{
  "id": "RL32076",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL32076",
  "active": true,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 414845,
      "date": "2012-12-03",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-06T21:35:06.858382",
      "title": "The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology",
      "summary": "Congressional interest in facilitating U.S. technological innovation led to the passage of P.L. 96-517, Amendments to the Patent and Trademark Act (commonly referred to as the Bayh-Dole Act after its two main sponsors). The act provides patent rights to certain inventions arising out of government-sponsored research and development (R&D) to non-profit institutions and small businesses with the expressed purpose of encouraging the commercialization of new technologies through cooperative ventures between and among the research community, small firms, and industry.\nPatents provide an economic incentive for companies to pursue further development and commercialization. Studies indicate that research funding accounts for approximately one-quarter of the costs associated with bringing a new product to market. Patent ownership is seen as a way to encourage the additional, and often substantial investment necessary for generating new goods and services in the private sector. In an academic setting, the possession of title to inventions is expected to provide motivation for the university to license the technology to companies for commercialization in expectation of royalty payments.\nThe Bayh-Dole Act has been seen as particularly successful in meeting its objectives. However, while the legislation provides a general framework to promote expanded utilization of the results of federally funded research and development, questions have been raised as to the adequacy of current arrangements. Most agree that closer cooperation among industry, government, and academia can augment funding sources (both in the private and public sectors), increase technology transfer, stimulate more innovation (beyond invention), lead to new products and processes, and expand markets. However, others point out that collaboration may provide increased opportunities for conflicts of interest, redirection of research, less openness in sharing of scientific discovery, and a greater emphasis on applied rather than basic research. Additional concerns have been expressed, particularly in relation to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, that the government and the public are not receiving benefits commensurate with the federal contribution to the initial research and development.\nActual experience and cited studies suggest that companies which do not control the results of their investments\u2014either through ownership of patent title, exclusive license, or pricing decisions\u2014tend to be less likely to engage in related R&D. The importance of control over intellectual property is reinforced by the positive effect P.L. 96-517 has had on the emergence of new technologies and techniques generated by U.S. companies.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": true,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "encoding": "utf-8",
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL32076",
          "sha1": "0f939d4832db0749fa064a8727f7caf70a43a544",
          "filename": "files/20121203_RL32076_0f939d4832db0749fa064a8727f7caf70a43a544.html",
          "images": null
        },
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "encoding": null,
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL32076",
          "sha1": "836129be0e45a4049a32a64c143ec94df38236be",
          "filename": "files/20121203_RL32076_836129be0e45a4049a32a64c143ec94df38236be.pdf",
          "images": null
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "IBCList",
          "id": 2636,
          "name": "Small Business Policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "IBCList",
          "id": 2688,
          "name": "Intellectual Property Rights"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815760/",
      "id": "RL32076_2012Mar16",
      "date": "2012-03-16",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20120316_RL32076_4938be31fa52906234b730ccc4de492c672ed753.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20120316_RL32076_4938be31fa52906234b730ccc4de492c672ed753.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc814821/",
      "id": "RL32076_2011Jun09",
      "date": "2011-06-09",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20110609_RL32076_a42eeae7db72a1154860acc165487e6b834bd3ac.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20110609_RL32076_a42eeae7db72a1154860acc165487e6b834bd3ac.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31403/",
      "id": "RL32076_2010Nov16",
      "date": "2010-11-16",
      "retrieved": "2011-03-09T09:26:47",
      "title": "The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology",
      "summary": "Congressional interest in facilitating U.S. technological innovation led to the passage of P.L. 96-517, Amendments to the Patent and Trademark Act, commonly referred to as the \"Bayh-Dole Act\" after its two main sponsors former Senators Robert Dole and Birch Bayh. Under this 1980 law, as amended, title to inventions made with government support is provided to the contractor if that contractor is a small business, a university, or other non-profit institution. This report discusses the rationale behind the passage of P.L. 96-517, its provisions, and implementation of the law.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20101116_RL32076_182f0d02d30aefdfd0efba7a01e4d5f83d9ac4ee.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20101116_RL32076_182f0d02d30aefdfd0efba7a01e4d5f83d9ac4ee.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Intellectual property",
          "name": "Intellectual property"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Patent law and legislation",
          "name": "Patent law and legislation"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Commercial law",
          "name": "Commercial law"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Patents",
          "name": "Patents"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Trademarks",
          "name": "Trademarks"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743427/",
      "id": "RL32076_2009Feb03",
      "date": "2009-02-03",
      "retrieved": "2015-10-20T21:35:54",
      "title": "The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology",
      "summary": "This report discusses the rationale behind the passage of P.L. 96-517 (Amendments to the Patent and Trademark Act, or the \"Bayh-Dole Act\") as well as its provisions and information regarding the implementation of the law. Under this 1980 law, as amended, title to inventions made with government support is provided to the contractor if that contractor is a small business, a university, or other non-profit institution.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20090203_RL32076_897831fed8b698759bd7ef59a4b606d72911e8d6.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20090203_RL32076_897831fed8b698759bd7ef59a4b606d72911e8d6.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Intellectual property",
          "name": "Intellectual property"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Patent law and legislation",
          "name": "Patent law and legislation"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Commercial law",
          "name": "Commercial law"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Patents",
          "name": "Patents"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Trademarks",
          "name": "Trademarks"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc819945/",
      "id": "RL32076_2008Apr03",
      "date": "2008-04-03",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20080403_RL32076_4680380d52ba7ea23ac6c6342930be0ec362f2ba.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20080403_RL32076_4680380d52ba7ea23ac6c6342930be0ec362f2ba.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc820794/",
      "id": "RL32076_2006Dec08",
      "date": "2006-12-08",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20061208_RL32076_685369ba7d5306dc72b9398e64a29f1f6387624b.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20061208_RL32076_685369ba7d5306dc72b9398e64a29f1f6387624b.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815496/",
      "id": "RL32076_2005Jun10",
      "date": "2005-06-10",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The Bayh-Dole Act: Selected Issues in Patent Policy and the Commercialization of Technology",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20050610_RL32076_dff4328ec53b4855dc48a2e1fb8bc8e80613400d.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20050610_RL32076_dff4328ec53b4855dc48a2e1fb8bc8e80613400d.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Economic Policy",
    "Science and Technology Policy"
  ]
}