{
  "id": "RL32272",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL32272",
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  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
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      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 313769,
      "date": "2006-03-31",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T19:06:48.627029",
      "title": "Bringing Peace to Chechnya? Assessments and Implications",
      "summary": "Russia's then-Premier (and current President) Vladimir Putin ordered military, police, and\nsecurity\nforces to enter the breakaway Chechnya region in September 1999, and these forces occupied most\nof the region by early 2000. The conflict has resulted in thousands of military and civilian casualties\nand the massive destruction of housing and infrastructure. Putin's rise to power and continuing\npopularity have been tied at least partly to his perceived ability to prosecute this conflict successfully. \nIn the run-up to Russian legislative elections in December 2003 and a presidential election in March\n2004, Putin endeavored to demonstrate that peace had returned to the region.\n After Chechen terrorists held hundreds of Moscow theater-goers hostage in late 2002, the Putin\nadministration appeared unequivocally opposed to talks with the rebels and more dedicated to\nestablishing a pro-Moscow government in Chechnya. This pro-Moscow government has used its\nown forces to battle the remaining rebels, ostensibly permitting the disengagement and withdrawal\nof most Russian troops from the region. This \"Chechenization\" of the conflict, along with related\npacification efforts, has constituted the main elements of the Russian government's campaign to wind\ndown the fighting. Pacification efforts have aimed to gain the support or acquiescence of the\npopulation to federal control and have included rebuilding assistance and elections. The\nassassination of a pro-Moscow Chechen leader in May 2004, the attack on a school in the town of\nBeslan, Russia, in September 2004, by Chechen terrorists, and widening of conflict to other areas\nof Russia's North Caucasus have raised questions about whether Chechenization and pacification are\nsucceeding.\n A consistent theme of U.S. and other international criticism of Russia is that Russian troops use\nexcessive and indiscriminate force to quell separatism in Chechnya and commit serious human rights\nabuses. Several analysts have discerned a decrease in Bush Administration criticism of Russian\npolicy in Chechnya, perhaps spurred to some degree by the Moscow theater hostage crisis and\nstepped-up terrorist bombings and armed attacks throughout Russia in recent years. U.S. concerns\nbefore the Iraq conflict with gaining Russia's support also may have contributed to the shifts. There\nappeared to be fewer Administration suggestions to Russia that it should open peace talks with\n\"moderate\" separatists, more tolerance for Russia's argument that it primarily was battling terrorism\nin Chechnya, and some hope that elections and rebuilding in Chechnya could contribute to a\n\"political settlement.\" But some in the Administration also argue that Russia is showing declining\ninterest in the adoption of Western democratic and human rights \"values,\" and that such slippage\ncould ultimately harm bilateral relations. \n Foreign Operations Appropriations for FY2006 ( H.R. 3057 ;  P.L. 109-102 ) retains\na provision first included in FY2001 appropriations that cuts some aid to Russia unless the President\ndetermines that Russia is not hampering access to Chechnya by non-governmental organizations\n(NGOs). One issue for the second Session of the 109th Congress is whether to continue this ban in\nFY2007 legislation.",
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807275/",
      "id": "RL32272_2006Jan27",
      "date": "2006-01-27",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc814809/",
      "id": "RL32272_2005Feb11",
      "date": "2005-02-11",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Bringing Peace to Chechnya? Assessments and Implications",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807149/",
      "id": "RL32272_2004Feb20",
      "date": "2004-02-20",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Bringing Peace to Chechnya? Assessments and Implications",
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  "topics": [
    "Appropriations",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security"
  ]
}