{
  "id": "RL32379",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL32379",
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  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
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      "id": 351047,
      "date": "2009-07-29",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T02:21:37.615488",
      "title": "Iraq: Former Regime Weapons Programs and Outstanding U.N. Issues",
      "summary": "After asserting that Iraq had failed to comply with U.N. Security Council resolutions that required Iraq to rid itself of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), the Bush Administration began military action against Iraq on March 19, 2003, and the regime of Saddam Hussein fell on April 9. U.N. Security Council resolution 1483, adopted May 22, 2003, lifted sanctions on Iraq and provided for the possibility that U.N. inspectors could return to Iraq, although the United States, not the United Nations, conducted the post-war WMD searches. U.S. teams attempted to find WMD and related production programs. Only minor finds of actual WMD were made. A major report (September 30, 2004) by U.S. experts performing post-war WMD searches (the \u201cDuelfer report\u201d) has concluded that pre-war U.S. assessments of Iraq\u2019s WMD capabilities were mostly incorrect but that analysis of Saddam\u2019s WMD intentions was probably accurate. Iraq remains barred from developing WMD by the Saddam-era U.N Security Council resolutions, even though there is a new government in Baghdad that is relatively democratic, and even though the formal WMD search effort was ended by the U.N. Security Council. \nPart of the pre-war debate over U.S. policy centered on whether Iraq\u2019s WMD programs could be ended through U.N. weapons inspections. During 1991-1998, a U.N. Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) made considerable progress in dismantling and monitoring Iraq\u2019s WMD but was unable to verify Iraq\u2019s claim that it had destroyed all its WMD and related equipment. Iraq\u2019s refusal of full cooperation with UNSCOM eventually prompted U.S.-British military action\u2014a series of air strikes designated as Operation Desert Fox\u2014in December 1998. All inspectors withdrew and Iraq was largely uninspected during 1998-2002. \nMany of the Saddam-era U.N. Security Council resolutions on Iraq-Kuwait issues remain in force, to the chagrin of Iraqi leaders who want all Chapter 7 U.N. resolutions ended. Article 25 of the U.S.-Iraq \u201cSecurity Agreement,\u201d which took effect January 1, 2009, commits the United States to help Iraq obtain the terminate the application of these resolutions, and a U.N. report on outstanding Chapter 7 issues is due later in 2009. Even before the 2003 ousting of Saddam, the Iraq-Kuwait land and sea border was settled, and U.N. border monitoring was ended, under applicable U.N. resolutions. However a U.N. envoy remains empowered to continue to try to determine the fate of about 605 Kuwaitis and other nationals still missing from the first Gulf war as well as of Kuwait\u2019s national archives. The cases of 369 Kuwaiti and 3rd-party nationals remain unresolved, and the unknown whereabouts of the Kuwaiti National Archives continues to be a point of tension. Iraq is still required to devote 5% of all revenue to pay compensation to the victims of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, including over $25 billion still owed to Kuwaiti claimants. In addition, Iraq\u2019s oil monies continue to be audited by an international advisory board, and a U.N. mission in Iraq is empowered to work in Iraq on humanitarian issues. \nSaddam Hussein\u2019s regime was widely deemed non-compliant in other areas, especially human rights issues. Since the fall of the regime, U.S. teams confirmed at least 50 mass graves containing primarily Shiites and Kurds that Saddam Hussein had characterized as a threat to the regime. The Iraqi Special Tribunal conducted two trials against Saddam and sentenced him to death by hanging on November 5, 2006. The sentence was carried out on December 30, 2006. Other close associates are now undergoing legal proceedings that will lead to their trial on crimes against humanity. \nThis report will be updated as warranted by developments. Please see CRS Report RL31339, Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security.",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc811834/",
      "id": "RL32379_2004Oct15",
      "date": "2004-10-15",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Iraq: Former Regime Weapons Programs, Human Rights Violations, and U.S. Policy",
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  "topics": [
    "Intelligence and National Security"
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