regime in Iran, and have instead expressed hope that the Iranian public and their protests might be able to achieve significant political change. As have successive Administrations, the Trump Administration is continuing efforts to promote civil society in Iran, perhaps in the hopes of expanding and emboldening opposition to the regime. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "4158b23ba8fb4b071fe810b9637dada7a29dbe09", "filename": "files/20180326_RL32048_4158b23ba8fb4b071fe810b9637dada7a29dbe09.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180326_RL32048_images_1d16c01333d3688e3480bd7bbfc7295576866b4f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180326_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180326_RL32048_images_569b7194b5e003231b5fd5a66f6cf83dd4962d89.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180326_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "0289c57fdb156241866f7e2802b4190c7609c6da", "filename": "files/20180326_RL32048_0289c57fdb156241866f7e2802b4190c7609c6da.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 578285, "date": "2018-02-08", "retrieved": "2018-02-13T14:12:12.372119", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been broadly at odds. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which took effect in January 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for temporary limits on Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The JCPOA reduced the potential threat from Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but did not address the full range of threats posed by Iran, including from its ballistic missile program; its regional influence and support for armed factions; its conventional military programs; and its human rights abuses. \nSome experts and U.S. officials have asserted that the threat posed by Iran stems from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime. Whereas hardliners continue to control the state institutions that are responsible for Iran\u2019s policies, public support for moderate and reformist figures that seek to promote free expression and international engagement appears strong. One moderate, Hassan Rouhani, has demonstrated this support by winning clear victories in two successive presidential elections, in June 2013 and again on May 19, 2017. In the May 2017 vote, reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. Still, the political successes of moderate candidates have not eliminated deep grievances in Iranian society, as demonstrated by significant unrest that erupted all over Iran during late December 2017-January 2018, and which has continued to simmer in the form of women protesting against enforcement of the strict dress code. \nOn October 13, 2017, President Donald Trump articulated a U.S. commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence, curbing its ballistic missile program, and addressing the nuclear-related deficiencies of the JCPOA. Administration officials have not articulated an intent to improve relations with the existing regime in Iran, and have instead expressed hope that the Iranian public and their protests might be able to achieve significant political change. As have successive Administrations, the Trump Administration is continuing efforts to promote civil society in Iran, perhaps in the hopes of stimulating significant opposition to the regime. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "ae369b354d7c99d22455a90676dd09d8d2c2227f", "filename": "files/20180208_RL32048_ae369b354d7c99d22455a90676dd09d8d2c2227f.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180208_RL32048_images_cd98dd6af25943ab533669bed907b101e2204de6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180208_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180208_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180208_RL32048_images_502c43bddbf5f8063aecb548484b369147301536.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "0005ee451b108c2a83252297ccc54c229a786e18", "filename": "files/20180208_RL32048_0005ee451b108c2a83252297ccc54c229a786e18.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 577481, "date": "2018-01-08", "retrieved": "2018-01-10T23:03:36.247823", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds politically and diplomatically. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to ensure that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon after a decision to do so. \nPresident Obama asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presented an opportunity to construct a new and more positive U.S. relationship with Iran. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles; maintained support for regional movements such as Hamas, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Houthi rebels in Yemen; arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals; and conducted high speed intercepts of U.S. naval vessels in the Persian Gulf. The Trump Administration has characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States and on October 13, articulated a U.S. policy commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence, curbing its ballistic missile program, and addressing the nuclear-related deficiencies of the JCPOA. Administration officials have not articulated a hope or intent to develop an improved relationship with the existing regime in Iran. \nSome inside and outside successive Administrations have asserted that U.S. concerns stem from the nature and ideology of Iran\u2019s regime. Successive Administrations have sought to promote civil society in Iran, perhaps in the hopes of stimulating significant opposition to the regime. Successive U.S. Administrations, including the Trump Administration, have expressed hope that the Iranian public might be able to achieve at least significant political evolution in Iran, while stopping short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime. U.S. officials have long expressed a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, including its repeated detentions of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. Recent international criticism of Iran\u2019s human rights record has centered particularly on increases in the pace of executions. Whereas hardliners continue to control the state institutions that are responsible for such abuses, public support for moderate and reformist figures that seek to promote free expression and international engagement appears strong. One moderate, Hassan Rouhani, has demonstrated this support by winning clear victories in two successive presidential elections, in June 2013 and again on May 19, 2017. In the May 2017 vote, reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. Still, the political successes of moderate candidates have not eliminated deep-seated grievances in Iranian society, as demonstrated by significant unrest that erupted all over Iran during late December 2017-January 2018. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "8378575c4cdd38bbd8b203f7f7361f5296828715", "filename": "files/20180108_RL32048_8378575c4cdd38bbd8b203f7f7361f5296828715.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180108_RL32048_images_cd98dd6af25943ab533669bed907b101e2204de6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180108_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180108_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180108_RL32048_images_502c43bddbf5f8063aecb548484b369147301536.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "56ccf9d338a91afafcecf5e3132a809996517609", "filename": "files/20180108_RL32048_56ccf9d338a91afafcecf5e3132a809996517609.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 575081, "date": "2017-11-01", "retrieved": "2017-11-07T14:14:25.791917", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds politically and diplomatically. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to ensure that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon after a decision to do so. \nPresident Obama asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presented an opportunity to construct a new and more positive U.S. relationship with Iran. