Navy Virginia-Class Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine (Pillar 1) Project: Background and Issues for Congress

June 2, 2004 – June 12, 2024 RL32418

Navy Virginia-Class Submarine Program and
AUKUS Submarine (Pillar 1) Project:
Background and Issues for Congress
June 12, 2024
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
RL32418

Navy Virginia-Class Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine Proposal

Summary
Virginia-class submarine program. The Navy has been procuring Virginia (SSN-774) class
nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) since FY1998, and a total of 40 have been procured
through FY2024. From FY2011 through FY2024, they have been procured at a rate of two per
year. When procured at that rate, they have an estimated procurement cost of about $4.5 billion
each. Although they have been procured at a rate of two boats per year, the actual production rate
has fallen short of 2.0 boats per year, and since 2022 has been limited by shipyard and supplier
firm workforce and supply chain challenges to about 1.2 to 1.4 boats per year, resulting in a
growing backlog of boats procured but not yet built. The Navy and industry are working to
increase the Virginia-class production rate to 2.0 boats per year by 2028, and subsequently to 2.33
boats per year, so as to execute the two-per-year procurement rate, replace three to five Virginia-
class boats that are to be sold to Australia under the AUKUS submarine (Pillar 1) project (see
below), and reduce the accumulated Virginia-class production backlog. Congress has
appropriated billions of dollars of submarine industrial-base funding to support this effort.
The Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget requests the procurement of one Virginia-class boat, which
would be the 41st boat in the class. Prior-year Navy budget submissions had projected that two
boats would be requested for FY2025. The boat requested for FY2025 has an estimated
procurement cost of $5,759.5 million (i.e., about $5.8 billion), but the Navy states that about $1
billion of that is for materials and equipment for future Virginia-class boats, making the estimated
cost for the requested boat itself roughly $4.8 billion. The boat has received $1,871.6 million in
prior-year “regular” advance procurement (AP) funding and $272.0 million in prior-year
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) funding, which is another kind of AP funding. The Navy’s
proposed FY2025 budget requests the remaining $3,615.9 million needed to complete the boat’s
estimated procurement cost, as well as $2,422.0 million in “regular” AP funding and $1,298.3
million in EOQ funding for Virginia-class boats to be procured in future fiscal years, and $293.0
million in cost-to-complete (CTC) funding to cover cost growth on boats procured in prior years.
A key issue for Congress for FY2025 is whether to procure one or two Virginia-class boats in
FY2025. The Navy states that procuring two would require adding $3,225.0 million (i.e., about
$3.2 billion) to the Navy’s FY2025 procurement funding request for the program, that the Navy
requested one boat rather than two due to limits on the Navy’s budget topline and the growing
Virginia-class production backlog, and that the request includes a second shipset of selected
Virginia-class components so as to provide stability to key submarine supplier firms. Supporters
of procuring two boats argue that doing so would provide greater stability for the industrial base
and send a stronger signal of resolve to potential adversaries such as China.
AUKUS submarine (Pillar 1) project. In September 2021, the Australian, UK, and U.S
governments announced a significant new security partnership, called AUKUS. Pillar 1 of
AUKUS is a project to (1) rotationally deploy four U.S. SSNs and one UK SSN out of a port in
Western Australia; (2) more significantly, sell three to five Virginia-class SSNs to Australia and
subsequently build three to five replacement SSNs for the U.S. Navy; and (3) have the United
States and UK provide assistance to Australia for an Australian effort to build additional three to
five SSNs of a new UK-Australian SSN design to complete a planned eight-boat Australian SSN
force. Congress approved enabling legislation for Pillar 1 as part of its action on the FY2024
National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) (H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 of December 22, 2023).
The potential benefits, costs, and risks of implementing (2) and (3) can be compared with the
potential benefits, costs, and risks of an alternative of procuring up to eight additional Virginia-
class SSNs that would be retained in U.S. Navy service and operated out of Australia along with
the U.S. and UK SSNs that are already planned to be operated out of Australia under (1).
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Navy Virginia-Class Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine Proposal

Introduction
This report provides background information and issues for Congress on
• the Virginia (SSN-774) class nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN)
procurement program and
• the submarine (Pillar 1) project under the Australia-UK-U.S. (AUKUS) trilateral
security arrangement.
The Navy has been procuring Virginia (SSN-774) class nuclear-powered attack submarines
(SSNs) since FY1998, and a total of 40 have been procured through FY2024. From FY2011
through FY2024, they have been procured at a rate of two per year. The Navy’s proposed FY2025
budget requests the procurement of one Virginia-class boat, which would be the 41st boat in the
class. The Navy’s FY2024 budget submission and its budget submissions for prior years had
projected that two boats would be requested for procurement in FY2025.
A key issue for Congress for FY2025 is whether to procure one or two Virginia-class boats in
FY2025. The Navy states that procuring two would require adding $3,225.0 million (i.e., about
$3.2 billion) to the Navy’s FY2025 procurement funding request for the program. The Navy
states that it requested the procurement of one boat rather than two due to limits on the Navy’s
budget topline and the growing Virginia-class production backlog, and that the Navy’s request
includes a second shipset of selected Virginia-class components so as to provide stability to key
submarine supplier firms. Supporters of procuring two boats argue that doing so would provide
greater stability for the industrial base and send a stronger signal of resolve to potential
adversaries such as China.
Another issue for Congress concerns the potential benefits, costs, and risks of the intention under
the AUKUS Pillar 1 project to sell three to five Virginia-class submarines to Australia and
subsequently build three to five additional replacement SSNs for the U.S. Navy, and to have the
United States and UK provide assistance to Australia for an Australian effort to build additional
three to five SSNs of a new UK-Australian SSN design to complete a planned eight-boat
Australian SSN force. The potential benefits, costs, and risks of implementing these elements of
Pillar 1 can be compared with the potential benefits, costs, and risks of an alternative of procuring
up to eight additional Virginia-class SSNs that would be retained in U.S. Navy service and
operated out of Australia along with the U.S. and UK SSNs that are already planned to be
operated out of Australia under Pillar 1.
Congress’s decisions on these issues could substantially affect U.S. and Australian military
capabilities, U.S. Navy funding requirements, and the U.S. shipbuilding industrial base.
The U.S. Navy’s SSN(X) next-generation SSN, which is the Navy’s intended eventual successor
to the Virginia-class SSN, is discussed in another CRS product: CRS In Focus IF11826, Navy
Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by
Ronald O'Rourke.
The Navy’s Columbia (SSBN-826) class ballistic missile submarine program is discussed in
another CRS report: CRS Report R41129, Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile
Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
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Background
U.S. Navy Submarines1
The U.S. Navy operates three types of submarines—nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines
(SSBNs),2 nuclear-powered cruise missile and special operations forces (SOF) submarines
(SSGNs),3 and nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs). The SSNs are general-purpose
submarines that can (when appropriately equipped and armed) perform a variety of peacetime and
wartime missions, including the following:
• covert intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), much of it done for
national-level (as opposed to purely Navy) purposes;
• covert insertion and recovery of SOF (on a smaller scale than possible with the
SSGNs);
• covert strikes against land targets with the Tomahawk cruise missiles (again on a
smaller scale than possible with the SSGNs);
• covert offensive and defensive mine warfare;
• anti-submarine warfare (ASW); and
• anti-surface warfare, or ASuW (i.e., attacking surface ships).
The technical (including acoustic) superiority of U.S. Navy nuclear-powered submarines is
generally considered a foundation of U.S. superiority in undersea warfare, which in turn
underpins a U.S. ability to leverage the world’s oceans as a medium of operations and maneuver,
deny that to others, and thereby generate a huge asymmetric strategic advantage for the United
States.
During the Cold War, ASW against Soviet submarines was the primary stated mission of U.S.
SSNs, although covert ISR and covert SOF insertion/recovery operations were reportedly
important on a day-to-day basis as well.4 In the post-Cold War era, although ASW remained a
mission, the SSN force focused more on performing the first three other missions listed above.

1 In U.S. Navy submarine designations, SS stands for submarine, N stands for nuclear-powered, B stands for ballistic
missile, and G stands for guided missile (such as a cruise missile). Submarines can be powered by either nuclear
reactors or nonnuclear power sources such as diesel engines or fuel cells. All U.S. Navy submarines are nuclear-
powered. A submarine’s use of nuclear or nonnuclear power as its energy source is not an indication of whether it is
armed with nuclear weapons—a nuclear-powered submarine can lack nuclear weapons, and a nonnuclear-powered
submarine can be armed with nuclear weapons.
2 The SSBNs’ basic mission is to remain hidden at sea with their nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missiles
(SLBMs) and thereby deter a strategic nuclear attack on the United States. The Navy’s SSBNs are discussed in CRS
Report R41129, Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for
Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke, and CRS Report RL31623, U.S. Nuclear Weapons: Changes in Policy and Force
Structure, by Amy F. Woolf.
3 The Navy’s four SSGNs are former Trident SSBNs that have been converted (i.e., modified) to carry Tomahawk
cruise missiles and SOF rather than SLBMs. Although the SSGNs differ somewhat from SSNs in terms of mission
orientation (with the SSGNs being strongly oriented toward Tomahawk strikes and SOF support, while the SSNs are
more general-purpose in orientation), SSGNs can perform other submarine missions and are sometimes included in
counts of the projected total number of Navy attack submarines. The Navy’s SSGNs are discussed in CRS Report
RS21007, Navy Trident Submarine Conversion (SSGN) Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald
O'Rourke.
4 For an account of certain U.S. submarine surveillance and intelligence-collection operations during the Cold War, see
Sherry Sontag and Christopher Drew with Annette Lawrence Drew, Blind Man’s Bluff (New York: Public Affairs,
1998).
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With the shift from the post-Cold War era to a situation of renewed great power competition,5
ASW and ASuW against Russian and Chinese submarines and surface ships has become a more
prominent mission. Department of Defense (DOD) officials and other observers view SSNs as
particularly useful for implementing certain elements of the national defense strategy because of
their ability to evade China’s extensive anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) forces.6
U.S. SSN Force Levels
Force-Level Goal
Goal Current Force-Level Goal of 66 Boats
The Navy’s preferred new ship force-level goal, which was submitted to Congress in June 2023,
calls for achieving and maintaining a fleet of 381 manned ships, including 66 SSNs.7 For a review
of SSN force-level goals since the Reagan Administration, see Appendix A.
Past and Current Force Levels
During most of the 1980s, when plans called for achieving a 600-ship Navy including 100 SSNs,
the SSN force included more than 90 boats, peaking at 98 boats at the end of FY1987. The
number of SSNs declined after that in a manner that roughly paralleled the decline in the total
size of the Navy over the same time period. The Navy currently has about 49 SSNs. The 48 SSNs
in service at the end of FY2023 included the following:
• 24 Los Angeles (SSN-688) class boats;
• 3 Seawolf (SSN-21) class boats; and
• 21 Virginia (SSN-774) class boats.
The three classes of SSNs listed above are discussed further later in this report. In addition to the
SSNs shown above, the Navy operates four Ohio (SSBN-726) class SSGNs. Compared to the
Navy’s SSNs, the SSGNs have a much larger capacity for carrying cruise missiles and SOF, but
they are nevertheless general-purpose submarines that can perform missions performed by SSNs.
Projected Procurement Rates and Force Levels
The Navy’s FY2025 five-year (FY2025-FY2029) shipbuilding plan includes a total of nine
Virginia-class boats, including one boat requested for procurement in FY2025 and two boats per
year programmed for procurement in FY2026-FY2029. The Navy’s FY2025 30-year FY2025-
FY2054) 30-year shipbuilding plan projects that SSNs would continue to be procured at a rate of
two boats per year from FY2030 through at least FY2043.
The number of boats in the SSN force is projected to experience a valley or trough from the mid-
2020s through the early 2030s. This valley is a projected consequence of having procured a
relatively small number of SSNs during the 1990s, in the early years of the post-Cold War era. To

5 For more on this shift, see CRS Report R43838, Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense—Issues for
Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
6 For additional discussion, see CRS Report RL33153, China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy
Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
7 For more on the Navy’s preferred 381-ship force-level goal, see CRS Report RL32665, Navy Force Structure and
Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
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help fill in part of the projected valley, the Navy plans to refuel and extend the service lives of up
to seven Los Angeles-class SSNs, while also pursuing “updated service life estimates for the
remaining 688s based on current hull by hull utilization.”8 Under the Navy’s FY2025 30-year
(FY2025-FY2054) shipbuilding plan, the SSN force would decline to 47 boats in FY2030
(marking the bottom of the valley) and then increase to 50 boats by FY2032 and 64 or 66 boats
by FY2054. These projected force levels do not account for the impact of selling three to five
Virginia-class boats to Australia under the AUKUS submarine (Pillar 1) project discussed later in
this report.
The projected SSN valley was first identified by CRS in 1995 and has been discussed in CRS
reports and testimony every year since then. Some observers are concerned that this projected
valley in SSN force levels could lead to a period of heightened operational strain for the SSN
force, and perhaps a period of weakened conventional deterrence against potential adversaries
such as China.9
Submarine Construction Industrial Base
Overview
U.S. Navy submarines are built by two shipyards—General Dynamics’ Electric Boat Division
(GD/EB) of Groton, CT, and Quonset Point, RI, and Huntington Ingalls Industries’ Newport
News Shipbuilding (HII/NNS), of Newport News, VA. These are the only two shipyards in the
country capable of building nuclear-powered ships. GD/EB builds submarines only, while
HII/NNS also builds nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and is capable of building other types of
surface ships.
In addition to GD/EB and HII/NNS, the submarine construction industrial base includes 16,000
suppliers in all 50 states,10 as well as laboratories and research facilities in numerous states. Much
of the total material procured from supplier firms for the construction of submarines comes from
sole-source suppliers. For nuclear-propulsion component suppliers, an additional source of

