{
  "id": "RL32073",
  "type": "CRS Report",
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      "id": 347171,
      "date": "2008-05-13",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T03:26:14.501138",
      "title": "Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Infrastructure Security: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a hazardous fuel shipped in large tankers from overseas to U.S. ports. Because LNG infrastructure is highly visible and easily identified, it can be vulnerable to terrorist attack. Since September 11, 2001, the U.S. LNG industry and federal agencies have put new measures in place to respond to the possibility of terrorism. Nonetheless, public concerns about LNG risks continue to raise questions about LNG security. Faced with a perceived national need for greater LNG imports, and persistent public concerns about LNG risks, some in Congress are examining the adequacy of security provisions in federal LNG regulation.\nLNG infrastructure consists primarily of tankers, import terminals, and inland storage plants. There are nine active U.S. terminals and proposals for many others. Although potentially catastrophic events could arise from a serious accident or attack on such facilities, LNG has a record of relative safety for the last 40 years, and no LNG tanker or land-based facility has been attacked by terrorists. The likelihood and possible impacts from LNG attacks continue to be debated among experts.\nSeveral federal agencies oversee LNG infrastructure security. The Coast Guard has lead responsibility for LNG shipping and marine terminal security under the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-295) and the Security and Accountability for Every Port Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-347). The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) both have security authority for LNG storage plants within gas utilities, as well as some security authority for LNG marine terminals. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approves the siting, with some security oversight, of on-shore LNG marine terminals and certain utility LNG plants. The Coast Guard, OPS and FERC cooperate in the siting approval of new LNG facilities, inspection and operational review of existing facilities, informal communication, and dispute resolution.\nFederal initiatives to secure LNG are still evolving, but a variety of industry and agency representatives suggest they are reducing the vulnerability of LNG to terrorism. S. 1594 would strengthen federal protection of vessels and infrastructure handling LNG and other especially hazardous cargoes through new international standards, new training requirements, vessel security cost-sharing, incident response and recovery plans, and other provisions. H.R. 2830, which passed in the House of Representatives on April 24, 2008, but which President Bush has threatened to veto, would require the Coast Guard to secure LNG tankers, and would limit the agency\u2019s reliance on state and local resources in doing so, among other provisions. As Congress continues its oversight of LNG, it may consider whether future LNG security requirements will be appropriately funded, whether these requirements will be balanced against evolving risks, and whether the LNG industry is carrying its fair share of the security burden. Congress may also act to improve its understanding of LNG security risks. Finally, Congress may initiate action to better understand the security and trade implications of efforts to promote U.S.-flagged LNG tankers and U.S. crews.",
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822394/",
      "id": "RL32073_2008Mar25",
      "date": "2008-03-25",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Infrastructure Security: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "This report provides an overview of industry and federal activities related to LNG security. The report describes U.S. LNG infrastructure, the industry's safety record and security risks, and the industry's security initiatives since September 11, 2001. It summarizes recent changes in federal LNG and maritime security law and related changes in the security roles of federal agencies. The report discusses several policy concerns related to federal LNG security efforts: 1) public costs of marine security, 2) uncertainty regarding LNG terrorism risks, and 3) security implications of promoting U.S.-flagged LNG tankers and U.S. crews.",
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Liquefied natural gas",
          "name": "Liquefied natural gas"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Gas storage",
          "name": "Gas storage"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Liquefied petroleum gas",
          "name": "Liquefied petroleum gas"
        }
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc810432/",
      "id": "RL32073_2007Jun05",
      "date": "2007-06-05",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Infrastructure Security: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "This report provides an overview of industry and federal activities related to LNG security. The report describes U.S. LNG infrastructure, the industry's safety record and security risks, and the industry's security initiatives since September 11, 2001. It summarizes recent changes in federal LNG and maritime security law and related changes in the security roles of federal agencies. The report discusses several policy concerns related to federal LNG security efforts: 1) public costs of marine security, 2) uncertainty regarding LNG terrorism risks, and 3) security implications of promoting U.S.-flagged LNG tankers and U.S. crews.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Liquefied natural gas",
          "name": "Liquefied natural gas"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Gas storage",
          "name": "Gas storage"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Liquefied petroleum gas",
          "name": "Liquefied petroleum gas"
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807960/",
      "id": "RL32073_2005Mar16",
      "date": "2005-03-16",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Infrastructure Security: Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "This report provides an overview of industry and federal activities related to LNG security. The report describes U.S. LNG infrastructure, the industry's safety record and security risks, and the industry's security initiatives since September 11, 2001. It summarizes recent changes in federal LNG and maritime security law and related changes in the security roles of federal agencies. The report discusses several policy concerns related to federal LNG security efforts: 1) public costs of marine security, 2) uncertainty regarding LNG terrorism risks, and 3) security implications of promoting U.S.-flagged LNG tankers and U.S. crews.",
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      "topics": [
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Liquefied natural gas",
          "name": "Liquefied natural gas"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Gas storage",
          "name": "Gas storage"
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        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Liquefied petroleum gas",
          "name": "Liquefied petroleum gas"
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc813136/",
      "id": "RL32073_2003Sep09",
      "date": "2003-09-09",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Infrastructure Security: Background and Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "This report provides an overview of industry and federal activities related to LNG security. The report describes U.S. LNG infrastructure, the industry's safety record and security risks, and the industry's security initiatives since September 11, 2001. It summarizes recent changes in federal LNG and maritime security law and related changes in the security roles of federal agencies. The report discusses several policy concerns related to federal LNG security efforts: 1) public costs of marine security, 2) uncertainty regarding LNG terrorism risks, and 3) security implications of promoting U.S.-flagged LNG tankers and U.S. crews.",
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      "topics": [
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Liquefied natural gas",
          "name": "Liquefied natural gas"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Gas storage",
          "name": "Gas storage"
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        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Liquefied petroleum gas",
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  ],
  "topics": [
    "Energy Policy",
    "Intelligence and National Security"
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}