{
  "id": "RL32093",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL32093",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 101743,
      "date": "2004-06-07",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T20:14:43.000178",
      "title": "Iraq Agriculture and Food Supply: Background and Issues",
      "summary": "Iraq's agricultural sector represents a small but vital component of Iraq's economy. Over the past\nseveral decades agriculture's role in the economy has been heavily influenced by Iraq's involvement\nin military conflicts, particularly the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War, the 1991 Gulf War, and the 2003 Iraq\nWar, and by varying degrees of government effort to promote and/or control agricultural production. \n  Rapid population growth coupled with limited arable land and a general stagnation in\nagricultural productivity has steadily increased dependence on imports to meet domestic food needs\nsince the mid-1960s. Prior to the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq was a major trading partner with the U.S. Iraq\nbenefitted from substantial USDA agricultural export credit during the 1980s to purchase large\nquantities of U.S. agricultural commodities. By the mid-1980s Iraq was the major destination for\nU.S. rice exports. Iraq was also an important purchaser of U.S. wheat, corn, soymeal, and cotton. \nAfter the 1991 Gulf War, U.S. agricultural export credit to Iraq was ended and USDA was left with\n$2 billion in unpaid credit. U.S. agricultural trade with Iraq remained negligible through 2002.\n  Present-day Iraqi agriculture and trade have been heavily shaped by the 1990 U.N. sanctions\nand the Iraqi government's response to them. From 1991 to 1996, prior to the startup of the U.N.'s\nOil-For-Food program (OFFP), Iraq's agricultural imports averaged $958 million or less than half\nof the pre-war level. Under the OFFP, the value of Iraq's agricultural imports rebounded to average\n$1.5 billion (during the 1997-2002 period). \n  In early 2003, just prior to the U.S. -- Iraq War, the country's agricultural sector remained beset\nby the legacy of past mis-management, unresolved disputes over land and water rights, and the\nlingering effects of a severe drought during 1999-2001. Clearly, Iraq will be dependent on imports\nfor fully meeting domestic food demand for several years to come. In the near term, food aid\nshipments are likely to play a major role in determining the share of Iraq's agricultural imports, and\nmay influence the evolution of future commercial imports. \n  This report is an extension of  CRS Report RS21516 , \"Iraq's Agriculture: Background and\nStatus.\" It provides a brief description of Iraq's agro-climatic setting and the history of agricultural\npolicy, production, and trade leading up to the period just prior to the 2003 Gulf War; it reviews\nissues likely to affect the long-term outlook for Iraq's agricultural production and trade; and it\nprovides several tables of historical data relevant to understanding the evolution of Iraq's agricultural\nproduction and trade. This report will be updated as events warrant. For detailed discussion on the\nstatus of humanitarian aid efforts, see  CRS Report RL31833 ,  Iraq: Recent Developments in\nHumanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance . For discussion on the U.N. Oil-For-Food\nProgram\nand trade during the decade of the 1990s see  CRS Report RL30472 ,  Iraq: Oil-For-Food\nProgram,\nInternational Sanctions, and Illicit Trade .",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Agricultural Policy"
  ]
}