8 Source: Navy information paper on FY2022 Fiscal Planning Framework and SSN-688 class service live extension
program questions, February 5, 2021, provided by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs to Congressional Budget Office
(CBO) and CRS on February 5, 2021. See also Richard R. Burgess, “Vice Adm. Houston: Sub Force Approaching
Inflection Point of 50 SSNs,” Seapower, November 17, 2021; Justin Katz, “Navy Assessing LA Sub Fleet for Possible
Life Extensions,” Breaking Defense, November 18, 2021. See also Rich Abott, “Navy Assessing Los Angeles Subs for
Life Extension,” Defense Daily, November 19, 2021; David Axe, “To Keep Up Its Undersea Strength, The U.S. Navy
Aims to Keep Old Submarines Longer,” Forbes, November 22, 2021; Megan Eckstein, “US Navy Avoided a 2022
‘Trough’ in Submarine Fleet Size, but Industry Challenges Threaten Future Growth,” Defense News, January 3, 2022.
9 China took note of the projected valley. The November 2014 edition of a Chinese military journal, for example,
included an article with a passage that translates as follows:
... in 2028, the [U.S. Navy] force of nuclear attack submarines will fall from the current number of
55 down to 41 boats. Some are concerned about whether this force level can meet the requirements
of the Asia-Pacific rebalance.
(Lyle Goldstein, “Evolution of Chinese Power Projection Capabilities,” presentation to Center for a
New American Security (CNAS) roundtable discussion, September 29, 2016, slide 7 of 41.)
10 Source: CQ transcript of spoken testimony of Erik Raven, Under Secretary of the Navy, at an October 25, 2023,
hearing on the submarine industrial base and its ability to support the AUKUS framework before the Seapower and
Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee. See also Joint Statement, Honorable Erik K.
Raven, Under Secretary of the Navy, VADM William J. Houston, Commander, Naval Submarine Forces, [and] RDML
Jonathan Rucker, Program Executive Officer, Attack Submarines, before the House Committee on Armed Services
Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces, October 25, 2023, p. 5.
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stabilizing work is the Navy’s nuclear-powered aircraft carrier construction program.11 Much of
the design and engineering portion of the submarine construction industrial base is resident at
GD/EB; additional portions are resident at HII/NNS and some of the component makers.
Submarine Construction Industrial Base Enhancement Efforts
Goal
Although Virginia-class SSNs have been procured at a rate of two boats per year from FY2011
through FY2024, the actual Virginia-class production rate has fallen short of 2.0 boats per year,
and since 2022 has been limited by shipyard and supplier firm workforce and supply chain
challenges to about 1.2 to 1.4 boats per year, resulting in a growing backlog of boats procured but
not yet built. The Navy and industry are working to enhance the submarine construction industrial
base with a goal of increasing the Virginia-class production rate to 2.0 boats per year by 2028,
and subsequently to 2.33 boats per year, the rate the Navy states will be needed to not only
execute the two-per-year procurement rate, but also build replacement SSNs for the three to five
Virginia-class boats that are to be sold to Australia under the AUKUS submarine (Pillar 1) project
discussed later in this report, and to reduce the accumulated Virginia-class production backlog.
Congress has appropriated billions of dollars of submarine industrial-base (SIB) funding to
support this effort, which is discussed further below.
Funding
Funding for enhancing the SIB began in FY2018 and is projected to continue through at least
FY2029. Most of the funding is for the submarine construction industrial base; the remainder is
for the submarine maintenance and sustainment industrial base. The estimated total amount of
funding appropriated through FY2024, requested for FY2025, and programmed for FY2026-
FY2028 for the submarine construction industrial base is about $9.8 billion.12 This figure
excludes
• billions of dollars in additional funding for the submarine maintenance and
sustainment industrial base;
• FY2029 funding for the submarine construction industrial base, the figure for
which was unavailable as of June 2024; and
• $3.0 billion in funding that Australia is to provide to the United States under the
AUKUS submarine (Pillar 1) project for enhancing the U.S. SIB, much of which
is to be used for the submarine construction industrial base.
Much of the funding for the submarine construction industrial base has been appropriated through
the line items in the Navy’s shipbuilding budget for the Columbia-class SSBN program and the
Virginia-class SSN program. Of the funds that have been appropriated for the submarine
construction industrial base through FY2024, some were added by Congress in marking up the
Navy’s annual budget requests.

11 For more on this program, see CRS Report RS20643, Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program:
Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke. In terms of work provided to these firms, the Navy states
that a carrier nuclear propulsion plant is roughly equivalent to five submarine propulsion plants.
12 Source: Email from Navy Office of Legislative Affairs to CRS and CBO, June 7, 2024.
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Uses of Funding
Funding for enhancing the submarine construction industrial base is being used at both the two
submarine construction shipyards (GD/EB and HII/NNS) and at submarine supplier firms. It is
being used for both facility improvements (aka capital expenditures, or CAPEX) and workforce
development efforts. The Navy states that there are six main areas of investment:
• shipbuilder infrastructure (i.e., facilities),
• strategic outsourcing,13
• supplier development,14
• workforce development,15
• development of technology opportunities, and
• government oversight.
Using Navy-provided industrial base funding for these efforts can reduce the cost of capital for
the submarine shipyards and submarine supplier firms by avoiding a potential need for the
shipyards and supplier firms to finance these efforts by borrowing money from banks or capital
markets and eventually paying the money back to lenders with interest. In addition, the Navy-
provided industrial base funding is largely not being incorporated into the stated procurement
costs of submarines whose construction is facilitated by this funding. If shipyards and supplier
firms were to instead finance these Navy-funded facility improvements and workforce
development efforts with funds borrowed from banks or capital markets, the shipyards and
supplier firms would seek recover those borrowed funds and their associated interest costs by
incorporating them into the prices they charge the Navy for their work. Fully incorporating this
industrial base funding into the stated procurement costs of submarines whose construction is
facilitated by this funding would increase the stated procurement costs of those submarines,
potentially by hundreds of millions of dollars per boat.
For additional information on Navy and industry efforts to enhance the submarine construction
industrial base, see Appendix B.
SSN Maintenance Backlog
As shown in Table 1, the number of SSNs either in depot maintenance or idle (i.e., awaiting
depot maintenance) has increased from 11 boats (about 21% of the SSN force) in FY2012 to 16
boats (about 33% of the SSN force) as of FY2023. As also shown in the table, the increase since
FY2012 in the number of SSNs in depot maintenance or idle has substantially reduced the
number of SSNs operationally ready at any given moment, reducing the SSN force’s capacity for
meeting day-to-day mission demands and potentially putting increased operational pressure on
SSNs that are operationally ready.

13 Strategic outsourcing refers to using firms other than the shipyards to build sections of submarines that are then
transported to the shipyards for incorporation into the submarine as part of the final assembly of the submarine.
14 This can refer to either increasing the capabilities or capacity of existing supplier firms, or to establishing new
supplier firms.
15 This can include efforts to recruit, train, and retain workers. For an article discussing one such effort—a nationwide
advertising campaign for jobs building submarines—see Lauren C. Williams, “Inside the Navy’s Slick Effort to Find
Workers to Build Submarines,” Defense One, June 5, 2024.
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Table 1. Numbers of SSNs in Maintenance or Awaiting Maintenance
Average number or percentage of SSNs for each fiscal year
Number
Combined
awaiting
number in
% of force in
Number in
depot
depot
depot
Number
Fiscal
Number
depot
maintenance
maintenance
maintenance operationally
year
in force
maintenance
(aka idle)
or idle
or idle
ready
FY08
51
11
0
11
22%
40
FY09
52
10
1
11
21%
41
FY10
52
10
0
10
19%
42
FY11
52
11
0
11
21%
41
FY12
53
10
1
11
21%
42
FY13
53
12
0
12
23%
41
FY14
53
13
2
15
28%
38
FY15
53
9
1
10
19%
43
FY16
52
12
1
13
25%
39
FY17
50
12
2
14
28%
36
FY18
50
14
2
16
32%
34
FY19
50
13
3
16
32%
34
FY20
50
10
5
15
30%
35
FY21
49
14
4
18
37%
31
FY22
49
11
5
16
33%
33
FY23
48
14
2
16
33%
32
Sources: For FY2008-FY2022: Navy information paper dated June 13, 2023, and provided to CRS and
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs (NOLA) on June 15, 2023. For FY2023:
email from NOLA to CRS and CBO, February 21, 2024.
The Navy has stated that industry best practice would call for about 20% of the SSN force to be
in depot maintenance (and for none to be idle) at any given moment.16 In advance policy
questions submitted for a September 14, 2023, hearing before the Senate Armed Services
Committee to consider her nomination to be Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Lisa Franchetti,
who was then the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, stated that the Navy had adopted the 20%
figure as its goal.17
The increase in the number of SSNs in depot maintenance or idle is due primarily to insufficient
numbers of workers and facility constraints at the four government-operated Naval Shipyards
(NSYs), which are the primary facilities for performing depot-level overhaul and maintenance
work on the Navy’s nuclear-powered ships, including the SSNs. Supply chain issues affecting the
availability of repair parts for SSNs are an additional issue. To address capacity constraints at the

16 Megan Eckstein, “US Navy Hopes New Funding Model Can Cut Sub Maintenance Delays by 2026,” Defense News,
November 17, 2022; Megan Eckstein, “Navy Frustration Building over Late Weapons, Ship Deliveries,” Defense
News, January 11, 2023; Rich Abott, “Fleet Forces and SecNav Argue for More Maintenance Yards,” Defense Daily,
January 12, 2023; Justin Katz, “As AUKUS Looms, US Navy Sub Leaders Sound Alarms at Home,” Breaking
Defense, November 4, 2022.
17 Senate Armed Services Committee, Advance Policy Questions for Admiral Lisa M. Franchetti, USN, Nominee for
Appointment to be Chief of Naval Operations, pp. 31, 32.
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NSYs, the Navy has increased staffing at the NSYs and in 2018 began a multibillion-dollar
investment plan that is to extend at least 20 years, called the Shipyard Infrastructure Optimization
Program (SIOP), to modernize the NSYs’ facilities.18 The Navy has also shifted a small number
of SSN overhauls to GD/EB and HII/NNS. For additional background information on the SSN
maintenance backlog, which has been a matter of concern and oversight for the congressional
defense committees, see Appendix C.
U.S. SSN Classes19
Los Angeles (SSN-688) Class
A total of 62 Los Angeles-class submarines, commonly called 688s, were procured between
FY1970 and FY1990 and entered service between 1976 and 1996. They are 360 feet long, have a
beam (i.e., hull diameter) of 33 feet, and have a submerged displacement of about 6,900 tons.
They are equipped with four 21-inch diameter torpedo tubes and can carry a total of about 26
torpedoes in their torpedo tubes and internal magazines. The final 31 boats in the class (SSN-719
and higher) were built with an additional 12 vertical launch system (VLS) tubes in their bows for
carrying and launching 12 Tomahawk cruise missiles. The final 23 boats in the class (SSN-751
and higher) incorporate further improvements and are referred to as Improved Los Angeles-class
boats or 688Is. As of the end of FY2023, 38 of the 62 boats in the class had been retired.
Seawolf (SSN-21) Class
Seawolf (SSN-21) class submarines are larger and more heavily armed than Los Angeles-class
submarines. They are equipped with eight 30-inch-diameter torpedo tubes and can carry a total of
50 torpedoes or cruise missiles. The Seawolf class was originally intended to include about 30
boats, but Seawolf-class procurement was stopped after three boats as a result of the end of the
Cold War and associated changes in military requirements and defense spending levels. The three
Seawolf-class submarines are Seawolf (SSN-21), Connecticut (SSN-22), and Jimmy Carter (SSN-
23).
SSN-21 and SSN-22 were procured in FY1989 and FY1991 and entered service in 1997 and
1998, respectively. They are 353 feet long, have a beam of 40 feet, and have a submerged
displacement of 9,138 tons. SSN-23 was originally procured in FY1992. Its procurement was
suspended in 1992 and then reinstated in FY1996. It entered service in 2005. SSN-23 was built to
a lengthened configuration compared to the other two ships in the class—it is 453 feet long (i.e.,
100 feet longer than SSN-21 and SSN-22), has a beam of 40 feet, and has a submerged
displacement of 12,158 tons. The Navy states that SSN-23 includes “a 100-foot-long, 2,500-ton

18 For an overview of the SIOP, see U.S. Navy, Naval Sea Systems Command, “Shipyard Infrastructure Optimization
Program” accessed June 22, 2023, at https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Shipyards/SIOP/. See also Government
Accountability Office, Navy Readiness[:] Actions Needed to Address Cost and Schedule Estimates for Shipyard
Improvement, GAO-23-106067, June 2023, 49 pp.; Government Accountability Office, Naval Shipyards[:] Ongoing
Challenges Could Jeopardize Navy’s Ability to Improve Shipyards, Statement of Diana C. Maurer, Director, Defense
Capabilities and Management, Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Readiness and Management Support and
Seapower, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, GAO 22-105993, May 10, 2022, 18 pp.
19 Source for submarine lengths, beams (i.e., hull diameters), and submerged displacements: U.S. Navy, “Attack
Submarines–SSN,” updated March 15, 2024.
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hull extension, known as the multi-mission platform, to test new generations of weapons and
support Navy SEAL (Sea, Air and Land forces) operations.”20
Virginia (SSN-774) Class
The Navy has been procuring Virginia-class SSNs (Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3) since
FY1998; the first entered service in October 2004.
Figure 1. Virginia-Class Attack Submarine

Source: Cropped version of photograph accompanying Dan Ward, “Opinion: How Budget Pressure Prompted
the Success of Virginia-Class Submarine Program,” USNI News, November 3, 2014. The caption credits the
photograph to the U.S. Navy and states that it shows USS Minnesota (SSN-783) under construction in 2012.
The Virginia-class design was developed to be less expensive and better optimized for post-Cold
War SSN missions than the Seawolf-class design, and has been updated multiple times since
FY1998. In addition to the Virginia Payload Module (VPM) (see discussion below), the Navy is
introducing acoustic and other improvements to the Virginia-class design that are intended to help
maintain the design’s superiority over Russian and Chinese submarines.21

20 Andrea Perez, “USS Jimmy Carter Conducts Change of Command,” Defense Visual Information Distribution
Service (DVIDS), December 18, 2020. See also H. I. Sutton, “SSN-23,” Covert Shores, August 27, 2017; John P.
Davis, “USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23), Expanding Future SSN Missions,” GlobalSecurity.org, undated. For a press
report on SSN-23, see, for example, Benjamin Brimelow, “The US Navy’s Only Operational Sub Named After a
President Has Been Doing Top-Secret Missions for 17 Years,” Business Insider, March 10, 2022.
21 For press reports discussing these improvements, see Kris Osborn, “The Navy Wants to Turn Its Nuclear Attack
Submarines into ‘Spy’ Ships,” National Interest, May 28, 2018; Kris Osborn, “Navy Launches Most High-Tech &
Stealthy Attack Sub Ever,” Scout Warrior, November 18, 2017; Megan Eckstein, “Navy Considering Mid-Block
Virginia-Class Upgrades, SSGN Construction in Late 2030s,” USNI News, November 2, 2017; Zachary Cohen, “US
Launches ‘Most Advanced’ Stealth Sub amid Undersea Rivalry,” CNN, October 26, 2017; Franz-Stefan Gady, “US
Navy Christens Most Advanced Attack Sub Ever,” The Diplomat, October 17, 2017; Douglas Ernst, “Navy Christens
Its ‘Most Advanced’ Attack Submarine Ever,” Washington Times, October 16, 2017; Dave Majumdar, “Stealth and
Armed to the Teeth: US Navy’s Big Plan for Submarine Dominance,” National Interest, July 9, 2016; Kris Osborn,
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Figure 2. Virginia-Class Attack Submarine

Source: Cropped version of photograph accompanying Megan Eckstein, “Newport News Has Ful y Staffed
Attack Sub Line, After Years of Delays,” Defense News, February 9, 2023. The caption credits the photograph to
Matt Hildreth/HII and states that it shows USS Montana (SSN-794) under construction at HII/NNS.
The baseline Virginia-class design is 377 feet long, has a beam of 34 feet, and has a submerged
displacement of about 7,800 tons. Virginia-class boats are equipped with four 21-inch diameter
torpedo tubes and can carry a total of about 25 torpedoes in their torpedo tubes and associated
torpedo room. Virginia-class boats are also equipped with vertical launch tubes in their bows for
carrying and launching an additional 12 Tomahawk cruise missiles.
Most Virginia-class boats to be procured in FY2019 and subsequent years are to be built to a
lengthened configuration that includes the Virginia Payload Module VPM (see discussion below).
Virginia-class boats equipped with the VPM are 84 feet longer—they are 461 feet long, have a
beam of 34 feet, and have a submerged displacement of about 10,200 tons. The VPM can be
armed with and additional 28 additional Tomahawk cruise missiles.
One of the two Virginia-class boats procured in FY2024 is to be built to a special configuration
referred to as the “Modified VIRGINIA Class Subsea and Seabed Warfare (Mod VA SSW)”
configuration,22 suggesting a configuration that includes a capability for conducting seabed
warfare missions.23