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles; maintained support for regional movements such as Hamas, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Houthi rebels in Yemen; arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals; and conducted high speed intercepts of U.S. naval vessels in the Persian Gulf. The Trump Administration has characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States and on October 13, articulated a U.S. policy commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence, curbing its ballistic missile program, and addressing the nuclear-related deficiencies of the JCPOA. Administration officials have not articulated a hope or intent to develop an improved relationship with the existing regime in Iran. \nU.S. officials express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, including its repeated detentions of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. Recent international criticism of Iran\u2019s human rights record has centered particularly on increases in the pace of executions. Whereas hardliners continue to control the state institutions that are responsible for such abuses, public support for moderate and reformist figures that seek to promote free expression and international engagement appears strong. One moderate, Hassan Rouhani, has demonstrated this support by winning clear victories in two successive presidential elections, in June 2013 and again on May 19, 2017. In the May 2017 vote, reformist and moderate candidates won overwhelmingly in concurrent municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. The United States has developed programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. Administrations, including the Trump Administration, have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "15c6547a3dfccec0b7af36dc8eb976ca76958aa3", "filename": "files/20171101_RL32048_15c6547a3dfccec0b7af36dc8eb976ca76958aa3.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171101_RL32048_images_cd98dd6af25943ab533669bed907b101e2204de6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171101_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171101_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171101_RL32048_images_502c43bddbf5f8063aecb548484b369147301536.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "007a7388f7f8d4495bca483eb5c40b5cf6bc951f", "filename": "files/20171101_RL32048_007a7388f7f8d4495bca483eb5c40b5cf6bc951f.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 573811, "date": "2017-10-03", "retrieved": "2017-10-06T12:52:31.243988", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds politically and diplomatically over the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, including its repeated detentions of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program \u2014pressure that undoubtedly contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to ensure that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon after a decision to do so. \nPresident Obama asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presented an opportunity to construct a new and more positive U.S. relationship with Iran. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles; maintained support for regional movements such as Hamas, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Houthi rebels in Yemen; arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals; and conducted high speed intercepts of U.S. naval vessels in the Persian Gulf. The Trump Administration has characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States and stated a commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence\u2014although without taking steps that would conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. The Administration has not articulated a hope or intent to develop an improved relationship with Iran. \nU.S. officials have consistently criticized Iran\u2019s clerical regime and its human rights record. Domestically, the JCPOA and sanctions relief have had broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly that Rouhani has not delivered. Hardliners continue to control the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression. Recent international criticism of Iran\u2019s human rights record has centered particularly on increases in the pace of executions. Still, Rouhani\u2019s ongoing public support was demonstrated by his clear first-round reelection victory on May 19, 2017. Rouhani garnered 57% of the vote to defeat Ibrahim Raisi, an ally of Iran\u2019s Supreme Leader, who was the only major hardline candidate still in the race on election day. Raisi received about 38% of the vote, and the few minor candidates who remained in the race until election day, as well as invalid ballots, constituted the remainder. Reformist and moderate candidates swept municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. Rouhani\u2019s new cabinet nominations appeared to reflect a continued commitment to pragmatic policies and global engagement, while maintaining core domestic and national security policies. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. Administrations, including the Trump Administration, have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "39648436928aa863e0d8f18a18848dd04c0c6f33", "filename": "files/20171003_RL32048_39648436928aa863e0d8f18a18848dd04c0c6f33.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171003_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171003_RL32048_images_cd98dd6af25943ab533669bed907b101e2204de6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171003_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171003_RL32048_images_502c43bddbf5f8063aecb548484b369147301536.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "2c2ce082a49c71b616c1514552828af076ca6b5f", "filename": "files/20171003_RL32048_2c2ce082a49c71b616c1514552828af076ca6b5f.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 573414, "date": "2017-08-22", "retrieved": "2017-10-02T22:42:25.622099", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds politically and diplomatically over the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, including its repeated detentions of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to ensure that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon after a decision to do so. \nPresident Obama asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presented an opportunity to construct a new and more positive U.S. relationship with Iran. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles; maintained support for regional movements such as Hamas, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Houthi rebels in Yemen; arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals; and conducted high speed intercepts of U.S. naval vessels in the Persian Gulf. The Trump Administration has characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States and stated a commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence\u2014although without taking steps that would conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. The Administration has not articulated a hope or intent to develop an improved relationship with Iran. \nU.S. officials have consistently criticized Iran\u2019s clerical regime and its human rights record. Domestically, the JCPOA and sanctions relief have had broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly that Rouhani has not delivered. Hardliners continue to control the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression. Recent international criticism of Iran\u2019s human rights record has centered particularly on increases in the pace of executions. Still, Rouhani\u2019s ongoing public support was demonstrated by his clear first-round reelection victory on May 19, 2017. Rouhani garnered 57% of the vote to defeat Ibrahim Raisi, an ally of Iran\u2019s Supreme Leader, who was the only major hardline candidate still in the race on election day. Raisi received about 38% of the vote, and the few minor candidates who remained in the race until election day, as well as invalid ballots, constituted the remainder. Reformist and moderate candidates swept municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. Rouhani\u2019s new cabinet nominations appeared to reflect a continued commitment to pragmatic policies and global engagement, while maintaining core domestic and national security policies. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. Administrations, including the Trump Administration, have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "cfb693920b90a8668a3d2bf29eeb9c0156697d1e", "filename": "files/20170822_RL32048_cfb693920b90a8668a3d2bf29eeb9c0156697d1e.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170822_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170822_RL32048_images_cd98dd6af25943ab533669bed907b101e2204de6.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170822_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170822_RL32048_images_502c43bddbf5f8063aecb548484b369147301536.