{ "id": "RL32252", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL32252", "active": false, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 310058, "date": "2005-11-18", "retrieved": "2016-04-07T19:27:08.389029", "title": "AIDS Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC): Problems, Responses, and Issues for Congress", "summary": "Since HIV/AIDS was discovered in 1981, more than 20 million people have lost their lives to\nthe\nvirus. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), nearly 40 million\nare currently living with HIV/AIDS, including nearly 2.2 million children under the age of 15. In\n2004, 4.9 million people acquired the virus, and 3.1 million died from AIDS. Sub-Saharan Africa\nremains the most affected region with 25.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2004,\n1.9 million of whom were children under the age of 15. The United States Agency for International\nDevelopment (USAID), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and UNAIDS estimate that\nat the end of 2003, 15 million children under the age of 18 had lost one or both parents to AIDS, with\nthe majority (82%) in sub-Saharan Africa. In just two years, from 2001 to 2003, the global number\nof children orphaned by AIDS increased from 11.5 million to 15 million. By 2010, it is expected\nthat more than 25 million children will be orphaned by this deadly virus. Due to the 10-year time lag\nbetween HIV infection and death, officials predict that orphan populations will continue to rise for\na similar period, even after the HIV rate begins to decline. Experts say only massive spending to\nprolong the lives of parents could be expected to change this trend. \n The impact of HIV/AIDS on children is just beginning to be explored. Not only are children\norphaned by AIDS affected by the virus, but those who live in homes that have taken in orphans,\nchildren with little education and resources, and those living in areas with high HIV rates are also\nimpacted. Children who have been orphaned by AIDS may be forced to leave school, engage in\nlabor or prostitution, suffer from depression and anger, or engage in high-risk behavior that makes\nthem vulnerable to contracting HIV. Children who live in homes that take in orphans may see a\ndecline in the quantity and quality of food, education, love, nurturing, and may be stigmatized. \nImpoverished children living in households with one or more ill parent are also affected, as health\ncare increasingly absorbs household funds, which frequently leads to the depletion of savings and\nother resources reserved for education, food, and other purposes.\n Congress passed P.L. 108-25 (\"The United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis,\nand Malaria Act of 2003\") in the 108th Congress, which authorizes 10% of HIV/AIDS funds to be\nused for children orphaned or made vulnerable by the virus. In the 109th Congress, H.R. 1408 , \"Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of\n2005,\" passed the House and Senate on October 18, 2005, and October 25, 2005, respectively. \nUltimately, the bill was enacted on November 8, 2005. The act, P.L. 109-95 , established a\nmonitoring and evaluation system to measure the effectiveness of related assistance activities;\ndirected the appointment of a Special Advisor for Assistance to Orphans and Vulnerable Children\nwithin USAID; and required an annual report on project implementation. This report explores some\nof the challenges facing children affected by HIV/AIDS, outlines U.S. and international efforts to\nassist those children, and outlines some key issues that may be considered by Congress in the 109th\nsession. 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