“‘Acoustic Superiority’: US Navy’s Secret Submarine Plan to Dominate the Seas,” National Interest, June 20, 2016;
Dave Majumdar, “This Is How the U.S. Navy’s Submarine Force Dominates the World’s Oceans,” National Interest,
May 17, 2016; Megan Eckstein, “Submarines to Become Stealthier Through Acoustic Superiority Upgrades,
Operational Concepts,” USNI News, March 1, 2016.
22 Department of Defense, Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 Budget Estimates, Navy Justification Book Volume 1 of 1,
Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy, March 2023, p. 113, 115, 119.
23 In a transcript published on September 27, 2022, of a podcast on subsea and seabed warfare recorded September 26,
2022, a GD/EB official states, “Subsea and Seabed warfare (SSW) is a new capability targeted for a single, late-block-
V Virginia-class submarine. While we can’t get into the details, we can say it is a complex, fast-moving program with
strong Navy and congressional support. We’re now well into the arrangement phase of the design, which is a critical
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Figure 3. Virginia-Class Attack Submarine

Source: Photograph accompanying Megan Eckstein, “The US Navy Is Spending Bil ions to Stabilize Vendors. Wil
It Work?” USNI News, September 8, 2023. The caption credits the photograph to Ashley Cowan/HII and states
that it shows the USS New Jersey (SSN-796) being moved at HII/NNS in April 2022.
Virginia-Class Program
Program Elements
Unit Procurement Cost
When procured at a rate of two boats per year, VPM-equipped Virginia-class SSNs have an
estimated procurement cost of about $4.5 billion per boat.
Annual Procurement Quantities
Table 2 shows annual numbers of Virginia-class boats procured from FY1998 (the lead boat)
through FY2024, and the numbers projected for procurement in FY2025-FY2029 under the
Navy’s FY2025 budget submission. As shown in the table, a total of 40 Virginia-class boats have
been procured through FY2024.

phase of the program when we lock down major decisions on systems and components and the configuration of
spaces.” Another EB official states that “prior Virginia insertions [i.e., insertions of new elements into the Virginia-
class design], like the Virginia Payload Module (VPM) compared to SSW, had about half as many arrangements and
more time to sell them all.” (Sydney Davies, “K. Graney Team Spotlight Podcast: Subsea and Seabed Warfare,” EB
Landing, September 27, 2022.)
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Table 2. Actual and Projected Virginia-Class Procurement Quantities
Projected quantities for FY2025-FY2029 as shown in Navy’s FY2025 budget submission
FY98
1
FY06
1
FY14
2
FY22
2
FY99
1
FY07
1
FY15
2
FY23
2
FY00
0
FY08
1
FY16
2
FY24
2
FY01
1
FY09
1
FY17
2
FY25
1
FY02
1
FY10
1
FY18
2
FY26
2
FY03
1
FY11
2
FY19
2
FY27
2
FY04
1
FY12
2
FY20
2
FY28
2
FY05
1
FY13
2
FY21
2
FY29
2
Source: Table prepared by CRS based on U.S. Navy data.
Multiyear Contracting
With three exceptions—the one Virginia-class boat that was procured in FY2003 and the two
Virginia-class boats that were procured in FY2024—all Virginia-class boats procured to date were
procured under multiyear contracting, meaning either a block buy contract (for the boats procured
in FY1998-FY2002) or multiyear procurement (MYP) contracts (for the boats procured from
FY2004 through FY2023).24
The Navy states that deferring the start of the next Virginia-class MYP contract from FY2024 to
FY2025 will put the contract into better schedule alignment with contracts for procuring
Columbia-class ballistic missile submarines, which can help maximize efficiency and supplier-
firm stability for both the Virginia- and Columbia-class programs.25 The two boats procured in
FY2024 are to be added as non-MYP options to the FY2019-FY2023 Virginia MYP contract.26

24 For more on MYP and block buy contracting, see CRS Report R41909, Multiyear Procurement (MYP) and Block
Buy Contracting in Defense Acquisition: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke. The sequence of
multiyear contracts is as follows:
•
The first four Virginia-class boats, known as the Block I boats, were procured under an FY1998-FY2002
block buy contract. This was the first instance of block buy contracting—the mechanism of a block buy
contract was essentially created for procuring the first four Virginia-class boats. The Virginia-class boat
procured in FY2003 fell between the FY1998-FY2002 block buy contract and the subsequent FY2004-
FY2008 MYP contract, and was contracted for separately.
•
The next five Virginia-class boats, known as the Block II boats, were procured under an FY2004-FY2008
MYP contract.
•
The next eight Virginia-class boats, known as the Block III boats, were procured under an FY2009-FY2013
MYP contract.
•
The next 10 Virginia-class boats, known as the Block IV boats, were procured under an FY2014-FY2018
MYP contract.
•
The next 10 Virginia-class boats, known as the Block V boats, were procured under an FY2019-FY2023
MYP contract.
25 Source: Navy briefing on Virginia-class program for CRS and CBO, April 28, 2023.
26 The FY2019-FY2023 MYP contract, in other words, is be used as a contractual vehicle for procuring the two boats
requested for procurement in FY2024, but those two boats would be executed as non-MYP boats, without the special
MYP procurement authorities (and resultant cost reductions) that were applied to the other boats procured under the
FY2019-FY2023 MYP contract.
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Joint Production Arrangement
Each Virginia-class boat is built jointly by GD/EB—the program’s prime contractor—and
HII/NNS. The arrangement for jointly building Virginia-class boats was proposed to Congress by
GD/EB, HII/NNS, and the Navy, and agreed to by Congress in 1997, as part of Congress’s action
on the Navy’s budget for FY1998, the year that the first Virginia-class boat was procured.27 A
primary aim of the arrangement was to minimize the cost of building Virginia-class boats at a
relatively low annual rate in two shipyards (rather than entirely in a single shipyard) while
preserving key submarine-construction skills at both shipyards.
Under the arrangement, GD/EB builds certain parts of each boat, HII/NNS builds certain other
parts of each boat, and the yards have generally taken turns building the reactor compartments
and performing final assembly of the boats. The arrangement has resulted in a roughly 50-50
division of Virginia-class profits between the two yards and preserves both yards’ ability to build
submarine reactor compartments (a key capability for a submarine-construction yard) and
perform submarine final-assembly work.28
Integrated Enterprise Plan (IEP)
Under an arrangement it calls the Integrated Enterprise Plan (IEP),29 the Navy plans to build each
Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine jointly at GD/EB and HII/NNS, with all of the final-
assembly work (and thus most of the overall volume of work) going to GD/EB. As part of this
plan, the Navy plans to adjust the division of work on the Virginia-class attack submarine
program so that HII/NNS will receive a larger share of the final-assembly work for that program
than it has received in the past.30

27 See Section 121 of the FY1998 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 1119/P.L. 105-85 of November 18, 1997).
28 The joint production arrangement is a departure from prior U.S. submarine construction practices, under which
complete submarines were built in individual yards. The joint production arrangement is the product of a debate over
the Virginia-class acquisition strategy within Congress, and between Congress and DOD, that occurred in 1995-1997
(i.e., during the markup of the FY1996-FY1998 defense budgets). The goal of the arrangement is to keep both GD/EB
and HII/NNS involved in building nuclear-powered submarines, and thereby maintain two U.S. shipyards capable of
building nuclear-powered submarines, while minimizing the cost penalties of using two yards rather than one to build a
submarine design that is being procured at a relatively low annual rate. The joint production agreement cannot be
changed without the agreement of both GD/EB and HII/NNS.
29 The IEP was previously called the Submarine Unified Build Strategy, or SUBS.
30 Key elements of IEP include the following:
•
GD/EB is to be the prime contractor for designing and building Columbia-class boats;
•
HII/NNS is to be a subcontractor for designing and building Columbia-class boats;
•
GD/EB is to build certain parts of each Columbia-class boat—parts that are more or less analogous to the
parts that GD/EB builds for each Virginia-class attack submarine;
•
HII/NNS is to build certain other parts of each Columbia-class boat—parts that are more or less analogous to
the parts that HII/NNS builds for each Virginia-class attack submarine;
•
GD/EB is to perform the final assembly on all 12 Columbia-class boats;
•
as a result of the three previous points, the Navy estimates that GD/EB would receive an estimated 77%-78%
of the shipyard work building Columbia-class boats, and HII/NNS would receive 22%-23%;
•
GD/EB is to continue as prime contractor for the Virginia-class program, but to help balance out projected
submarine-construction workloads at GD/EB and HII/NNS, the division of work between the two yards for
building Virginia-class boats is to be adjusted so that HII/NNS would perform the final assembly on a greater
number of Virginia-class boats than it would have under a continuation of the current Virginia-class division
of work (in which final assemblies are divided more or less evenly between the two shipyards); as a
(continued...)
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Virginia Payload Module (VPM)
The Navy plans to build most Virginia-class boats procured in FY2019 and subsequent years with
the Virginia Payload Module (VPM), an additional, 84-foot-long, mid-body section equipped
with four large-diameter, vertical launch tubes for storing and launching additional Tomahawk
missiles or other payloads, including payloads with diameters larger than the 21-inch diameter of
a torpedo or Tomahawk missile.31 The four additional launch tubes in the VPM can carry a total
of 28 additional Tomahawk cruise missiles (seven per tube),32 which would increase the total
number of torpedo-sized weapons (such as Tomahawks) carried by the Virginia-class design from
about 37 to about 65—an increase of about 76%.33
Building Virginia-class boats with the VPM is intended to compensate for a sharp loss in
submarine force weapon-carrying capacity that will occur with the retirement in FY2026-FY2028
of the Navy’s four Ohio-class SSGNs. Each SSGN is equipped with 24 large-diameter vertical
launch tubes, of which 22 can be used to carry up to seven Tomahawks each, for a maximum of
154 vertically launched Tomahawks per boat, or 616 vertically launched Tomahawks for the four
boats. Twenty-two Virginia-class boats built with VPMs could carry 616 Tomahawks in their
VPMs.
Schedule and Cost Performance
The Virginia-class program experienced cost growth in its early years that was due in part to
annual procurement rates that were lower than initially envisaged and challenges in restarting
submarine production at HII/NNS.34 The lead ship in the program, however, was delivered within
four months of the target date that had been established about a decade earlier, and subsequent
boats in the program were delivered largely on cost and ahead of schedule.35 The Virginia (SSN-

consequence, HII/NNS would receive a greater share of the total work in building Virginia-class boats than it
would have under a continuation of the current division of work.
See Richard B. Burgess, “Submarine Admirals: ‘Unified Build Strategy’ Seeks Affordability for Future Sub Fleet,”
Seapower, July 8, 2016; Julia Bergman, “Congressmen Visit EB a Day After It Is Named Prime Contractor for Ohio
Replacement Program,” The Day (New London), March 29, 2016; Sydney J. Freedberg Jr., “Ohio Replacement Plan Is
Good News for Electric Boat,” Breaking Defense, March 29, 2016; Robert McCabe, “Newport News Shipbuilding’s
Share of Virginia-Class Submarine Deliveries to Grow,” Virginian-Pilot (Newport News), March 29, 2016; Valerie
Insinna, “GD Electric Boat Chosen to Take Lead Role for Ohio Replacement Sub,” Defense Daily, March 30, 2016:
1-3; Hugh Lessig, “Navy: More Submarine Work Coming to Newport News Shipyard,” Military.com, March 30, 2016.
See also Statement of the Honorable Sean J. Stackley, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and
Acquisition), and Vice Admiral Joseph P. Mulloy, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Integration of Capabilities
and Resources, and Lieutenant General Robert S. Walsh, Deputy Commandant, Combat Development and Integration
& Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, before the Subcommittee on Seapower and
Projection Forces of the House Armed Services Committee on Department of the Navy Seapower and Projection
Forces Capabilities, February 25, 2016, p. 12.
31 For an illustration of the VPM, see http://www.gdeb.com/news/advertising/images/VPM_ad/VPM.pdf, which was
accessed by CRS on March 1, 2012.
32 Michael J. Conner, “Investing in the Undersea Future,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 2011: 16-20.
33 A Virginia-class SSN can carry about 25 torpedoes in its four horizontal torpedo tubes and associated torpedo room,
and an additional 12 Tomahawk cruise missiles (which are torpedo-sized) in its bow-mounted vertical lunch tubes, for a
total of about 37 torpedo-sized weapons. Another 28 Tomahawks in four mid-body vertical tubes would increase that
total by about 76%.
34 See Statement of Ronald O’Rourke, Specialist in National Defense, Congressional Research Service, before the
House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces Hearing on Submarine Force
Structure and Acquisition Policy, March 8, 2007, Table 10 on pp. 14-15.
35 For discussions of recent exceptions, see Christopher P. Cavas, “US Navy Submarine Program Loses Some of Its
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774) class program received a David Packard Excellence in Acquisition Award from DOD in
2008.
Beginning in 2019, it was reported that GD/EB, HII/NNS, and their supplier firms were
experiencing challenges in meeting scheduled delivery times as the Virginia-class program was
transitioning from production of two “regular” Virginia-class boats per year to two VPM-
equipped boats per year. On April 2, 2024, the Navy announced significant projected delays in
several of its shipbuilding programs. As part of this announcement, the Navy stated that deliveries
of Virginia-class boats are projected to be delayed 24 to 36 months.36 For additional background
information on delays in the Virginia-class program, see Appendix B.
As mentioned earlier, although Virginia-class boats have been procured at a rate of two boats per
year, the actual production rate has fallen short of 2.0 boats per year, and since 2022 has been
limited by shipyard and supplier firm workforce and supply chain challenges to about 1.2 to 1.4
boats per year, resulting in a growing backlog of boats procured but not yet built. As also
mentioned earlier, the Navy and industry are working to increase the Virginia-class production
rate to 2.0 boats per year by 2028, and subsequently to 2.33 boats per year, the rate the Navy
states will be needed to not only execute the two-per-year procurement rate, but also build
replacement SSNs for the three to five Virginia-class boats that are to be sold to Australia under
the AUKUS submarine (Pillar 1) project that is discussed later in this report, and to reduce the
accumulated Virginia-class production backlog.
December 2021 Determinations Pursuant to Defense Production Act (DPA)
On December 21, 2021, President Biden signed three determinations permitting the use of the
Defense Production Act (DPA) to strengthen the U.S. submarine industrial base for the purpose of
increasing production of Virginia-class submarines. For more on these determinations, see
Appendix D.
FY2024 Funding Request
Virginia-Class Procurement Funding Requested in FY2024 Budget Submission
The Navy’s proposed budget requested the procurement of the 39th and 40th Virginia-class boats.
As discussed earlier, the Navy’s FY2024 budget submission stated that one of the two boats is to
be built to a special configuration referred to as the “Modified VIRGINIA Class Subsea and
Seabed Warfare (Mod VA SSW)” configuration. The two boats had an estimated combined
procurement cost of $9,427.6 million (i.e., about $9.4 billion), including $5,356.9 million for the
Mod VA SSW boat and $4,070.7 million for the other boat. The two boats had received a
combined total of $2,297.7 million in prior-year advance procurement (AP) funding, and the
Navy’s proposed FY2024 budget requested the remaining $7,130.0 million needed to complete
their estimated combined procurement cost. The Navy’s proposed FY2024 budget also requested
$1,855.5 million in AP funding for Virginia-class boats to be procured in future fiscal years;
$1,360.0 million in Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) funding, which is an additional kind of AP
funding that can occur under an MYP contract; and $168.2 million in cost-to-complete (CTC)
funding to cover cost growth on Virginia-class boats procured in prior years, bringing the total