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "270f626b8af314472840cb0557dfe6ce6853a095", "filename": "files/20170822_RL32048_270f626b8af314472840cb0557dfe6ce6853a095.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 462576, "date": "2017-07-11", "retrieved": "2017-08-22T13:57:50.299100", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds politically and diplomatically, and U.S. policy has been intended to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, including its repeated detentions of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to ensure that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon after a decision to do so. \nPresident Obama asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presented an opportunity to construct a new and more positive U.S. relationship with Iran. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles; maintained support for regional movements such as Hamas, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Houthi rebels in Yemen; arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals; and conducted high speed intercepts of U.S. naval vessels in the Persian Gulf. The Trump Administration has characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States and stated a commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence\u2014although without taking steps that would conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. The Administration has not articulated a hope or intent to develop an improved relationship with Iran. \nU.S. officials have consistently criticized Iran\u2019s clerical regime and its human rights record. Domestically, the JCPOA and sanctions relief have had broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly that Rouhani has not delivered. Hardliners continue to control the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression. Recent international criticism of Iran\u2019s human rights record has centered particularly on increases in the pace of executions. Still, Rouhani\u2019s ongoing public support was demonstrated by his clear first-round reelection victory on May 19, 2017. Rouhani garnered 57% of the vote to defeat Ibrahim Raisi, an ally of Iran\u2019s Supreme Leader, who was the only major hardline candidate still in the race on election day. Raisi received about 38% of the vote, and the few minor candidates who remained in the race until election day, as well as invalid ballots, constituted the remaining votes. Reformist and moderate candidates swept municipal council elections in all the major cities, including Tehran. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. Administrations, including the Trump Administration, have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "c403f8bc6d1353d1f4f8a58255bda590260402f2", "filename": "files/20170711_RL32048_c403f8bc6d1353d1f4f8a58255bda590260402f2.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170711_RL32048_images_df9973e240c1d328d0562f36dc762153fbed09d1.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170711_RL32048_images_2fc98f3963ae6f6d45502db0f5accf577a875584.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170711_RL32048_images_502c43bddbf5f8063aecb548484b369147301536.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL32048_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170711_RL32048_images_e4ff7bd55291fbc94e8564137fd9f7c54605c6e8.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "455207f3f5909f851b5b4e7d7f575b18c19dbe6d", "filename": "files/20170711_RL32048_455207f3f5909f851b5b4e7d7f575b18c19dbe6d.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461618, "date": "2017-06-02", "retrieved": "2017-06-07T15:29:05.069409", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds politically and diplomatically, and U.S. policy has been intended to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, including its repeated detentions of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to ensure that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon after a decision to do so. \nPresident Obama asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presented an opportunity to construct a new and more positive U.S. relationship with Iran. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles; maintained support for regional movements such as Hamas, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Houthi rebels in Yemen; arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals; and conducted high speed intercepts of U.S. naval vessels in the Persian Gulf. The Trump Administration has characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States and stated a commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence\u2014although without taking steps that would conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. The Administration has not articulated a hope or intent to develop an improved relationship with Iran. \nU.S. officials have consistently criticized Iran\u2019s clerical regime and its human rights record. Domestically, the JCPOA and sanctions relief have had broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly that Rouhani has not delivered. Hardliners continue to control the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression. Recent international criticism of Iran\u2019s human rights record has centered particularly on increases in the pace of executions. Still, Rouhani\u2019s ongoing public support was demonstrated by his clear first-round re-election victory on May 19, 2017. Rouhani garnered 57% of the vote to defeat Ibrahim Raisi, an ally of Iran\u2019s Supreme Leader, who was the only major hardline candidate still in the race on election day. Raisi received about 38% of the vote, and the few minor candidates who remained in the race until election day, as well as invalid ballots, constituted the remaining votes. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. Administrations, including the Trump Administration, have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "5ea4e9e2f2823c0e2888d8f8e41e4be43a5aae4f", "filename": "files/20170602_RL32048_5ea4e9e2f2823c0e2888d8f8e41e4be43a5aae4f.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "0e75b8e807ec8187af9facf55110c3626c5b24e5", "filename": "files/20170602_RL32048_0e75b8e807ec8187af9facf55110c3626c5b24e5.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460439, "date": "2017-04-12", "retrieved": "2017-04-17T18:22:42.122053", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds politically and diplomatically, and U.S. policy has been intended to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, including its repeated detentions of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran and the eventual negotiation of a \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA). The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to ensure that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon after a decision to do so. \nPresident Obama asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presented an opportunity to construct a new and more positive U.S. relationship with Iran. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles; maintained support for regional movements such as Hamas, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Houthi rebels in Yemen; arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals; and conducted high speed intercepts of U.S. naval vessels in the Persian Gulf. The Trump Administration has characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States and stated a commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence\u2014although without taking steps that would conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. The Administration has not articulated a hope or intent to develop an improved relationship with Iran. \nU.S. officials have consistently criticized Iran\u2019s clerical regime and its human rights record. Domestically, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani and the JCPOA appear to have broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly that Rouhani has not delivered. Rouhani has not been able to limit hardliner control of the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression, although he has sometimes criticized these institutions for abuses of power. Recent international criticism of Iran\u2019s human rights record has centered on increases in the pace of executions. Still, Rouhani\u2019s ongoing public support was demonstrated by the strong showing of moderate conservative candidates in the elections for the parliament and a key clerical body, which were completed on April 29, 2016. His political popularity will be tested at the next Iranian presidential elections scheduled to be held on May 19, 2017. Defying widespread prior expectations among experts that Rouhani would be easily reelected, a strong hardline contender has emerged to challenge him\u2014mid-ranking cleric Ibrahim Raisi, who is said to be a close ally of Supreme Leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamene\u2019i. Raisi\u2019s entry into the race increases the potential for the use of hardline regime institutions to promote his election, and raises questions about the implications for Iranian policies should Raisi defeat Rouhani. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. Administrations, including the Trump Administration, have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "aa97d75633ae1bf3d2dd8bdba64a08d13948fc3b", "filename": "files/20170412_RL32048_aa97d75633ae1bf3d2dd8bdba64a08d13948fc3b.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "5201d1ef5f59213be9ae8466249849373e5643e2", "filename": "files/20170412_RL32048_5201d1ef5f59213be9ae8466249849373e5643e2.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 459084, "date": "2017-02-17", "retrieved": "2017-03-01T17:39:37.224001", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the United States and Iran have been at odds politically and diplomatically, and U.S. policy has been intended to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, including its detentions of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the potential for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program\u2014pressure that contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran. His government subsequently negotiated a November 2013 interim nuclear agreement and then the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA), which was finalized on July 14, 2015. The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to give the international community confidence that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon if it decided to do so. \nPresident Obama asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presents an opportunity to reduce the long-standing U.S.-Iran enmity and construct a new relationship. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles; maintained support for regional movements and factions such as Syrian President Bashar Al Assad, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Houthi rebels in Yemen; arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals; and conducted high speed intercepts of U.S. naval vessels in the Persian Gulf. The Administration of President Donald Trump has characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States and stated a commitment to countering Iran\u2019s regional influence\u2014although without taking steps that would conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. \nDomestically, Rouhani and the JCPOA appear to have broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly. Iran\u2019s human rights record continues to receive broad international criticism, particularly for recent increases in the pace of executions. Rouhani\u2019s public support was demonstrated by the strong showing of moderate conservative candidates in the elections for the parliament and a key clerical body, which were completed on April 29, 2016. The results appeared to strengthen Rouhani but might still not render him able to limit hardliner control of the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression. His political popularity will be tested at the next Iranian presidential elections scheduled to be held on May 19, 2017, although no strong contender has emerged to date. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. Administrations have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "b74fdf6d82e5dddbf7b7a99e08a6be3b6381fbe9", "filename": "files/20170217_RL32048_b74fdf6d82e5dddbf7b7a99e08a6be3b6381fbe9.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "b387d93dad884a40f398137cb6cc712df66f110b", "filename": "files/20170217_RL32048_b387d93dad884a40f398137cb6cc712df66f110b.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 457749, "date": "2016-12-15", "retrieved": "2016-12-22T16:30:00.966579", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been primarily to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, particularly its continued arrests and detention of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the program expanded and the chances that Iran could develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program. The pressure might have contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran, whose government subsequently negotiated a November 2013 interim nuclear agreement and then the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA), which was finalized on July 14, 2015. The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to give the international community confidence that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon if it decided to do so. \nPresident Obama has asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presents an opportunity to reduce the long-standing U.S.-Iran enmity and construct a new relationship. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles, sought new conventional arms from Russia, maintained support for regional movements and factions such as Syrian President Bashar Al Assad and Lebanese Hezbollah, insisted on additional sanctions relief, arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals, and threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz if Iran is attacked. These actions have prevented any broader rapprochement between Iran and the United States and Iran and the Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman). These Iranian challenges to U.S. policy are likely to continue as the incoming U.S. Administration formulates policy toward Iran. President-elect Trump and several of his cabinet nominees have characterized Iran as an adversary of the United States\u2014a perception that will undoubtedly color U.S. policy, even if the new Administration decides against withdrawing from the JCPOA. \nDomestically, Rouhani and the JCPOA appear to have broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly. Rouhani\u2019s public support was demonstrated by the strong showing of moderate conservative candidates in the elections for the parliament and a key clerical body, which were completed on April 29. The results appeared to strengthen Rouhani but might still not render him able to limit hardliner control of the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression. His political popularity will be tested at the next Iranian presidential elections scheduled to be held on May 19, 2017. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. administrations have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "7a05ff52457f4b048d88c285121fe108c51c713f", "filename": "files/20161215_RL32048_7a05ff52457f4b048d88c285121fe108c51c713f.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "3b2f508ee76abb125c89c74edd40eb866c53a77f", "filename": "files/20161215_RL32048_3b2f508ee76abb125c89c74edd40eb866c53a77f.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 456714, "date": "2016-10-25", "retrieved": "2016-10-28T18:18:35.848587", "title": "Iran: Politics, Human Rights, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been primarily to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses, particularly its continued arrests and detention of U.S.-Iran dual nationals. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the program expanded and the chances that Iran could develop a nuclear weapon increased. Beginning in 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program. The pressure might have contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran, whose government subsequently negotiated a November 2013 interim nuclear agreement and then the \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA), which was finalized on July 14, 2015. The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to give the international community confidence that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon if it decided to do so. \nPresident Obama has asserted that the implementation of the JCPOA presents an opportunity to reduce the long-standing U.S.-Iran enmity and construct a new relationship. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles, sought new conventional arms from Russia, maintained support for regional movements and factions such as Syrian President Bashar Al Assad and Lebanese Hezbollah, insisted on additional sanctions relief, arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals, and threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz if Iran is attacked. These actions have prevented any broader rapprochement between Iran and the United States and Iran and the Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman). \nDomestically, Rouhani and the JCPOA appear to have broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly. Rouhani\u2019s public support was demonstrated by the strong showing of moderate conservative candidates in the elections for the parliament and a key clerical body, which were completed on April 29. The results appeared to strengthen Rouhani but might still not render him able to limit hardliner control of the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression. His political popularity will be tested at the next Iranian presidential elections scheduled to be held on May 19, 2017. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. administrations have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign and Defense Policies, by Kenneth Katzman", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "a98dc55ae6cd4efe6d66010ac02e4a961588beaa", "filename": "files/20161025_RL32048_a98dc55ae6cd4efe6d66010ac02e4a961588beaa.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "feffc6a3f363e02f55ed9f50b1e54094e4b1f0ce", "filename": "files/20161025_RL32048_feffc6a3f363e02f55ed9f50b1e54094e4b1f0ce.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 455230, "date": "2016-08-19", "retrieved": "2016-10-17T19:34:39.566632", "title": "Iran: Politics, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been primarily to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests, including the security of the Persian Gulf region. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses. The implementation of a July 14, 2015, \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA) nuclear agreement between Iran and six negotiating powers appeared to represent an opportunity to reduce the long-standing U.S.-Iran enmity and construct a new relationship. \nDuring the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the program expanded and the chances that Iran could develop a nuclear weapon increased. In 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program. The pressure might have contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran, whose government subsequently negotiated a November 2013 interim nuclear agreement and then the JCPOA. The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits intended to give the international community confidence that Iran would require at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon if it decided to do so. \nPresident Obama has asserted that the JCPOA has the potential to produce the added benefit of improving U.S.-Iran relations. However, Iran has continued to test ballistic missiles, sought new conventional arms from Russia, maintained support for regional movements and factions such as Syrian President Bashar Al Assad and Lebanese Hezbollah, insisted on additional sanctions relief, arrested additional U.S.-Iran dual nationals, and threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz if Iran is attacked. These actions have prevented any broader rapprochement between Iran and the United States and Iran and the Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman). The United States has long-standing and extensive security relationships with the GCC states that enable the United States to maintain about 35,000 military personnel at facilities throughout the Gulf. The United States has held two summit meetings with GCC leaders (May 13-14, 2015, and April 21, 2016) to try to reassure the GCC that Iran\u2019s regional influence can and will be contained, even though Iran has more financial resources at its disposal because of sanctions relief. At the meetings, President Obama has reaffirmed all aspects of U.S.-GCC security cooperation, including a commitment to continuing U.S. sales of arms. \nDomestically, Rouhani and the JCPOA appear to have broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly. Rouhani\u2019s public support was demonstrated by the strong showing of moderate conservative candidates in the elections for the parliament and a key clerical body, which were completed on April 29. The results appear to strengthen Rouhani but might still not render him able to limit hardliner control of the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. administrations have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime. See also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "52053874e34c60ac0aaa799c3ea7a9c513964b06", "filename": "files/20160819_RL32048_52053874e34c60ac0aaa799c3ea7a9c513964b06.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "8a52d7bd350d1afb42629e7c0f8a66966953837d", "filename": "files/20160819_RL32048_8a52d7bd350d1afb42629e7c0f8a66966953837d.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4878, "name": "International Terrorism, Trafficking, & Crime" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 452516, "date": "2016-05-11", "retrieved": "2016-05-24T19:09:39.210941", "title": "Iran: Politics, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been primarily to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests, including the security of the Persian Gulf region. U.S. officials also express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s human rights abuses. The implementation of a July 2015 \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA) nuclear agreement between Iran and six negotiating powers has lessened Administration concerns about Iran\u2019s nuclear program and prompted the Administration to express hopes that U.S.-Iran relations might improve. The emergence of the Islamic State organization has reduced the gap in U.S. and Iranian regional interests.\nDuring the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the program expanded and the chances that Iran could develop a nuclear weapon increased. As of 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program. The international pressure might have contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran, whose government subsequently negotiated a November 2013 interim nuclear agreement and then the JCPOA. The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits that give the international community confidence that it would take Iran at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon. \nPresident Obama has asserted that the JCPOA has the potential to produce the added benefit of improving U.S.-Iran relations. However, since the deal was finalized, Iran has tested ballistic missiles and vowed to continue doing so, sought new conventional arms from Russia, maintained support for regional movements and factions such as Syrian President Bashar Al Assad and Lebanese Hezbollah, insisted on additional sanctions relief, and criticized the U.S. military presence in the Persian Gulf. The Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman) and other U.S. allies such as Israel continue to assert sanctions relief provides Iran with additional political and financial resources to continue such objectionable activities. The United States and the GCC states have a long-standing and extensive security relationship that enables the United States to maintain about 35,000 military personnel at facilities throughout the Gulf. The United States has held two summit meetings with GCC leaders (May 13-14, 2015, and April 21, 2016) to try to reassure the GCC that Iran\u2019s regional influence can and will be contained. At the meetings, President Obama has reaffirmed all aspects of U.S.-GCC security cooperation, including a commitment to continuing U.S. sales of arms. \nDomestically, Rouhani and the JCPOA appear to have broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly. Rouhani\u2019s public support was demonstrated by the strong showing of moderate conservative candidates in the elections for the parliament and a key clerical body, which were completed on April 29. The results appear to strengthen Rouhani but might still not render him able to limit hardliner control of the state institutions that curb dissent and free expression. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. administrations have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime. See also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report RS20871, Iran Sanctions, by Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R44017, Iran\u2019s Foreign Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32048", "sha1": "60a4dad7f19d5cffded3ae4e3e5e2677821451db", "filename": "files/20160511_RL32048_60a4dad7f19d5cffded3ae4e3e5e2677821451db.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32048", "sha1": "e332a214e7c80fe44b18a2c82736db447b00ba24", "filename": "files/20160511_RL32048_e332a214e7c80fe44b18a2c82736db447b00ba24.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3456, "name": "Terrorism and Counterterrorism Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3605, "name": "United Nations" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 451301, "date": "2016-03-30", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T16:50:42.447759", "title": "Iran: Politics, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests, including the security of the Persian Gulf region. U.S. officials express a broad range of concerns about Iran\u2019s domestic and foreign policies, but the emergence of the Islamic State organization has reduced the gap in U.S. and Iranian regional interests. The implementation of a July 2015 \u201cJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action\u201d (JCPOA) nuclear agreement between Iran and six negotiating powers has lessened, although not eliminated, U.S. concerns about Iran\u2019s nuclear program. \nDuring the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran\u2019s support for militant Middle East groups as the primary threat posed by Iran to U.S. interests and allies. Iran\u2019s nuclear program took precedence in U.S. policy after 2002 as the program expanded and the chances that Iran could develop a nuclear weapon increased. As of 2010, the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to persuade it to agree to strict limits on the program. The international pressure might have contributed to the June 2013 election of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani as president of Iran, whose government subsequently negotiated a November 2013 interim nuclear agreement and the JCPOA. The JCPOA, which began formal implementation on January 16, 2016, exchanged broad sanctions relief for nuclear program limits that give the international community confidence that it would take Iran at least a year to produce a nuclear weapon. \nPresident Obama has asserted that the JCPOA has the potential to produce the added benefit of improving U.S.-Iran relations. However, since the deal was finalized, Iran has tested ballistic missiles and vowed to continue doing so, it has sought new conventional arms from Russia, and it has maintained its support for regional movements and factions such as Syrian President Bashar Al Assad and Lebanese Hezbollah, and the United States has indicted seven Iranians for cyberattacks on the United States. The Arab states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman) and other U.S. allies such as Israel continue to assert sanctions relief provides Iran with additional political and financial resources to continue such objectionable activities. The United States and the GCC states have a long-standing and extensive security relationship that enables the United States to maintain about 35,000 military personnel at facilities throughout the Gulf. To try to reassure the GCC that Iran\u2019s regional influence can and will be contained, U.S. officials have held several high-level meetings with GCC leaders to increase security cooperation, including pledging additional U.S. arms sales. The second U.S.-GCC summit will be held in Riyadh on April 21. \nDomestically, Rouhani and the JCPOA appear to have broad support, but many Iranians say they also want greater freedoms of expression and assembly. Rouhani\u2019s public support was demonstrated by the strong showing of moderate conservative candidates in the February 26 elections for the parliament and a key clerical body. However, it is not clear that the election results will enable Rouhani to limit the hardliner control of the judiciary or the security forces that are the main instruments to curb dissent and free expression. The United States has supported programs to promote civil society in Iran, but successive U.S. administrations have stopped short of adopting policies that specifically seek to overthrow Iran\u2019s regime. See also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. 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The report also considers U.S. policy responses, specifically in regards to Iran's nuclear capabilities.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20160310_RL32048_524fb7319f0b50e6713e29d58585c629bd66bd03.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20160310_RL32048_524fb7319f0b50e6713e29d58585c629bd66bd03.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc824628/", "id": "RL32048_2016Jan14", "date": "2016-01-14", "retrieved": "2016-04-04T14:48:17", "title": "Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report discusses issues regarding Iran's political history and structure. It also takes a look at economic and defense policy responses for Congress, specifically focusing on Iran's nuclear capabilities.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20160114_RL32048_7e5ae3f05cc484a2478ac62020fc56fa57a508a7.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20160114_RL32048_7e5ae3f05cc484a2478ac62020fc56fa57a508a7.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Federal aid to health facilities", "name": "Federal aid to health facilities" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc770582/", "id": "RL32048_2015Aug14", "date": "2015-08-14", "retrieved": "2015-11-04T09:58:14", "title": "Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report discusses issues regarding Iran's political history and structure. It also takes a look at economic and defense policy responses for Congress, specifically focusing on Iran's nuclear capabilities.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150814_RL32048_a21c0d06d64cf8ef4051127ce0819313ad691b54.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150814_RL32048_a21c0d06d64cf8ef4051127ce0819313ad691b54.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Federal aid to health facilities", "name": "Federal aid to health facilities" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689275/", "id": "RL32048_2015May28", "date": "2015-05-28", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report discusses issues regarding Iran's political history and structure. It also takes a look at economic and defense policy responses for Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150528_RL32048_9e4246e3cbc5ee6a9c60ab2c470be9809d7cfd93.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150528_RL32048_9e4246e3cbc5ee6a9c60ab2c470be9809d7cfd93.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Federal aid to health facilities", "name": "Federal aid to health facilities" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689365/", "id": "RL32048_2015May19", "date": "2015-05-19", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report discusses current issues regarding the government and politics of Iran. Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests, including the security of the Persian Gulf region. In 2014, a common adversary emerged in the form of the Islamic State organization, reducing gaps in U.S. and Iranian regional interests, although the two countries have somewhat differing approaches over how to try to defeat the group.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150519_RL32048_a2c8c61ae5b83fef288419afd0770b67ea11a5b0.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150519_RL32048_a2c8c61ae5b83fef288419afd0770b67ea11a5b0.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Government and politics", "name": "Government and politics" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear weapons", "name": "Nuclear weapons" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc505398/", "id": "RL32048_2015Apr14", "date": "2015-04-14", "retrieved": "2015-05-29T05:37:21", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. It also discusses ways in which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150414_RL32048_080f12efbcbd0f02d7820c1f2b233bf76ae6f95c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150414_RL32048_080f12efbcbd0f02d7820c1f2b233bf76ae6f95c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503581/", "id": "RL32048_2015Mar18", "date": "2015-03-18", "retrieved": "2015-04-30T17:37:21", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. It also discusses ways in which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150318_RL32048_a6cf0ff0dd9779069787e85edc0c94c960af116e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150318_RL32048_a6cf0ff0dd9779069787e85edc0c94c960af116e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501799/", "id": "RL32048_2015Jan26", "date": "2015-01-26", "retrieved": "2015-03-30T22:03:27", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. It also discusses ways in which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150126_RL32048_3199c30758d9c5dabc739de414838fc7d6bebc31.