{
  "id": "RL32321",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL32321",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 100475,
      "date": "2004-03-30",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-08T14:23:20.354503",
      "title": "Policing in Peacekeeping and Related Stability Operations: Problems and Proposed Solutions",
      "summary": "One of the most crucial and difficult tasks in peacekeeping and related stability operations is\ncreating\na secure and stable environment, both for the foreign peacekeepers and for the indigenous\npopulation. During the past decade, the United States and the international community have tried\nvarious approaches to providing that security. Most of these approaches have included the use of\nUnited Nations International Civilian Police (UNCIVPOL), whose forces are contributed on a case\nby case basis by U.N. Member states. (While other countries usually contribute police personnel\nfrom their own national forces, the United States contracts those it contributes through a private\ncorporation.) In a few cases, such as Afghanistan and Iraq at this time, coalition and U.S. military\nforces, and not the United Nations, train and work with indigenous police forces to provide security. \n  Despite continuing improvements over the past decade, the current system has several\ndrawbacks. UNCIVPOL has been unable to provide an adequate number of well-trained policemen\nfor individual operations and to deploy them rapidly. Their police forces experience a lack of\nconsistency in the type and levels of training and a shortage of needed skills. Military forces, on the\nother hand, are usually not trained to deal effectively with police situations. These deficiencies lead\nto three gaps that impede the establishment of law and order, particularly those cases where not all\nparties to the conflict are dedicated to peace or where criminal networks have taken root. The first\nis the  deployment  gap, when international police are not available as quickly as needed. \nThe second\nis the  enforcement  gap, where those deployed lack necessary skills, in particular\ncombined military\nand policing \"constabulary\" skills, as well as investigative and intelligence-gathering skills to deal\nwith organized crime. The third is the  institution  gap, where competent judicial and\npenal personnel\nare needed to provide follow-up services to police work. \n  Policymakers have long recognized these problems. In February 2000, the Clinton\nAdministration sought to remedy them through Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 71's broad\npolicy reforms and guidelines. Although it did not allocate or request the necessary resources for\neffective implementation, the Bush Administration is implementing some provisions. In August\n2000, the U.N. Brahimi Panel report proposed several remedies to improve the U.N. civilian police\nsystem, as did another report by contributing nations. Some are being implemented. \n  Three pending bills would address policing and related capabilities for peacekeeping and\nstability operations.  H.R. 1414  would establish a rapidly deployable U.N. civilian\npolice corps.  H.R. 2616  calls for NATO to establish a security component to be used\nin post-conflict reconstruction environments and a U.S. police reserve for use in international\noperations.  S. 2127  provides for the United States to develop a corps of rapidly\ndeployable personnel, of which rule of law personnel may be a part. Related options recommended\nby experts include improving training, increasing international constabulary capabilities, and\ndeveloping a \"stability force\" to supplement police with judicial and prison personnel. This report\nmay be updated if warranted.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
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  "topics": [
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}