Shine,” Defense News, March 13, 2017; David B. Larter, “Virginia-Class Attack Sub Delivers Late as US Navy Aims
to Get Program Back on Course,” Defense News, June 26, 2018.
36 For additional discussion of the Navy’s April 2, 2024, announcement, see CRS Report RL32665, Navy Force
Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
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amount of procurement, AP, EOQ, and CTC funding requested for FY2024 to $10,513.7 million
(i.e., about $10.5 billion).
Supplemental Funding for Submarine Industrial Base Requested on October 20,
2023
In addition to the above requested funds, on October 20, 2023, the Administration submitted a
request for FY2024 emergency supplemental funding for national security priorities that included,
among other things, a total of $3,393.2 million (i.e., about $3.4 billion) in funding for the
submarine industrial base to support construction of new submarines and maintenance of existing
submarines, as follows:
• $557.758 million in the Operation and Maintenance, Navy (OMN) appropriation
account for improvements at the four government-operated NSYs that maintain
the Navy’s nuclear-powered ships, including the Navy’s submarines;
• $2,055.0 million in the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) appropriation
account (i.e., the Navy’s shipbuilding account) to increase production rates and
submarine availability through initiatives in supplier development, shipbuilder
and supplier infrastructure, workforce development, technology advancements,
and strategic sourcing;
• $393.57 million in the Other Procurement, Navy (OPN) appropriation account to
increase production rates and submarine availability through initiatives in
supplier development, shipbuilder and supplier infrastructure, workforce
development, technology advancements, and strategic sourcing;
• $7.0 million in the Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Navy (RDTEN)
appropriation account to increase production rates and submarine availability
through initiatives in supplier development, shipbuilder and supplier
infrastructure, workforce development, technology advancements, and strategic
sourcing;
• $281.914 million in the Military Construction, Navy and Marine Corps
appropriation account to support infrastructure work at the NSYs to improve the
ability to maintain the readiness of the fleet; and
• $98.0 million in the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) of the
Department of Energy (DOE) for Naval Reactors (i.e., the Naval Nuclear
Propulsion Program) to support hiring and infrastructure expansion at the
Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated Naval Nuclear Laboratory sites in
order to meet growing mission demands to provide the trilateral security
partnership between Australia, United Kingdom, and United States (i.e.,
AUKUS) with nuclear propulsion plants.37
FY2025 Funding Request
The Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget requests the procurement of one Virginia-class boat, which
would be the 41st boat in the class. The Navy’s FY2024 budget submission and its budget
submissions for prior years had projected that two boats would be requested for FY2025. The

37 Source: Attachment 4: Submarine Industrial Base (pages 58-63) to letter dated October 20, 2023, from Shalanda D.
Young, Office of Management and Budget, to The Honorable Patrick McHenry, Speaker Pro Tempore of the House of
Representatives, accessed October 23, 2023, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Letter-
regarding-critical-national-security-funding-needs-for-FY-2024.pdf.
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boat requested for FY2025 has an estimated procurement cost of $5,759.5 million (i.e., about $5.8
billion), but the Navy states that about $1 billion of that is for materials and equipment for future
Virginia-class boats, making the estimated cost for the requested boat itself roughly $4.8 billion.38
The boat has received $1,871.6 million in prior-year “regular” AP funding and $272.0 million in
prior-year Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) funding, which is an additional kind of AP funding.
The Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget requests the remaining $3,615.9 million needed to complete
the boat’s estimated procurement cost, as well as $2,422.0 million in “regular” AP funding and
$1,298.3 million in EOQ funding for Virginia-class boats to be procured in future fiscal years,
and $293.0 million in cost-to-complete (CTC) funding to cover cost growth on Virginia-class
boats procured in prior years.
AUKUS Submarine (Pillar 1) Project
Overview
In September 2021, the Australian, UK, and U.S governments announced a significant new
security partnership, called AUKUS (pronounced AW-kus, rhyming with caucus).39 One major
initiative under AUKUS, referred to as Pillar 1, is a project to rotationally deploy four U.S. SSNs
and one UK SSN out of a port in Western Australia; more significantly, to sell three to five
Virginia-class SSNs to Australia and subsequently build three to five additional replacement
SSNs for the U.S. Navy; and to have the United States and UK provide assistance to Australia for
an Australian effort to build additional three to five SSNs of a new UK-Australian SSN design
called SSN AUKUS to complete a planned eight-boat Australian SSN force.
Today only six countries—the United States, the UK, France, Russia, China, and India—operate
nuclear-powered submarines. The United States since 1958 has provided assistance to the UK’s
nuclear-powered submarine program.40 The United States reportedly has turned down requests
from certain other U.S. allies to provide similar assistance. Under Pillar 1, Australia is to become
the second country to receive U.S. assistance in naval nuclear propulsion and nuclear-powered
submarines, and the first country to purchase a complete nuclear-powered submarine from the
United States.
On October 25, 2023, the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed
Services Committee held a hearing on the submarine industrial base and its ability to support the
AUKUS framework. The witnesses, all from DOD and the Navy, testified in support of Pillar 1

38 The Navy states that “the Total Ship estimate for the FY 2025 hull includes an additional shipset of two year advance
procurement funded materials, one year advance procurement funded materials, and one year economic order quantity
funded materials. This funding will be used to support contractor furnished equipment and government furnished
equipment critical spare material that will be consumed on future hulls to ensure critical sub-tier vendors maintain two
submarines per year cadence. As a result, the Gross Weapons System Unit Cost (End Cost) is approximately $1 billion
higher than a single submarine procurement.” (Department of Defense, Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 Budget Estimates, Navy,
Justification Book, Volume 1 of 1, Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy, March 2024, p. 115, 117, 121.)
39 For more on the AUKUS agreement, see CRS In Focus IF12113, AUKUS and Indo-Pacific Security, by Derek E.
Mix and Bruce Vaughn; CRS Report R47599, AUKUS Pillar 2: Background and Issues for Congress, by Patrick
Parrish and Luke A. Nicastro; CRS In Focus IF11999, AUKUS Nuclear Cooperation, by Paul K. Kerr and Mary Beth
D. Nikitin; and CRS In Focus IF12483, U.S. Arms Transfer Restrictions and AUKUS Cooperation, by Paul K. Kerr and
Ilana Krill.
40 For additional discussion of U.S. assistance to the UK’s nuclear-powered submarine program, see CRS Report
R41129, Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for
Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
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and the supplemental funding for the submarine industrial base that was requested on October 20,
2023.41
Congress approved enabling legislation for Pillar 1 as part of its action on the FY2024 National
Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) (H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 of December 22, 2023). Sections
1321-1354 of the FY2024 NDAA address various matters relating to the AUKUS partnership,
including Pillar 1. Pillar 1 is covered in particular in Sections 1351-1354, which are referred to
collectively as the AUKUS Submarine Transfer Authorization Act.
Key Elements
Key elements of Pillar 1 include the following:42
• Embedding of Australian personnel. In 2023, Australian military and civilian
personnel began to embed with the U.S. and UK navies, and in the U.S. and UK
submarine industrial bases, to accelerate the training of Australian personnel.
Also in 2023, the U.S. Navy began to increase SSN port visits to Australia, with
Australian sailors joining U.S. crews for training and development.43 The UK is
to increase SSN port visits to Australia beginning in 2026.
• Rotational deployments of U.S. and UK SSNs from Australia. As early as
2027, the United States and UK are to begin forward rotations of SSNs out of
HMAS Stirling, an Australian naval base near Perth, in Western Australia, to
accelerate the development of Australian naval personnel, workforce,
infrastructure, and regulatory system. Eventually, one UK SSN and up to four
Virginia-class SSNs are to be rotationally deployed out of HMAS Stirling under
the arrangement, which is referred to as Submarine Rotational Force-West (SRF-
West).
• Sale of three to five Virginia-class boats to Australia. The United States is to
sell Australia three Virginia-class submarines, with the potential to sell up to two
more if needed. The first two boats, which are to be sold in FY2032 and FY2035,
would be existing boats with 18 to 27 years each of remaining expected service
life. The third boat, which is to be sold in FY2038, would be a new boat taken
directly from the U.S. production line, and thus have a full 33-year expected

41 The prepared statements of the witnesses are available at https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?
EventID=116514. The CQ transcript of the hearing is available (subscription required) at https://plus.cq.com/doc/
congressionaltranscripts-7864570?3. A video of the hearing is available at https://armedservices.house.gov/hearings/
spf-hearing-submarine-industrial-base-and-its-ability-support-aukus-framework.
42 Sources: White House, “Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS,” March 13, 2023; Commonwealth of Australia, The
AUKUS Nuclear-Powered Submarine Pathway, A Partnership for the Future, undated, released ca. March 13, 2023, 57
pp.; U.S. Navy, Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year
2024, March 2023, p. 4, 15 (table note 3); Megan Eckstein, “Here’s When the US Navy Plans to Sell Subs to Australia
Under AUKUS,” Defense News, November 16, 2023; Rich Abott, “Sub Boss Outlines Schedule of Virginia-Sub Sales
to Australia Under AUKUS,” Defense Daily, November 9, 2023; Mallory Shelbourne, “Australia Will Announce
AUKUS Nuclear Attack Boat Build Partner Next Year,” USNI News, November 9, 2023; Justin Katz, “US Navy Sub
Boss Reveals New Details on AUKUS Virginia Class Sub Sales to Australia,” Breaking Defense, November 8, 2023;
John Hunter Farrell, “Australia to Get One New Build Virginia Class Submarine, Two from U.S. Navy,” The Drive,
June 8, 2023, which reports remarks made by Australian government officials in testimony at a May 2023 Australian
parliamentary hearing.
43 For additional discussion of Pillar 1 activities in 2023 and 2024, see Megan Eckstein, “What Has the AUKUS
Alliance Accomplished in the Last Year?” Defense News, May 9, 2024; Department of Defense, “AUKUS Defense
Ministers’ Joint Statement,” April 8, 2024.
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service life. In combination, the sale of these three boats would transfer more
than 70 boat-years of SSN capability from the U.S. Navy to Australia’s navy.
• Replacement SSNs to be built for U.S. Navy. The U.S. Navy anticipates
eventually building three to five additional SSNs in the 2030s as replacements for
the three to five Virginia-class boats that are to be sold to Australia. Until the
replacement boats are built, selling three to five Virginia-class boats to Australia
would reduce the size of the U.S. Navy’s SSN force. The reduction in the U.S.
SSN force would begin in FY2032 (when the first Virginia-class boat would be
sold) and (as estimated by CRS and the Congressional Budget Office [CBO])
would last until sometime between 2040 and 2049. For additional discussion of
this reduction, see Appendix E.
• UK and Australia construction of SSN AUKUS boats incorporating U.S.
technology. The UK and Australia, with U.S. assistance, are to design and build a
new class of SSN AUKUS (sometimes pronounced SNAW-kus) boats
incorporating U.S. submarine and naval nuclear propulsion technology. The UK
is to build SSN AUKUS boats for use in the UK’s navy, and Australia is to build
SSN AUKUS boats for use in Australia’s navy. The first UK-built SSN AUKUS
boat is to be delivered to the UK’s navy in the late 2030s, and the first Australian-
built SSN AUKUS boat is to be delivered to Australia’s navy in the early 2040s.
If the Australian SSN AUKUS construction effort encounters delays, a fourth and
perhaps fifth Virginia-class boat would be sold to Australia to permit Australia to
continue the buildup of its SSN force. Australia by the mid-2050s is to operate a
force of eight SSNs, including three to five Virginia-class boats and five to three
SSN AUKUS boats.
• Australian investments in U.S. and UK submarine industrial bases. Australia
is to invest at least $3 billion in its own industrial base to establish an Australian
capacity for building and maintaining SSNs. In addition to that $3 billion, and for
the purpose of supporting implementation of Pillar 1, Australia is to make a $3
billion contribution to U.S. submarine industrial base,44 and a $3 billion to the
UK submarine industrial base.45 The precise timing of Australia’s contribution to
the U.S. submarine industrial base has not been publicly announced.
Previous Countries That Requested but Did Not Receive U.S. Naval Nuclear
Propulsion Technology
U.S. submarine technology and naval nuclear propulsion technology, reflecting decades of
cumulative U.S. Navy research, development, design, construction, and operational experience,
are generally considered crown jewels of U.S. military technology and consequently are highly
protected by the United States. As noted earlier, the technical (including acoustic) superiority of
U.S. Navy nuclear-powered submarines is generally considered a foundation of U.S. superiority

44 See Parliament of Australia, Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade Legislation Committee, October 25, 2023,
transcript of committee meeting, accessed December 13, 2023, at https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/
Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=committees/estimate/27450/&sid=0000.
45 See Colin Clark, “Australia Sends $4.6B AUD to Bolster UK Sub Industry for SSN AUKUS as Shipbuilders
Named,” Breaking Defense, March 21, 2024; Lewis Jackson, “Australia Earmarks Billions for Naval Infrastructure as
BAE Wins AUKUS Submarine Work,” Reuters, March 21, 2024; Nic Fildes and Sylvia Pfeifer, “Australia and UK
Sign Defence Treaty in Face of Rising Chinese Power,” Financial Times, March 21, 2024; Shaun Turton and Sophie
Mak, “Australia to Funnel $3bn to U.K. for AUKUS Sub Reactors, Designs,” Nikkei Asia, March 22, 2024. (A figure
of $4.6 Australian dollars [AUD] equates to about $3.0 billion U.S. dollars.)
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in undersea warfare, which in turn underpins a U.S. ability to leverage the world’s oceans as a
medium of operations and maneuver, deny that to others, and thereby generate a huge asymmetric
strategic advantage for the United States.
Given both its high degree of importance to overall U.S. national security strategy and U.S.
technical superiority in the field, U.S. naval nuclear propulsion technology to date has been
shared with only one other country—the UK—through an arrangement begun in 1958 reflecting
the U.S.-UK special relationship and U.S.-UK cooperation on nuclear weapons and other nuclear-
related matters dating back to the Manhattan project in World War II.
During the Cold War, when the United States and its allies were engaged in an extended, high-
stakes, and costly strategic competition against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact allies, the
United States reportedly turned down requests from four U.S. treaty allies other than the UK—
France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Japan—to share U.S. naval nuclear propulsion technology. A
fifth U.S. treaty ally—Canada—also requested but did not receive this technology. Canada
canceled its SSN project before the United States acted fully on Canada’s request. A sixth
country, Pakistan, also reportedly requested but did not receive the technology. For additional
details regarding these six cases, see Appendix F.
Alternative of a U.S.-Australia Division of Labor
An alternative to Pillar 1 as currently structured would be a U.S.-Australia military division of
labor under which U.S. SSNs would perform both U.S. and Australian SSN missions while
Australia invested in military capabilities for performing non-SSN missions for both Australia
and the United States. Such a U.S.-Australia military division of labor might be broadly similar to
military divisions of labor that exist between the United States and some or all of its NATO or
other allies for naval capabilities such as aircraft carriers, SSNs, large surface combatants, and
amphibious ships, and for non-naval capabilities such as (to name only some examples) nuclear
weapons, space assets, and ISR capabilities.
Under a U.S.-Australia military division of labor for performing SSN missions and non-SSN
missions
• the forward rotations of U.S. and UK SSNs to Australia planned under Pillar 1—
SRF-West—would still be implemented;
• up to eight additional Virginia-class SSNs would be built, and instead of three to
five of them being sold to Australia, these additional boats would instead be
retained in U.S. Navy service and operated out of Australia along with the five
U.S. and UK SSNs that are already planned to be operated out of Australia under
Pillar 1 as SRF-West; and
• Australia, instead of using funds to purchase, build, operate, and maintain its own
SSNs, would instead invest those funds in other military capabilities—such as,
for example, long-range anti-ship missiles, drones, B-21 long-range bombers, or
other long-range strike aircraft—so as to create an Australian capacity for
performing non-SSN military missions for both Australia and the United States.46

46 For more on the B-21 program, see CRS Report R44463, Air Force B-21 Raider Long-Range Strike Bomber,
coordinated by John R. Hoehn.
For an article discussing the B-21 as an alternative to SSNs, see Michael Shoebridge, “An AUKUS Remix Delivering
Greater Military Power Faster: the B-21 Raider,” Defence Connect, November 15, 2023. (Also posted as Michael
Shoebridge, “AUKUS Plan B: Delivering Greater Military Power Faster—The B-21 Raider,” Real Clear Defense,
(continued...)
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Variations of this potential alternative include but are not necessarily limited to the following:
• Under one variation, the proposed sharing of U.S. naval nuclear propulsion
technology and U.S. submarine technology, the proposed Australian investments
in Australian and U.S. submarine-construction capability, and the other proposed
actions for supporting eventual Australian construction of AUKUS SSNs would
continue, and Australia would eventually build its own AUKUS SSNs, reducing
at that point the need for U.S. SSNs to perform Australian SSN missions.
• Under another variation of this potential alternative, the performance of
Australian SSN missions by U.S. SSNs would continue indefinitely, and instead
of implementing the technology sharing, making Australian investments in
submarine-construction capability, and taking the other actions that would be
needed to eventually build AUKUS SSNs, Australia would continue investing in
other military capabilities for supporting a continuing U.S.-Australia division of
labor. Under this variation, the size of the U.S. SSN force would eventually be
expanded above previously planned levels by eight boats (i.e., the planned
eventual number of SSNs that Australia had planned to acquire).
As noted above, under both variations of this potential alternative, U.S. Navy SSNs that would
perform Australian SSN missions could be operated out of a port in Australia, in an arrangement
perhaps similar to the SRF-West arrangement that forms another part of Pillar 1, or to the
arrangement under which U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) from
1961 to 1991 underwent inter-deployment refits at a forward-located facility in Holy Loch,
Scotland.47 Table 3 summarizes certain features of Pillar 1 as currently structured and the two
above-described variations of the potential alternative of a U.S.-Australia division of labor for
performing SSN missions and non-SSN missions.