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150126_RL32048_3199c30758d9c5dabc739de414838fc7d6bebc31.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491034/", "id": "RL32048_2014Dec17", "date": "2014-12-17", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. It also discusses ways in which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20141217_RL32048_0cdcf83a8fdc428edc2c5e62bfc7cfa239eede22.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20141217_RL32048_0cdcf83a8fdc428edc2c5e62bfc7cfa239eede22.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463171/", "id": "RL32048_2014Oct01", "date": "2014-10-01", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. 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The report also discusses ways which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100820_RL32048_fbf1b9c120f9fc348b839a72eb2e92a670535deb.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100820_RL32048_fbf1b9c120f9fc348b839a72eb2e92a670535deb.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462171/", "id": "RL32048_2010Jul23", "date": "2010-07-23", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. 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The report also discusses ways which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100611_RL32048_711d8bd8012c17be8fd5dcbf2974c6a72ba64b21.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100611_RL32048_711d8bd8012c17be8fd5dcbf2974c6a72ba64b21.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc461950/", "id": "RL32048_2010May24", "date": "2010-05-24", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. The report also discusses ways which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100524_RL32048_213989f62ed8ee9dd51d4fa6d0d8a528364a3538.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100524_RL32048_213989f62ed8ee9dd51d4fa6d0d8a528364a3538.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462461/", "id": "RL32048_2010May03", "date": "2010-05-03", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. The report also discusses ways which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100503_RL32048_d5920ae0b35d118faea40fb271abb682a70b3e37.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100503_RL32048_d5920ae0b35d118faea40fb271abb682a70b3e37.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463130/", "id": "RL32048_2010Apr01", "date": "2010-04-01", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. The report also discusses ways which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100401_RL32048_6893fb9935e033c31a67484392a5e09ad8f3d5dd.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100401_RL32048_6893fb9935e033c31a67484392a5e09ad8f3d5dd.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462151/", "id": "RL32048_2010Mar11", "date": "2010-03-11", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. 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The report also discusses ways which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100216_RL32048_11cbce6599789cc56e5348919f9f816dc97df136.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100216_RL32048_11cbce6599789cc56e5348919f9f816dc97df136.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462142/", "id": "RL32048_2010Jan06", "date": "2010-01-06", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. The report also discusses ways which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100106_RL32048_27ae8b276b06d6b5178d1f131068b860c6ba5388.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100106_RL32048_27ae8b276b06d6b5178d1f131068b860c6ba5388.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc806858/", "id": "RL32048_2009Dec07", "date": "2009-12-07", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20091207_RL32048_f29a614f0bb19b0c3dafbe40410e75f7563b5c2d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20091207_RL32048_f29a614f0bb19b0c3dafbe40410e75f7563b5c2d.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463407/", "id": "RL32048_2009Oct05", "date": "2009-11-05", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. The report also discusses ways which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20091105_RL32048_f9bbf1f31d3dfd02a64cfb5f2cbc30cb87cfadc7.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20091105_RL32048_f9bbf1f31d3dfd02a64cfb5f2cbc30cb87cfadc7.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc805146/", "id": "RL32048_2009Nov03", "date": "2009-11-03", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20091103_RL32048_ad5211db59f778479975fea26a46f20f6687bc89.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20091103_RL32048_ad5211db59f778479975fea26a46f20f6687bc89.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc814825/", "id": "RL32048_2009Sep30", "date": "2009-09-30", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090930_RL32048_aee6439b42c43570893766965ae8033d6c72a89e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090930_RL32048_aee6439b42c43570893766965ae8033d6c72a89e.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc816795/", "id": "RL32048_2009Sep04", "date": "2009-09-04", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090904_RL32048_d33545ed9b76f1d25e6204396b9ba81604c3fafd.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090904_RL32048_d33545ed9b76f1d25e6204396b9ba81604c3fafd.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc461894/", "id": "RL32048_2009Aug06", "date": "2009-08-06", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses the reasons that Iran is considered a threat to U.S. security, including Iran's nuclear program, involvement with terrorist organizations, and involvement with neighboring countries' local governments. The report also discusses ways which the U.S. hopes to modify Iran's behavior with sanctions, and the effectiveness of these sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090806_RL32048_c2da9407235aeec5dcfc1e8fcb5658e7acef2c71.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090806_RL32048_c2da9407235aeec5dcfc1e8fcb5658e7acef2c71.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc26210/", "id": "RL32048_2009Jul10", "date": "2009-07-10", "retrieved": "2010-07-07T17:39:19", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "Much of the debate over U.S. policy toward Iran has centered on the nature of the current regime; some believe that Iran, a country of about 70 million people, is a threat to U.S. interests because hardliners in Iran's regime dominate and set a policy direction intended to challenge U.S. influence and allies in the region. President George W. Bush, in his January 29, 2002, State of the Union message, labeled Iran part of an \"axis of evil\" along with\r\nIraq and North Korea. This report discusses how the Obama Administration differs from the Bush Administration regarding strategy in Iran relations. 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"files/20070806_RL32048_d6042b51e020b49d7271eeb4781ac934de0d283d.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc812078/", "id": "RL32048_2007Jul17", "date": "2007-07-17", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070717_RL32048_0a86c816b33a22636dec31c83f1ce11eb8fcc5fd.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070717_RL32048_0a86c816b33a22636dec31c83f1ce11eb8fcc5fd.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc805639/", "id": "RL32048_2007May15", "date": "2007-05-15", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070515_RL32048_4e6f26dceae677e74c4df7297f66621f2ead98a2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070515_RL32048_4e6f26dceae677e74c4df7297f66621f2ead98a2.