November 16, 2023.) For further discussion of the option of Australia purchasing B-21s, see Marcus Hellyer and
Andrew Nicholls, ‘Impactful Projection’: Long-Range Strike Options for Australia, Australian Strategic Policy
Institute (ASPI), December 2022, 53 pp.
For an article discussing a long-range strike aircraft other than the B-21, such as the P-8 maritime patrol aircraft, see
Peter Briggs, “To B-21 or Not to B-21: What Are Australia’s Best Long-Range Strike Options?” Strategist, December
6, 2022.
For a study that recommends increased procurement of long-range anti-ship missiles as a high-priority for improving
U.S. and allied capabilities for countering Chinese aggression in a U.S.-China conflict over Taiwan, see Mark F.
Cancian, Matthew Cancian, and Eric Heginbotham, The First Battle of the Next War, Wargaming a Chinese Invasion of
Taiwan, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), January 2023, 158 pp., which states on page 4 (emphasis
as in original)
Recommendation: Increase the arsenal of long-range anti-ship cruise missiles. Bombers
capable of launching standoff, anti-ship ordnance offer the fastest way to defeat the invasion with
the least amount of U.S. losses. Procuring such missiles and upgrading existing missiles with this
anti-ship capability needs to be the top procurement priority.
47 For a short history of the Holy Loch arrangement, see Ronald D. Gumbert, “History of Submarine Squadron
Fourteen,” Submarine Review, January 1992: 72-77, accessed June 12, 2024, at https://archive.navalsubleague.org/
1992/history-of-submarine-squadron-fourteen.
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Table 3. Pillar 1 as Currently Structured and Potential Alternative
Potential alternative of U.S.-Australia
division of labor
Pillar 1 as currently

structured
One variation
Another variation
Australian SSN missions to
Australian Navy SSNs, consisting
U.S. Navy SSNs, until
be performed in 2030s and
initially of Virginia-class boats sold
replaced by
U.S. Navy SSNs
beyond by…
to Australia, later augmented by
Australian-made
Australian-made AUKUS SSNs
AUKUS SSNs
Forward rotations of U.S.
Yes
Yes
Yes
and UK SSNs to Australia
3 to 5 Virginia-class SSNs
Yes
No
No
sold to Australia
AUKUS SSNs built in
Yes
Yes
No
Australia for Australian use
Source: Table prepared by CRS.
Issues for Congress
Whether to Procure 1 or 2 Virginia-Class Boats in FY2025
A key issue for Congress for FY2025 is whether to procure one or two Virginia-class boats in
FY2025. The Navy states that procuring two would require adding $3,225.0 million (i.e., about
$3.2 billion) to the Navy’s FY2025 procurement funding request for the program. This is the
Navy’s estimate of the net increase in funding that would be needed to convert a one-boat buy to
a two-boat buy. The second boat would cost more than $3,225 million, but some of the second
boat’s materials and equipment are already funded in prior-year budgets or requested to be
procured under the Navy’s FY2025 budget submission, and adding the second boat would reduce
the cost of the first boat due to increased production economies of scale.
The Navy states that it requested the procurement of one boat rather than two for FY2025 due to
limits on the Navy’s budget topline and the growing Virginia-class production backlog,48 and that
the Navy’s request includes a second shipset of selected Virginia-class components so as to
provide stability to key submarine supplier firms. The Department of the Navy’s FY2025 budget
highlights book states
Aligned with Congressional intent, this budget request delivers the most ready and lethal
Naval Forces feasible under the FRA [Fiscal Responsibility Act—H.R. 3746/P.L. 118-5 of
June 3, 2023] budget caps. These caps, paced well below even historical inflation targets,
force hard choices. Due to the residual effects of inflationary pressures of the past few
years, workforce challenges, plus increased labor and supply costs across the defense
enterprise, all drove costs associated with our shipbuilding account up roughly 20% over
the last couple of years. Hard choices were made, particularly in the procurement accounts.
An analytic review of production performance identified areas where we could take risk to
comply with the congressional fiscal caps. The Department requests only 1 Virginia Class
submarine in PB25 [the President’s (proposed) budget for FY2025], dropping the total

48 Source: Navy FY2025 budget rollout briefing for CBO and CRS, March 12, 2024.

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number of ships requested down one from what we estimated we would request in FY 2025
during last year’s budget.49
The Navy’s FY2025 budget-justification book for its shipbuilding account states that the FY2025
funding request for the Virginia-class program
includes an additional shipset of two year advance procurement funded materials, one year
advance procurement funded materials, and one year economic order quantity funded
materials. This funding will be used to support contractor furnished equipment and
government furnished equipment critical spare material that will be consumed on future
hulls to ensure critical sub-tier vendors maintain two submarines per year cadence.50
A March 14, 2024, press report stated:
During the rollout of the Pentagon’s fiscal 2025 request senior DoD officials pointed to
$3.9 billion set for submarine industrial base investment in the next fiscal year, some of
which is long lead procurement so parts are ready and waiting.…
“We see [advanced procurement funding] as incredibly important in terms of supporting
the supplier base to set ourselves up for the needed production rate both for Virginia-
class… [and] we include support for Columbia-class,” Navy Undersecretary Erik Raven
said. Raven elsewhere said the service anticipates the Virginia-class program will hit the
two-sub-per-year delivery cadence by 2028.
Pentagon comptroller Mike McCord said the Pentagon cut to one submarine buy so it
would not keeping doing the same thing over and over, which had not resulted in an
appreciable production increase.
“The boats that are delivering … this year are averaging over 30 months late, and we have
more than a dozen on order that are still in production already. So the question was really:
‘What can we do to get a better result [rather] than keep doing the same thing and hoping
for a different result?’”51
Supporters of procuring one Virginia-class boat in FY2025 could, like the Navy, cite limits on the
defense budget topline, the Virginia-class production backlog, and the funding requested for a
second shipset of selected Virginia-class components. They could also cite the potential impacts
of funding reductions to other DOD programs that might be needed to offset increasing FY2025
procurement funding for the Virginia-class program by $3,225 million.
Supporters of procuring two Virginia-class boats in FY2025 argue that doing so would provide
greater stability for the industrial base and send a stronger signal of resolve to potential
adversaries such as China. For example, at an April 17, 2024, hearing before the Seapower and
Projection Forces subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee on Department of the
Navy FY2025 seapower and projection forces programs, Representative Joe Courtney, the
ranking member of the subcommittee, stated in his opening remarks:
This [FY2025 Navy shipbuilding budget] request includes six battle force ships, a sharp
deviation from last year’s Future Years Defense Plan [FYDP] and 30-year shipbuilding
plan.
At the same time, 19 battle force ships are being decommissioned, as [subcommittee]
Chairman [Trent] Kelly just noted [in his own opening remarks]. [Of] particular note, it

49 Department of the Navy, Highlights of the Department of the Navy FY 2025 Budget, 2024, pp. 1-12 to 1-13.
50 Department of Defense, Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 Budget Estimates, Navy, Justification Book Volume 1 of 1,
Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy, March 2024, pp. 115, 117, 121.
51 Colin Clark, “AUKUS Critics Jump on Virginia-class Sub Budget Plan, but Canberra Sanguine,” Breaking Defense,
March 14, 2024.
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[i.e., the FY2025 Navy shipbuilding budget request] seeks to reduce procurement of the
Virginia-class submarine program from 13 consecutive years of steady two-per-year
cadence down to just one submarine in fiscal year 2025. This decision to cut procurement
in the Virginia[-class] program contradicts our own combatant commanders that have
emphasized the need for more attack submarines to deter the intensifying threats in the
undersea domain.
During our posture hearings in the last month, we have consistently heard from combatant
commanders from INDOPACOM, EUCOM, and NORTHCOM—Admiral [John]
Aquilino, General [Christopher] Cavoli, [and] General [Glen VanHerck]—that their
requirements for attack submarines are—are far higher beyond [sic] the number of boats
in the Navy’s inventory.
Equally concerning is that Congress has already appropriated in the last two years nearly
$1 billion in advance procurement [funding] for the second submarine that the Navy now
seeks to eliminate. This unexpected change in demand signal has and will cause serious
reverberations throughout the industrial base and friends overseas who based on my
conversations in those arenas are frankly incredulous.
I’ve already shared those concerns with you and we will explore that in further depth today.
The Navy’s public justification for dropping a submarine is that the sizable investments in
the submarine industrial base, known as the SIB in the budget, will offset its cut in
procurement and fleet size. As a member who has secured Congressional increases in the
SIB starting in 2018, I wholly support the Navy's embrace of that effort.
However, I reject the ivory tower theory that SIB investment is a substitute for a consistent
demand signal for orders and business. The two enterprises have to incur in tandem. Over
the Easter break, I had the opportunity to meet with several supply chain companies and
the message was clear, submarine industrial base investments as welcome as they are don’t
pay the bills and are [sic] particularly for these firms that doesn’t—particularly for those
firms that don’t qualify for SIB assistance.
It is important to remember that cutting [submarine] procurement going back to the 1990s
is precisely the reason why the submarine industrial base has eroded over the last 30 years.
Indeed, Undersecretary Robert LaPlante testified to that point before the House Armed
Services Committee few weeks ago. The decades of financial trauma the industrial base
has experienced due to the Navy’s consistently inconsistent procurement profiles is still
deeply seared in the supply chain companies and metal trades unions that represent the
welders, electricians, machinists, and pipefitters that are hard at work today, as we sit here
in this committee room.52
Prior to the submission of the Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget, a January 17, 2024, letter to
President Biden from the chairman and ranking member of the House Armed Services Committee
(Representative Mike Rogers and Representative Adam Smith, respectively) and the chairman
and ranking member of the Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee of the House Armed
Services Committee (Representative Trent Kelly and Representative Joe Courtney, respectively)
stated
We, the undersigned, are writing to you as a bipartisan coalition that supported
advancement of the recently enacted Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 National Defense
Authorization Act (NDAA). One of the most significant provisions of the new law are

52 Source: CQ transcript of hearing. The passage as presented includes some typographical corrections made by CRS.
See also Mallory Shelbourne and Sam LaGrone, “Navy’s Single Sub Buy Plan Raises Concerns with Congress,” USNI
News, April 18 (updated April 24), 2024; Justin Katz, “Top Seapower Hawk Rep. Courtney Rejects Navy’s Pitch for 1
Virginia-Class Sub Buy,” Breaking Defense, April 17, 2024.
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several authorities to enable execution of the trilateral AUKUS security agreement amongst
the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom….
… Now that AUKUS is codified, we are writing to express our conviction that the U.S.
Navy and Congress maintain continued procurement of two Virginia-class submarines per
year, as detailed in the Navy’s FY2024 30-Year Shipbuilding Plan.
Our belief is based on the promising increase in U.S. submarine production tonnage in
2023. Part of this growth is due to investments from the Navy and Congress in workforce
and supply chain development over the last five years, which requires continuous support
to mature and stabilize the health of the industrial base. Even more importantly, this growth
is dependent on the persistent two-per-year demand signal to the nationwide submarine
industrial base that Congress has defended since 2011. That commitment has driven
suppliers to make critical capital investments and expand capacity based on a predictable
forecast in expected work. It has also driven metal trades workers, designers, and engineers
to choose shipbuilding as promising careers in record numbers. Deviation from projected
procurement rates in the FY2025 budget request would upend the faith of a steady
procurement profile in the Future Years Defense Plan by our suppliers, as well as any plans
for future capital investments in the supply chain.
In March 2023, the joint announcement of the AUKUS Optimal Pathway by the heads of
government of the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom triggered a robust
discussion in Congress that generated significant support and increased international
attention to the critical need for, and challenges facing, the Virginia-class program. The
AUKUS partnership relies on our nation to sustain a consistent build rate for attack
submarines required to fulfill our obligation to successfully transfer, via sale, Virginia-
class submarines to Australia while meeting our own force structure requirements. It is
imperative to maintain a steady two-per-year procurement rate to assure our partners in our
ability to meet commitments and address concerns about our nation’s undersea capabilities.
Simply put, now is not the time to insert instability in the supply chain with uncertainty in
procurement rates. The FY2025 budget will come at a pivotal time for the Virginia-class
submarine program and sustaining our unmatched edge in the undersea domain. Any
deviation from the planned cadence of the construction and procurement of two submarines
per year will reverberate both at home and abroad, with allies and competitors alike.53
Whether to Implement Certain Elements of AUKUS Pillar 1
Overview
Another issue for Congress is whether to implement certain elements of the AUKUS submarine
(Pillar 1) project, specifically, the intention to sell three to five Virginia-class submarines to
Australia and subsequently build three to five replacement SSNs for the U.S. Navy, and to have
the United States and UK provide assistance to Australia for an Australian effort to build
additional three to five SSNs of a new UK-Australian SSN design to complete a planned eight-
boat Australian SSN force. The potential benefits, costs, and risks of implementing these elements
of Pillar 1 can be compared with the potential benefits, costs, and risks of the alternative division-
of-labor approach for performing SSN missions and non-SSN missions outlined earlier, in which
up to eight additional Virginia-class SSNs would be procured and retained in U.S. Navy service

53 Letter dated January 17, 2024, to The Honorable Joseph R. Biden President of the United States, from Representative
Mike Rogers, Representative Adam Smith, Representative Trent Kelly, and Representative Joe Courtney, accessed
June 12, 2024, at https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/24367170/011724-hasc-fc-spf-fy25-virginia-class-
submarine-letter-final.pdf. See also Mallory Shelbourne and Sam LaGrone, “House Members Send Warning to White
House Over AUKUS, Attack Submarine Procurement,” USNI News, January 18, 2024.
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and operated out of Australia along with the U.S. and UK SSNs that are already planned to be
operated out of Australia under Pillar 1, while Australia invested in military capabilities (such as,
for example, long-range anti-ship missiles, drones, B-21 long-range bombers, or other long-range
strike aircraft) for performing non-SSN missions.
In comparing the potential benefits, costs, and risks of these elements of Pillar 1 with the potential
benefits, costs, and risks of the division-of-labor alternative, key factors that Congress may
consider include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following:
• deterrence and warfighting cost-effectiveness—costs relative to resulting
deterrence and warfighting capability;
• technology security—the potential impact on the risk of China, Russia, or some
other country gaining access to U.S. submarine or naval nuclear propulsion
technology; and
• risk of accident and public acceptability of U.S. Navy nuclear-powered
ships—the risk of an accident involving an Australian-owned SSN that might
call into question for third-party observers the safety of all U.S. Navy nuclear-
powered ships and thereby affect U.S. public support for operating U.S. Navy
nuclear-powered ships and/or the ability of U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships to
make port calls around the world.
Of the three factors listed above, the first is one is typically involved in considering the merits of
defense programs, while the second and third arose in connection with Congress’s consideration
of the merits of a project that Canada began in 1987 and canceled in 1989 to acquire a force of 10
to 12 UK- or French-made SSNs (see Appendix G and Appendix I).54
Arguments for Implementing Pillar 1 Elements
Supporters of selling three to five Virginia-class submarines to Australia and subsequently
building three to five replacement SSNs for the U.S. Navy, and of having the United States and
UK provide assistance to Australia for an Australian effort to build additional three to five SSNs
of a new UK-Australian SSN design to complete a planned eight-boat Australian SSN force, can
make various arguments, including those outlined below.
Deterrence and Warfighting Cost-Effectiveness
Arguments relating to deterrence and warfighting cost-effectiveness include the following:
• Selling Virginia-class boats to Australia would substantially enhance deterrence
of potential Chinese aggression by sending a strong signal to China of the
collective determination of the United States and Australia, along with the UK, to
counter China’s military modernization effort. The fact that the United States has
never before sold a complete SSN to another country—not even the UK55—
would underscore the depth of this determination, and thus the strength of the
deterrent signal it would send.

54 For additional discussion, see CRS Issue Brief IB88083, Canadian Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarine Program:
Issues for Congress, updated April 24, 1989 (archived), by Ronald O’Rourke. This report is available to congressional
clients directly from the author.
55 To help the UK build its first SSN, the United States transferred to the UK a U.S. SSN propulsion plant (i.e., the
“back half” of a U.S. SSN), but the UK designed and built the forward part (the “front half”) of the boat and married it
to the U.S.-supplied propulsion plant.
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• The deterrent value of selling Virginia-class boats to Australia would be greater
than the deterrent value of keeping those SSNs in U.S. Navy service. Compared
with the option of keeping the SSNs in U.S. Navy service and waiting for
Australia to build its own AUKUS SSNs, selling Virginia-class boats to Australia
would substantially accelerate the creation of an Australian force of SSNs and
thereby present China much sooner with a second allied decisionmaking center
(along with the United States) for SSN operations in the Indo-Pacific. This would
enhance deterrence of potential Chinese aggression in the Indo-Pacific by
complicating Chinese military planning. In this regard, selling Virginia-class
boats to Australia would be broadly comparable to
• the help that the United States provided to the UK’s nuclear-powered
submarine program starting in 1958, which accelerated the creation of the
UK’s SSN force, thereby presenting the Soviet Union much sooner with a
second allied decisionmaking center (along with the United States) for SSN
operations in the European theater, which enhanced deterrence of potential
Soviet aggression in Europe by complicating Soviet military planning; and
• the help that the United States, secretly at the time, reportedly provided to
France during the Cold War on the design of France’s nuclear warheads, so
as to speed up the development and fielding of France’s strategic nuclear
deterrent force and thereby present the Soviet Union much sooner with three
decisionmaking centers—the United States, the UK, and France—that were
armed with effective strategic nuclear deterrent forces.56
• A division of labor arrangement in which U.S. SSNs perform SSN missions for
Australia would not generate this multiple-decisionmaking-center form of
deterrence.
• Australia’s promised $3 billion investment in the U.S. submarine industrial base
would help accelerate the date by which replacement SSNs, strictly construed,
could be built for the U.S. Navy, and thereby minimize the time during which the
size of the U.S. SSN force is reduced due to the sale of Virginia-class boats to
Australia. Investments that Australia would make in the U.S. and Australian
submarine construction industrial bases would increase the capacity of the
combined U.S.-Australia submarine construction industrial base at a time when
limits on the capacity of the U.S. submarine construction industrial base have
become a matter of concern for U.S. policymakers.
• Australia intends to increase its defense budget as needed to be able to finance
the purchase, operation, and maintenance of its Virginia-class boats without
having to reduce funding for other Australian military capabilities that are needed
for deterring or countering potential Chinese aggression. Increases to Australia’s
military budget would be sufficient to ensure that Pillar 1 would have a net
positive impact on Australia’s overall military capabilities for deterring potential
Chinese aggression.

56 See Richard H. Ullman, “The Covert French Connection,” Foreign Policy, Summer 1989 (No. 75): 3-33, accessed at
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148862; “The French Bomb, with Secret U.S. Help, Documents from Nixon and Ford
Administrations Show U.S. Assistance for French Nuclear Forces Earlier than Previously Reported,” National Security
Archive, George Washington University, May 26, 2011, accessed at https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb346/;
William Burr, “U.S. Secret Assistance to the French Nuclear Program, 1969-1975: From ‘Fourth Country’ to Strategic
Partner,” Wilson Center, undated, accessed at https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/us-secret-assistance-to-the-
french-nuclear-program-1969-1975-fourth-country-to-strategic.
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Technology Security
Arguments relating to technology security include the following:
• Australia is fully capable of, and fully committed to, protecting U.S. submarine
and naval nuclear propulsion technology. The Australian government has stated,
“Building on the decades of experience that the UK and the US have in
protecting sensitive and classified nuclear material, naval nuclear propulsion
technology and SSN capabilities, Australia has committed to a strong security
posture to deliver an uncompromised SSN program, as a responsible steward of
nuclear technology.”57
• In a February 28, 2024, address presenting his annual threat assessment for 2024,
Mike Burgess, Australia’s Director-General of Security, stated: “Our adversaries
are willing to commit to complex, multi-year efforts to acquire our cutting-edge
technologies, aggressively using espionage in all its forms—cyber, human
intelligence, technical collection, exploiting public information. And yes, we
have seen the A-team [of adversary intelligence personnel] offering Australian
defence industry employees money in return for reports on AUKUS, submarine
technology, missile systems and many other sensitive topics. My colleagues in
[Australia’s Department of] Defence know all this; they are well aware of the
scale and sophistication of the threat and are working with ASIO [the Australian
Security Intelligence Organisation] to calibrate their responses accordingly. They
know BAU [business as usual] just won’t do.”58
• At an October 25, 2023, hearing on the submarine industrial base and its ability
to support the AUKUS framework before the Seapower and Projection Forces
Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee, Under Secretary of the
Navy Erik Raven stated, “We’re working very closely with Australia and the UK
to make sure that there’s a common set of security principles that governs all the
AUKUS security work we’re deeply engaged with. Also, NCIS [Naval Criminal
Investigative Service] is establishing a presence in Australia to manage a lot of
the—the counterintelligence and other concerns, but certainly part of AUKUS
again is going towards an integrated industrial base so that when we talk security,
we’re speaking the same language.”59
Risk of Accident
Arguments relating to the risk of an accident include the following:

57 Commonwealth of Australia, The AUKUS Nuclear-Powered Submarine Pathway, A Partnership for the Future,
undated, released ca. March 13, 2023, p. 38.
58 Australian Government, Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, “Director-General's Annual Threat
Assessment 2024,” February 28, 2024. See also Rod McGuirk, “State-Sponsored Online Spies Likely to Target
Australian Submarine Program, Spy Agency Says,” Associated Press, November 15, 2023; Matthew Cranston, “ASIO
on High Alert as Middle East Explodes,” Australian Financial Review, October 19, 2023; Matthew Knott, “ASIO
Agents Embedded in Defence to Protect AUKUS Secrets from Foreign Spies,” Sydney Morning Herald, May 23, 2023.
59 Source: CQ transcript of heating. Under Secretary Raven’s statement was made in reply to a question from
Representative Donald Norcross, who asked: “If you could just touch base on a bit of a twist, that when we step up to
the nuclear facilities classification and being able to clear a workforce, which Australia has a certain level, but certainly
nowhere close to where it has to be. The challenges that they're going to face from a domestic workforce and then their
challenge like us, they’re bringing in many others from around the world to be part of that workforce. How are they
going to address that challenge?”
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• The Australian Navy is a fully professional force that would operate and maintain
its Virginia-class boats in a manner fully adhering to the U.S. Navy’s strict and
exacting safety, quality-control, and accountability standards for submarines and
nuclear-powered ships60 so as to minimize, to the same extent as in the U.S.
Navy, the risk of an accident that might call into question for third-party
observers the safety of U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships.
• Australia fully understands that avoiding accidents can be important to
maintaining access for U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships to ports around the
world, because Australia itself in 1971 suspended visits by U.S. Navy and other
nuclear-powered ships to Australian ports pending a review of the safety
implications of such visits.61
• Under Pillar 1, Australian personnel would be trained in the same philosophy and
procedures used by the U.S. Navy to minimize the risk of such an accident.
Given the limited scale of Australia’s existing nuclear-reactor infrastructure—
Australia currently operates only one nuclear reactor, a research reactor that uses
low-enriched uranium (LEU)62—U.S. Navy personnel who train Australian
personnel would not face a significant task in overcoming preexisting, ingrained
Australian practices that might be inconsistent with U.S. Navy philosophy and
procedures.
• In November 2023, the Australian government introduced into Australia’s
parliament the Australian Naval Nuclear Power Safety Bill 2023, which is a bill
to “establish a new, independent regulator to ensure Australia applies the highest
standards of nuclear safety across its nuclear-powered submarine enterprise and
can continue to implement AUKUS without delay.”63

60 For further discussion on these standards, see, for example, John W. Crawford and Steven L. Krahn, “The Naval
Nuclear Propulsion Program: A Brief Case Study in Institutional Constancy,” Public Administration Review, vol. 58,
no. 2, March/April 1998: 159-166.
61 See Commonwealth of Australia, Royal Australian Navy, Port Visits to Australia by Nuclear-Powered Vessels: A
Historical Context, 2023, PDF pages 7 to 10 of 26, accessed November 8, 2023, at https://www.navy.gov.au/sites/
default/files/documents/Port%20Visits%20to%20Australia%20by%20Nuclear-Powered%20Vessels%20-
%20A%20Historical%20Context.pdf. See also Australian Government, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear
Safety Agency, “Nuclear-Powered Vessel Visit Planning,” accessed October 11, 2023, at https://www.arpansa.gov.au/
research/radiation-emergency-preparedness-and-response/visits-by-nuclear-powered-warships.
62 For more on this reactor, see Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), “OPAL Multi-
Purpose Reactor,” accessed December 13, 2023, at https://www.ansto.gov.au/facilities/opal-multi-purpose-reactor.
63 The Australian government further states that
The new Australian Naval Nuclear Power Safety Regulator will draw on the experience of the US
and the UK to deliver international best practice in nuclear safety, as the Government delivers
Australia’s conventionally armed, nuclear-powered submarine capability.
The Regulator will be an independent, statutory agency within the Defence portfolio and operate
within Australia’s existing system of regulation.
The legislation will also establish a fit-for-purpose regulatory framework that imposes strict nuclear
safety duties and licensing requirements for activities related to nuclear-powered submarines.
It will also impose new offences for breaches of nuclear safety duties, including serious criminal
and civil penalties.
(Australian Government, Defence, “New Legislation to Ensure Naval Nuclear Power Safety,”
media release dated November 16, 2023. See also Australian Government, Defence, “Australian
Naval Nuclear Power Safety Bill 2023,” undated; Parliament of Australia, “Australian Naval
Nuclear Power Safety Bill 2023 [and] Australian Naval Nuclear Power Safety (Transitional
(continued...)
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Arguments for Implementing Alternative Division-of-Labor Approach
Supporters of the alternative division-of-labor approach for performing SSN missions and non-
SSN missions outlined earlier—in which up to eight additional Virginia-class SSNs would be
procured and retained in U.S. Navy service and operated out of Australia along with the U.S. and
UK SSNs that are already planned to be operated out of Australia under Pillar 1, while Australia
invested in military capabilities (such as, for example, long-range anti-ship missiles, drones, B-21
long-range bombers, or other long-range strike aircraft) for performing non-SSN missions—can
make various arguments, including those outlined below.
Deterrence and Warfighting Cost-Effectiveness
Arguments relating to deterrence and warfighting cost-effectiveness include the following:
• Australian Defence Minister Richard Marles in March 2023 reportedly confirmed
that in exchange for the Virginia-class boats, Australia’s government made no
promises to the United States that Australia would support the United States in a
future conflict over Taiwan.64 Selling three to five Virginia-class SSNs to
Australia would thus convert those SSNs from boats that would be available for
use in a U.S.-China crisis or conflict into boats that might not be available for use
in a U.S.-China crisis or conflict. This could weaken rather than strengthen
deterrence and warfighting capability in connection with a U.S.-China crisis or
conflict. The reduced certainty of whether boats sold to Australia would be
available for use in a U.S.-China crisis or conflict would be, in effect, the flip
side of the argument made by supporters of Pillar 1 about having Australia
become a second allied decisionmaking center (along with the United States) for
SSN operations in the Indo-Pacific. Selling Virginia-class boats to Australia
could also weaken deterrence of potential Chinese aggression if China were to
find reason to believe, correctly or not, that Australia might use its Virginia-class
boats less effectively than the U.S. Navy would use them.65

Provisions) Bill 2023,” Bills Digest No. 32, 2023–24, November 24, 2023; Parliament of Australia,
Bills of the Current Parliament, “Australian Naval Nuclear Power Safety Bill 2023,” posted at
https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/
display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22legislation%2Fbillhome%2Fr7104%22; Australian Government,
Defence, Discussion Paper: The Legal and Regulatory Framework to Support Naval Nuclear
Power Safety, undated, 18 pp.; Kirsty Needham, “Australia to create navy nuclear safety watchdog
for AUKUS,” Reuters, December 12, 2023.)
64 Rod McGuirk, “Australia Won’t Promise to Side with US in Taiwan Conflict,” Associated Press, March 20, 2023;
Daniel Hurst, “Australia Has ‘Absolutely Not’ Committed to Join US in Event of War over Taiwan, Marles Says,”
Guardian, March 18, 2023; Georgia Hitch, “No Promise Given to US to Assist in Potential Taiwan Conflict in
Exchange for Submarines, Says Defence Minister Richard Marles,” abc.net.au, March 18, 2023.
65 An October 2023 CBO report states:
Would China be less deterred if the United States reduced the number of its attack submarines to
help Australia develop its submarine force? Because the United States and Australia have a strong
alliance, improving the Australian Navy’s [SSN] capability could help offset the U.S. Navy’s
potential loss of [SSN] capability. That loss might even be more than offset because the Australian
submarines would be based in the Western Pacific region and therefore could respond more quickly
to any conflict with China involving Taiwan or other issues in the South China Sea. However,
Australia would control its own submarines, and their participation in any particular conflict would
not be guaranteed. In fact, in March 2020, the Australian defense minister stated that his country
did not promise to support the United States in the event of a conflict involving Taiwan and the
People’s Republic of China.”
(continued...)
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• Australian officials have stated consistently that, in line with Australia’s
commitments as a non-nuclear-weapon state under the Treaty on the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT),66 Australia’s SSNs would be armed
only with conventional weapons. Selling three to five Virginia-class SSNs to
Australia would thus convert those SSNs from boats that could in the future be
armed with the U.S. nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile (SLCM-N) with
an aim of enhancing deterrence67 into boats that would never be armed with
SLCM-N. This reduction in the number of SLCM-N-capable Virginia-class boats
could weaken rather than strengthen deterrence capability in connection with a
U.S.-China crisis or conflict.
• Some observers are concerned about potential Chinese aggression against Taiwan
over the next few years, a period sometimes characterized as the Davidson
window (the time between now and 2027) or decade of concern (the time
between now and 2030).68 Pillar 1 as currently structured would not increase the
total number of SSNs available for performing U.S., UK, and Australian SSN