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc821499/", "id": "RL32048_2007Apr25", "date": "2007-04-25", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "This report discusses U.S. policy responses to the current political climate in Iran. Much of the debate over U.S. policy toward Iran has centered on the nature of the current regime; some believe that Iran, a country of almost 70 million people, is a threat to U.S. interests because hardliners in Iran\u2019s regime dominate and set a policy direction intended to challenge U.S. influence and allies in the region.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070425_RL32048_2c1c253e30980fbaa20ff9ba0fe7b7cd1fe2d571.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070425_RL32048_2c1c253e30980fbaa20ff9ba0fe7b7cd1fe2d571.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Iran", "name": "Politics and government -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc809567/", "id": "RL32048_2007Apr02", "date": "2007-04-02", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070402_RL32048_b2297a3cfe5f2957e43f84e7c5273b1db81f836f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070402_RL32048_b2297a3cfe5f2957e43f84e7c5273b1db81f836f.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc806617/", "id": "RL32048_2007Mar13", "date": "2007-03-13", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070313_RL32048_b6951e7e1a3582867c33a6d15e305e700b8bb5e8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070313_RL32048_b6951e7e1a3582867c33a6d15e305e700b8bb5e8.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815924/", "id": "RL32048_2007Feb20", "date": "2007-02-20", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070220_RL32048_bf6dc53c13a35813b78e9469d54aa8f141a26d03.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070220_RL32048_bf6dc53c13a35813b78e9469d54aa8f141a26d03.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807921/", "id": "RL32048_2007Jan23", "date": "2007-01-23", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070123_RL32048_b158f88ab91282251885acc761858f2381ffe1fa.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070123_RL32048_b158f88ab91282251885acc761858f2381ffe1fa.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc819622/", "id": "RL32048_2007Jan05", "date": "2007-01-05", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070105_RL32048_609042b09e23b8f14c432b3ef418b8a0fe6fd386.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070105_RL32048_609042b09e23b8f14c432b3ef418b8a0fe6fd386.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815103/", "id": "RL32048_2006Dec04", "date": "2006-12-04", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20061204_RL32048_2726ff8a839c28472fd58e9b5afddd7555703653.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20061204_RL32048_2726ff8a839c28472fd58e9b5afddd7555703653.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc820673/", "id": "RL32048_2006Nov01", "date": "2006-11-01", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20061101_RL32048_f5052d3a0f8270fd55f031c7ac9caccce1e32160.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20061101_RL32048_f5052d3a0f8270fd55f031c7ac9caccce1e32160.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10435/", "id": "RL32048_2006Oct04", "date": "2006-10-04", "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:26:34", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "According to the Administration's \"National Security Strategy\" document released on March 16, 2006, the United States \"may face no greater challenge from a single country than Iran.\" To date, the Bush Administration has pursued several avenues to attempt to contain the potential threat posed by Iran, including supporting a long-term policy of changing Iran's regime. Iran's nuclear program is not the only major U.S. concern on Iran. Successive administrations have pointed to the threat posed by Iran's policy in the Near East region, particularly material support to groups that use violence to prevent or complicate Israeli-Arab peace. Iran's human rights practices and strict limits on free expression have been consistently criticized by official U.S. and U.N. reports.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20061004_RL32048_63ea17ec99e7e45d74dd7b8962cc86979fb96353.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20061004_RL32048_63ea17ec99e7e45d74dd7b8962cc86979fb96353.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - Iran", "name": "Politics and government - Iran" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9393/", "id": "RL32048 2006-09-11", "date": "2006-09-11", "retrieved": "2006-12-05T11:00:02", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Options", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060911_RL32048_a41c0fda19e1945d4187003365b7c02e1f204e15.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060911_RL32048_a41c0fda19e1945d4187003365b7c02e1f204e15.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear weapons", "name": "Nuclear weapons" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9349/", "id": "RL32048_2006Aug25", "date": "2006-08-25", "retrieved": "2006-12-05T09:52:34", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Options", "summary": "This report discusses issues for Congress regarding foreign policy toward Iran. According to the Administration\u2019s \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d document\r\nreleased on March 16, 2006, the United States \u201cmay face no greater challenge from\r\na single country than Iran.\u201d", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060825_RL32048_1511543e51c921a40fe31ef897066b2dda497b90.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060825_RL32048_1511543e51c921a40fe31ef897066b2dda497b90.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9351/", "id": "RL32048 2006-07-31", "date": "2006-07-31", "retrieved": "2006-12-05T09:56:01", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Options", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060731_RL32048_67edc6cb0d501b08220cd529bee87e72fb5e37ed.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060731_RL32048_67edc6cb0d501b08220cd529bee87e72fb5e37ed.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9350/", "id": "RL32048 2006-07-13", "date": "2006-07-13", "retrieved": "2006-12-05T09:54:13", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Options", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060713_RL32048_11359c9c9d61d5bfe540f54f61e461284e491f1c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060713_RL32048_11359c9c9d61d5bfe540f54f61e461284e491f1c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc819415/", "id": "RL32048_2006Jun21", "date": "2006-06-21", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060621_RL32048_0f37ca7e45c8ab4e866e06859d0eb68c7feb5f11.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060621_RL32048_0f37ca7e45c8ab4e866e06859d0eb68c7feb5f11.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10436/", "id": "RL32048_2006Jun02", "date": "2006-06-02", "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:26:23", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": "According to an Administration national security strategy document released on March 16, 2006, the United States \"may face no greater challenge from a single country than Iran.\" The Bush Administration announced May 31, 2006, that it would negotiate with Iran in concert with U.S. allies. If diplomacy and sanctions do not succeed, some advocate military action against Iran's nuclear infrastructure rather than acquiescence to a nuclear-armed Iran. U.S. concerns regarding Iran include Iran's nuclear program, Iran's influence on Iraq by way of providing arms and other material assistance to Shiite Islamist militias, and Iran's human rights practices, which include strict limits on free expression and repression of ethnic and religious minorities.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060602_RL32048_fbb8fb59c6496120b3d5ace02ad6ba25d4cc07c2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060602_RL32048_fbb8fb59c6496120b3d5ace02ad6ba25d4cc07c2.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - Iran", "name": "Politics and government - Iran" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9002/", "id": "RL32048 2006-05-12", "date": "2006-05-12", "retrieved": "2006-07-03T15:04:18", "title": "Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060512_RL32048_cf215f80b3d33a0a5c47071d60a59ec32e4ebbd6.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060512_RL32048_cf215f80b3d33a0a5c47071d60a59ec32e4ebbd6.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - Iran", "name": "Politics and government - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - 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