(Congressional Budget Office, An Analysis of the Navy’s Fiscal Year 2024 Shipbuilding Plan,
October 2023, p. 29.)
A February 1, 2024, opinion piece states
While Australia is a top US ally, it isn’t guaranteed that Canberra will join Washington in
responding to a China-related contingency. Shortly after the March 2023 “optimal pathway”
announcement, Australia’s Defence Minister Richard Marles said his government had “absolutely
not” made a deal with the United States to join a fight over Taiwan as part of AUKUS. Indeed, a
core selling point for AUKUS supporters in Australia is that Canberra will retain full sovereign
control over how, where, and when it deploys its SSNs.
Washington and Canberra are strategically aligned, but that doesn’t mean there isn’t or won’t be
daylight between them at times. Closing these gaps will require a deeper level of defence planning
and military coordination to jointly uphold deterrence and manage crises – something which should
be done whether SSNs are sold to Australia or not. Yet, regardless of how advanced US-Australia
defence coordination becomes, US policymakers can’t afford to transfer a scare capability that it
would have no sovereign control over during a crisis.
(Matthew C. Mai, “Is AUKUS Pillar I unworkable?” Interpreter, February 1, 2024.)
A February 17, 2024, opinion piece states
The fact remains that the AUKUS plan would weaken America’s submarine forces in a war with
China. Even if Australia promised that its RAN [Royal Australian Navy] Virginia-class subs would
fight alongside American boats in a war with China, our inexperienced crews would not operate
them as effectively as US crews. And could the US be certain of our commitment? Canberra has
refused to make that promise.
It is hard to see how the AUKUS plan can survive this yawning gap between American
expectations and Australian commitments.
(Hugh White, “Sinking Feeling: Is the AUKUS Plan Feasible?” Australian, February 17, 2024.)
See also Andrew Greene, “Australia Won’t Be Automatically Dragged into Future China Conflicts, US
General Says,” ABC.net.au, May 23, 2024, reporting on remarks by Lieutenant General Stephen Sklenka,
Deputy Commander of U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM).
66 For more on Australia’s commitments under the NPT, see “Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
(NPT) in “Nuclear Weapons,” Australian Government, undated, accessed June 10, 2024, at
https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/security/non-proliferation-disarmament-arms-control/nuclear-
weapons#treaty. For more on the NPT, see CRS Report R41216, 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review
Conference: Key Issues and Implications, coordinated by Paul K. Kerr and Mary Beth D. Nikitin.
67 For more on the SLCM-N program, see CRS In Focus IF12084, Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile
(SLCM-N), by Anya L. Fink.
68 For additional discussion of the Davidson window and decade of concern, see CRS Report RL33153, China Naval
Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
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missions above what it otherwise would have been until sometime in the 2040s,
when the first replacement SSN for the U.S. Navy or the first SSN AUKUS boat
for the Australian navy (whichever comes first) enters service. Pillar 1 as
currently structured would, however, absorb resources over the next few years
that could instead be invested in Australian military capabilities that could be
fielded sooner, and in some cases (e.g., drones) soon enough to address the
Davidson window or decade of concern.69 This could weaken rather than
strengthen deterrence within the Davidson window or decade of concern.
• There is little indication that, prior to announcing the AUKUS Pillar 1 project in
September 2021, an analysis of alternatives (AOA) or equivalent rigorous
comparative analysis was conducted to examine whether Pillar 1 would be a
more cost-effective way to spend defense resources for generating deterrence and
warfighting capability than potential alternative courses of action, such as a U.S.-
Australian division of labor for performing SSN missions and non-SSN
missions.70 Such an AOA or equivalent rigorous comparative analysis (or a
summary of one) has not been released. Performing an AOA or equivalent
rigorous comparative analysis can test the validity of beliefs or presumptions
about the cost-effectiveness of an envisioned course of action, and can produce
unexpected or counter-intuitive results. Programs initiated in the absence of an
AOA or an equivalent rigorous comparative analysis can lack a sound business
case. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has stated that “a program
should not go forward into product development unless a sound business case can
be made,” and that “weapon systems without a sound business case are at greater
risk for schedule delays, cost growth, and integration issues.” The U.S. Navy’s
Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) program, for example, was initiated without a prior

69 For examples of opinion pieces arguing this point, see Nishank Motwani, “AUKUS’s Three Pillars of Uncertainty:
Sovereignty, Strategy and Costs,” Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), October 23, 2023; Michael Shoebridge,
“An AUKUS Remix Delivering Greater Military Power Faster: the B-21 Raider,” Defence Connect, November 15,
2023. (Also posted as Michael Shoebridge, “AUKUS Plan B: Delivering Greater Military Power Faster—The B-21
Raider,” Real Clear Defense, November 16, 2023.)
70 A November 15, 2023, opinion piece stated
In a different world, where [Australia’s Department of] Defence was meeting its core obligations to
provide cogent, well-founded advice to support government decision making, we would expect that
there had been a proper analysis of alternative ways of increasing Australia’s deterrent capabilities
and long-range strike against the backdrop of a dangerous region centred on an aggressive China.
But it is almost certain that this did not happen in the lead-up to the AUKUS announcement.
Instead, the same key defence leadership that has self-proclaimed its failures in an analogous chain
of advice and decision making [for Australia’s Hunter-class frigate program] was a part of a tiny
coterie of people around the then prime minister who were solely focused on “How can Australia
acquire nuclear submarines?”
Looking at deterrence and strike through a straw that only lets the answer be a submarine is an
oddly blinkered position to take on something that is about an essential element in our national
defence.
It also doesn’t let you think clearly about the huge opportunity costs involved in the financial and
human capital tied up in the AUKUS subs plan and the consequences these have for the rest of our
military power.
(Michael Shoebridge, “An AUKUS Remix Delivering Greater Military Power Faster: The B-21
Raider,” Defence Connect, November 15, 2023. Also posted as Michael Shoebridge, “AUKUS
Plan B: Delivering Greater Military Power Faster—The B-21 Raider,” Real Clear Defense,
November 16, 2023.)
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rigorous AOA. The LCS program subsequently became controversial, was widely
criticized, and was ultimately truncated.71
• Given the challenges that the U.S. submarine industrial base is experiencing in
achieving a construction rate of 2.0 Virginia-class boats per year to meet U.S.
Navy needs, the ability of the submarine industrial base to achieve the higher
target rate of 2.33 boat per year, so as to build replacement SSNs for the U.S.
Navy, is uncertain. The duration of the impact of selling Virginia-class boats to
Australia on the size of the U.S. SSN force is thus uncertain and could be longer
than anticipated.
• The enabling legislation for Pillar 1 that was included in the FY2024 National
Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) (H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 of December 22,
2023) includes a provision (§1352(d)(2)) that provides a waiver for a certification
to be made by the Chief of Naval Operations under 10 U.S.C. 8678. The text of
10 U.S.C. 8678 is as follows:
§8678. Chief of Naval Operations: certification required for disposal of
combatant vessels
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no combatant vessel of the Navy
may be sold, transferred, or otherwise disposed of unless the Chief of Naval
Operations certifies that it is not essential to the defense of the United States.
• Prior to the 2040s, Pillar 1 as currently structured will contribute to deterrence
and warfighting capability primarily via the positional advantage of operating
Virginia-class boats from Australia, which is something can be done without
selling the boats to Australia. Operating up to 12 U.S. Navy Virginia-class boats
from Australia—the four boats that are to be operated there under Pillar 1’s SRF-
West arrangement, plus up to eight additional U.S. Navy Virginia-class boats—
would send a strong signal of U.S.-Australian alliance solidarity and resolve, in
part because it would make Australia second only to Japan in terms of numbers
of U.S. Navy forward-homeported or forward-operating ships.72 Australian
shipyards could perform maintenance, overhaul, and repair work on the up-to-
eight additional U.S. Navy boats, as currently planned under Pillar 1 for the four
Virginia-class boats that are to operate out of Australia as part of SRF-West.
• The costs for Australia of Pillar 1 could reduce, perhaps significantly, funding
within Australia’s military budget for other Australian military capabilities,
particularly if SSN acquisition, operation, and maintenance costs turn out to be
higher than expected. If this were to occur, there could be a net negative impact
on Australia’s overall military capabilities for deterring potential Chinese
aggression.73

71 For further discussion of AOAs, business cases (including the GAO statements quoted here), and the LCS program,
see Appendix H.
72 In terms of number of homeported U.S. Navy ships, Japan is the U.S. Navy’s largest overseas homeporting location,
and since the early 1970s has homeported a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier strike group. As of 2023, U.S. Navy ships
homeported in Japan included one nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, 11 cruisers and destroyers, three amphibious ships,
four mine countermeasures ships, and eight command, auxiliary, and support ships.
73 One observer has argued that “for the [Australian] Government, the AUKUS subs are a magic pudding, so far away
you don’t have to spend any real money on them, and so impressive sounding they convince people you’re doing
something on defence when you’re doing nothing. And if a few lefties complain, all the better. But it still produces no
defence capability for Australia over the next ten years, and quite possibly nothing after that either.” (Greg Sheridan,
“Pantomime World of the Albanese Government’s Defence Policy,” The Australian, November 28, 2023.)
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• It would be more cost-effective to pursue a U.S.-Australia division of labor for
SSN missions and non-SSN missions.74 Such a division of labor would follow the
general model of military divisions of labor that exist between the United States
and some or all of its NATO and other allies for naval capabilities such as aircraft
carriers, SSNs, large surface combatants, and amphibious ships, and for non-
naval capabilities such as (to name only some examples) nuclear weapons, space
assets, and ISR capabilities. Pillar 1 would result in parallel SSN-related
investments in the United States and Australia comparable to parallel investments
in certain military capabilities among NATO countries that have been criticized
by some observers for their collective inefficiencies.75
Technology Security
Arguments relating to technology security include the following:
• Chinese cyber and other espionage in the past reportedly has been successful on
multiple occasions in acquiring U.S. military information and technology,76
including information relating to undersea warfare. A June 8, 2021, press report
about China’s acquisition of undersea warfare technology states that “China
fields increasingly advanced and ‘smart’ technologies, including torpedoes,

74 In connection with a project that Canada initiated in 1987 (and canceled in 1989) to acquire a force of 10 to 12 UK-
or French-made SSNs, Admiral Kinnaird R. McKee, then-Director of the U.S. Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program (aka
Naval Reactors), testified in March 1988 that the project “puts at risk resources that ought to be used for other
purposes” and that Canada “could make a better contribution to NATO in other areas with the same amount of money.”
(U.S. Congress. House. Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1989—H.R. 4264, and
Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs, Before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives,
Seapower and Strategic and Critical Materials Subcommittee, Title 1, 100th Cong., 2nd sess., Hearings held March 1, 3,
8, 9, 10, and 17, 1988, GPO, 1988, H.A.S.C. No. 100-70, p. 345. The hearing in question, on submarine programs, was
held on March 9, 1988. [Included in CRS/FDT bound volume collection as House Armed Services Committee,
Hearings. (Vol.) 5, 100th Congress, 2d Sess., 1988, CRS-F.].)
75 For examples of reports and articles discussing such inefficiencies among NATO countries and potential steps to
mitigate these inefficiencies, see “EU Incentivizing Common Procurement Between Members,” Aviation Week,
October 10, 2023; Stephen Flanagan and Anna M. Dowd, “Alliance Assignments: Defense Priorities for Key NATO
States,” War on the Rocks, October 4, 2023; David A. Ochmanek et al., Inflection Point, How to Reverse the Erosion of
U.S. and Allied Military Power and Influence, RAND, 2023, 217 pp.; Nicole Koenig et al., Defense Sitters,
Transforming European Militaries in Times of War, Special Edition of the Munich Security Report on European
Defense, Munich Security Conference (MSC), June 2023, 95 pp.; Max Bergmann and Otto Svendsen, Transforming
European Defense, A New Focus on Integration, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), June 2023, 64
pp.; Sean Monaghan, “Solving Europe’s Defense Dilemma: Overcoming the Challenges to European Defense
Cooperation,” Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), March 1, 2023; Luigi Scazzieri, “Is European
Defence Missing Its Moment?” Centre for European Reform, January 16, 2023; “EU Defence Review Calls for Greater
European Cooperation to Match Defence Spending Increases,” European Defence Agency, November 15, 2022;
Bastian Giegerich and Ester Sabatino, “The (Sorry) State of EU Defense Cooperation,” Carnegie Europe, October 6,
2022; Paul Taylor, “How to Spend Europe’s Defense Bonanza Intelligently, EU Countries Must Coordinate
Procurement and Pool Resources to Avoid Wasting Money,” Politico, September 2, 2022; Max Bergmann, Colin Wall,
Sean Monaghan, and Pierre Morcos, “Transforming European Defense,” Center for Strategic and International Studies
(CSIS), August 18, 2022.
76 See, for example, “Survey of Chinese Espionage in the United States Since 2000,” Center for Strategic and
International Studies (CSIS), undated, accessed November 12, 2023, at https://www.csis.org/programs/strategic-
technologies-program/archives/survey-chinese-espionage-united-states-2000; Xiaoshan Xue, “US Experts Urge More
Efforts to Thwart China’s Acquisition of US Military Technology,” VOA, March 17, 2023; Nicholas Yong, “Industrial
Espionage: How China Sneaks Out America’s Technology Secrets,” BBC, January 16, 2023; Jeffrey B. Jones,
Confronting China’s Efforts to Steal Defense Information, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard
Kennedy School, May 2020, 34 pp.; Ellen Ioanes, “China Steals US Designs for New Weapons, and It’s Getting Away
with ‘the Greatest Intellectual Property Theft in Human History,’” Business Insider, September 24, 2019.
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mines, and UUVs [unmanned underwater vehicles]. As highlighted by the case of
Qin Shuren, at least some of these advances are being made with the help of U.S.
technology. Sometimes the technology is purchased on the open market and other
times it is gained through illicit means that range from cyber theft to old-
fashioned espionage and smuggling.”77 In 2018, Chinese hackers reportedly stole
a large amount of unclassified but sensitive information relating to undersea
warfare from a U.S. contractor working for the Naval Undersea Warfare Center
in Newport, RI.78 Some observers have expressed concern about the
cybersecurity readiness of defense contractors.79
• Notwithstanding Australia’s capability for, and commitment to, protecting U.S.
submarine and naval nuclear propulsion technology, sharing this technology with
another country, particularly in an era of advanced and persistent computer
hacking threats, would increase the attack surface, meaning the number of
potential digital and physical entry points that China, Russia, or some other
country could attempt to penetrate to gain access to that technology.80 In this
instance, the addition to the attack surface could include not only Australian
government organizations, but Australian contractors and subcontractors
involved in Pillar 1 efforts.
• Hackers linked to China reportedly are highly active in attempting to penetrate
Australian government and contractor computers.81 A March 1, 2023, press report
stated that “Chinese hackers ‘significantly increased’ attacks on Australian
government, industry and education after the AUKUS nuclear submarine pact
came under the crosshairs of the world’s most prolific espionage operation,
according to cyber security experts.” The article quoted a senior employee of the

77 Ma Xiu and Peter W. Singer, “How China Steals US Tech to Catch Up in Underwater Warfare,” Defense One, June
8, 2021.
78 Ellen Nakashima and Paul Sonne, “China Hacked a Navy Contractor and Secured a Trove of Highly Sensitive Data
on Submarine Warfare,” Washington Post, June 8, 2018; Helene Cooper, “Chinese Hackers Steal Unclassified Data
from Navy Contractor,” New York Times, June 8, 2023.
79 See, for example, Eric Noonan, “The US Just Got Serious About Cybersecurity. Contractors Aren’t Ready,” Federal
Times, November 3, 2023.
80 The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines attack surface as “the set of points on the
boundary of a system, a system element, or an environment where an attacker can try to enter, cause an effect on, or
extract data from, that system, system element, or environment.” (National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Computer Security Resource Center, “Attack Surface,” accessed October 23, 2023, at https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/
term/attack_surface.) IBM similarly defines it as “the sum of vulnerabilities, pathways or methods—sometimes called
attack vectors—that hackers can use to gain unauthorized access to the network or sensitive data, or to carry out a
cyberattack.” (IBM, “What Is an Attack Surface?” accessed October 23, 2023, at https://www.ibm.com/topics/attack-
surface.) The cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike similarly defines it as “the total number of all possible entry points for
unauthorized access into any system. It includes all vulnerabilities and endpoints that can be exploited to carry out a
security attack. The attack surface is also the entire area of an organization or system that is susceptible to hacking.”
(CrowdStrike, “What Is an Attack Surface?” accessed October 23, 2023, at https://www.crowdstrike.com/
cybersecurity-101/attack-surface/.)
81 See, for example, Max Mason, “Chinese Hackers Use G7 Ruse to Target Australian Government Officials,”
Australian Financial Review, June 19, 2023; News.com.au, “Chinese Cyber Attack on Australia Exposed,”
News.com.au, August 30, 2022; Bill Toulas, “Chinese Hackers Target Australian Govt with ScanBox Malware,”
Bleeping Computer, August 30, 2022; Jamie Tarabay, “How Hackers Hammered Australia After China Ties Turned
Sour,” Bloomberg, August 30, 2021; Jacob Greber, “US Accuses Chinese Nationals of Hacking Australian Defence
Contractor,” Australian Financial Review, July 22, 2020; Daniel Hurst, “Hackers Linked to China Allegedly Stole Data
from Australian Defence Contractor,” Guardian, July 22, 2020; Lauren Ferri and Charlie Coë, “Top Chinese Hackers
Stole a Treasure Trove of Information from an Australian Defence Contractor Including Top-Secret Weapon and
Military Data,” Daily Mail, July 21, 2020.
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cybersecurity company CrowdStrike as stating that the AUKUS agreement “has
been in the crosshairs of Australia’s cybersecurity adversaries since it was
announced.”82
Risk of Accident
Arguments relating to the risk of an accident include the following:
• While the Australian Navy is a fully professional force that would operate and
maintain its Virginia-class boats in a manner fully adhering to the U.S. Navy’s
strict and exacting safety, quality-control, and accountability standards for
submarines and nuclear-powered ships, selling Virginia-class boats to Australia
or building for Australia AUKUS SSNs that incorporate U.S. naval nuclear
propulsion technology would unavoidably make another country (Australia)
responsible for preventing an accident with an SSN that might call into question
for third-party observers the safety of U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships.
• The second variation of a U.S.-Australian division of labor outlined earlier—the
variation under which U.S. SSNs perform Australian SSN missions
indefinitely—would keep all U.S.-made SSNs under the control of the U.S.
Navy, which has a proven record extending back to 195483 of safely operating its
nuclear-powered ships.
Legislative Activity Regarding FY2024
Funding Requests
Congressional Action of FY2024 Funding Requests
Virginia-Class Procurement Funding Requested in FY2024 Budget Submission
The Navy’s proposed FY2024 budget requested the procurement of the 39th and 40th Virginia-
class boats. The two boats have an estimated combined procurement cost of $9,427.6 million (i.e.,
about $9.4 billion). The two boats had received a combined total of $2,297.7 million in prior-year
AP funding, and the Navy’s proposed FY2024 budget requested the remaining $7,130.0 million
needed to complete their estimated combined procurement cost. The Navy’s proposed FY2024
budget also requested $1,855.5 million in AP funding for Virginia-class boats to be procured in
future fiscal years, $1,360.0 million in Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) funding, which is an
additional kind of AP funding that can occur under an MYP contract, and $168.2 million in CTC
funding to cover cost growth on Virginia-class boats procured in prior years, bringing the total
amount of procurement, AP, EOQ, and CTC funding requested for FY2024 to $10,513.7 million
(i.e., about $10.5 billion).
As part of its FY2024 budget submission, the Navy also requested authority for a Virginia-class
MYP contract that would begin in FY2025.84

82 Justin Vallejo, “Extent of Hacks Against Australia After AUKUS Deal Revealed,” Herald Sun, March 1, 2023.
83 The U.S. Navy’s first nuclear-powered ship, the attack submarine Nautilus (SSN-571), was commissioned into
service on September 30, 1954.
84 As noted earlier, the Navy typically requests authority for an MYP contract for the Virginia-class program one year
(continued...)
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Supplemental Funding for Submarine Industrial Base Requested on
October 20, 2023
In addition to the above requested funds, on October 20, 2023, the Administration submitted a
request for FY2024 emergency supplemental funding for national security priorities that included,
among other things, a total of $3,393.2 million (i.e., about $3.4 billion) in funding for the
submarine industrial base to support construction of new submarines and maintenance of existing
submarines, as follows:
• $557.758 million in the Operation and Maintenance, Navy (OMN) appropriation
account for improvements at the four government-operated NSYs that maintain
the Navy’s nuclear-powered ships, including the Navy’s submarines;
• $2,055.0 million in the SCN appropriation account (i.e., the Navy’s shipbuilding
account) to increase production rates and submarine availability through
initiatives in supplier development, shipbuilder and supplier infrastructure,
workforce development, technology advancements, and strategic sourcing;
• $393.57 million in the OPN appropriation account to increase production rates
and submarine availability through initiatives in supplier development,
shipbuilder and supplier infrastructure, workforce development, technology
advancements, and strategic sourcing;
• $7.0 million in the RDTEN appropriation account to increase production rates
and submarine availability through initiatives in supplier development,
shipbuilder and supplier infrastructure, workforce development, technology
advancements, and strategic sourcing;
• $281.914 million in the Military Construction, Navy and Marine Corps
appropriation account to support infrastructure work at the NSYs to improve the
ability to maintain the readiness of the fleet; and
• $98.0 million in the NNSA of the DOE for Naval Reactors (i.e., the Naval
Nuclear Propulsion Program) to support hiring and infrastructure expansion at
the Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated Naval Nuclear Laboratory sites in
order to meet growing mission demands to provide the trilateral security
partnership between Australia, United Kingdom, and United States (i.e.,
AUKUS) with nuclear propulsion plants.85

in advance of the proposed start of the MYP contract. The Navy states that “if the MYP [proposed to begin in FY2025]
is not approved in FY 2024, the Navy would lose EOQ savings across the procurement and the long-term shipbuilder
and vendor base stability achieved with an MYP authority. If an MYP is not authorized for the next Block of VCS
submarines, the Navy may have to enter a single ship procurement contract for FY 2025 ships forcing industry to
assume greater risk and raise prices.” (Source: “Twelfth Package of Legislative Proposals Sent to Congress for
Inclusion in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 – Individual Proposals (Sent to Congress on
May 18, 2023),” posted at https://ogc.osd.mil/OGC-Offices/Office-of-Legislative-Counsel/DoD-Legislative-Proposals-
2024/.) See also Nick Wilson, “Citing Essential Cost Savings, DOD Seeks Multiyear Authority for Block VI Virginia
Submarines,” Inside Defense, May 19, 2023.
85 Source: Attachment 4: Submarine Industrial Base (pages 58-63) to letter dated October 20, 2023, from Shalanda D.
Young, Office of Management and Budget, to The Honorable Patrick McHenry, Speaker Pro Tempore of the House of
Representatives, accessed October 23, 2023, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Letter-
regarding-critical-national-security-funding-needs-for-FY-2024.pdf.
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Funding Table
Table 4 summarizes congressional action on the Navy’s FY2024 budget funding request for the
procurement of Virginia-class boats in FY2024 and subsequent years (upper part), and for
FY2024 emergency supplemental funding for the submarine industrial base (lower part).
Table 4. Congressional Action on FY2024 Funding Requests
Millions of dollars, rounded to nearest tenth
Authorization
Appropriation

Request
HASC
SASC
Enacted
HAC
SAC
Enacted
FY2024 Procurement Funding Request for Virginia-Class Program (all in SCN account)
Procurement
7,130.0
7,130.0
7,130.0
7,130.0
7,130.0
7,130.0
7,130.0
Advance procurement (AP)
3,215.5
2,890.4
3,215.5
3,215.5
3,215.5
3,158.8
3,158.8
(Quantity)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Cost-to-complete
168.2
168.2
168.2
168.2
168.2
168.2
168.2
Total Virginia-class
10,513.7
10,188.6
10,513.7
10,513.7
10,513.7
10,457.0
10,457.0
Emergency Supplemental Funding for Submarine Industrial Base (SIB) Requested on October 20, 2023
Authorization
Appropriation

Request
House
Senate
Enacted
House
Senate
Enacted
OMN account
557.8
n/a
n/a
n/a
557.8
557.8
557.8
SCN account
2,055.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
2,155.0
2,155.0
2,155.0
OPN account
393.6
n/a
n/a
n/a
293.6
293.6
293.6
RDTEN account
7.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
7.0
7.0
7.0
MilCon account
281.9
n/a
n/a
n/a
281.9
281.9
281.9
Subtotal DOD
3,295.2
n/a
n/a
n/a
3,295.2
3,295.2
3,295.2
DOE NNSA for NR
98.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
0
0
0
Total SIB
3,393.2
n/a
n/a
n/a
3,295.2
3,295.2
3,295.2
Sources: Table prepared by CRS based on Navy’s original FY2024 budget submission, committee and
conference reports, and explanatory statements on FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act and FY2024
DOD Appropriations Act. Figures may not add due to rounding.
Notes: HASC is House Armed Services Committee, SASC is Senate Armed Services Committee, SAC is
Senate Appropriations Committee, HAC is House Appropriations Committee. Advance procurement funding
includes both “regular” AP funding and Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) funding for multiyear procurement
(MYP). SCN is Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy; OMN is Operation and Maintenance, Navy; OPN is Other
Procurement, Navy; RDTEN is Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Navy; MilCon is Military
Construction, Navy and Marine Corps; DOE NNSA for NR is Department of Energy National Nuclear
Security Administration for Naval Reactors (i.e., the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program). n/a is not applicable—
the House and Senate versions of the FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) were reported prior
to the submission of the emergency supplemental funding request on October 20, 2023.
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FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2670/S. 2226/P.L.
118-31)
House
The House Armed Services Committee, in its report (H.Rept. 118-125 of June 30, 2023) on H.R.
2670, recommends the funding levels shown in the HASC column of the upper part of Table 4.
The recommended reduction of $325.1 million in AP funding is for “early to need” (p. 445).
Section 131 of the bill would provide authority for an MYP contract for not more than 13
Virginia-class submarines.
Section 344 would modify a requirement for a briefing on the SIOP and require a briefing on the
implementation status of the SIOP.
Section 1024 would require quarterly briefings on SSN maintenance.
H.Rept. 118-125 states
Public Naval Shipyards
The committee recognizes the importance of the four naval public shipyards and is
encouraged by the ongoing work as part of the Shipyard Infrastructure Optimization
Program (SIOP). The committee encourages the Secretary of the Navy to ensure SIOP
projects remain on schedule and to identify additional opportunities for enhanced
capabilities for increased throughput at the public shipyards. (p. 124)
Senate
The Senate Armed Services Committee, in its report (S.Rept. 118-58 of July 12, 2023) on S.
2226, recommended the funding levels shown in the SASC column of the upper part of Table 4.
S.Rept. 118-58 states
Virginia Class Material Strategy.—The Committee remains concerned with persistent
delays in submarine repair maintenance activities that reduce operational availabilities of
submarines. The Committee notes that the availability of VIRGINIA Class submarine
[VCS] materials have been a significant driver of maintenance delays. Therefore, the
Committee supports the fiscal year 2024 President’s budget request of $470,000,000 for
the procurement of VCS spares and repair parts in support of the Navy’s revised VCS
material strategy. In order to facilitate appropriate congressional oversight of this novel
approach, the Committee directs the Secretary of the Navy not later than 90 days after the
enactment of this act, and quarterly thereafter, to brief the congressional defense
committees on the Navy’s VCS materials strategy. The briefing shall include (1) updates
on the implementation of the strategy; (2) plans for the obligation of funding appropriated
for VCS spares and repair parts; (3) an assessment of the health of the defense industrial
base for VCS materials; and (4) an updated analysis of estimated cost savings and
reductions in availability delays resulting from the Navy’s strategy. The Committee
encourages the Secretary of the Navy to use predictive modeling and make adjustments to
the budget development process and procurement lead times of VCS materials to improve
material readiness. (pp. 146-147)
Section 123 of the bill provides authority for an MYP contract for 10 Virginia-class submarines.
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Enacted
The conference report (H.Rept. 118-301 of December 6, 2023) on H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 of
December 22, 2023, recommended the funding levels shown in the authorization final column of
the upper part of Table 4.
Section 123 of H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 provides authority for an MYP contract for not more than
13 Virginia-class submarines.
Section 344 modifies a requirement for the Navy to provide briefings on the SIOP.
Section 350 directs the Navy, in coordination with the SIOP, to develop and implement a strategy
to leverage commercial best practices used in shipyards to improve the efficiency of operations
and to demonstrate a digital platform that uses artificial intelligence to analyze data on the
maintenance and condition of shipboard assets of the Navy at shipyards, for the purpose of
improving the readiness of the Armed Forces, predicting and diagnosing issues prior to the
occurrence of such issues, and lowering maintenance costs. It also directs the Navy to conduct an
assessment of the costs of maintenance delays on shipboard assets of the Navy and the potential
cost savings of adopting artificial intelligence predictive maintenance technologies to assist in the
determination of the condition of in-service equipment and estimate when maintenance should be
performed prior to failure or end of life of such equipment. It also directs the Navy to provide a
briefing on these matters.
Section 1024 directs the Navy to provide biannual (once every 180 days) briefings on submarine
maintenance and readiness that are to include, among other things, discussions of ongoing SIOP
efforts, lessons learned from other Navy programs, and recommendations for legislative changes
required with respect to policies or resources to ensure efficient and effective maintenance and
operational readiness for the submarine enterprise.
FY2024 DOD Appropriations Act (H.R. 4365/S. 2587/Division A of
H.R. 2882/P.L. 118-47)
House
The House Appropriations Committee, in its report (H.Rept. 118-121 of June 27, 2023) on H.R.
4365, recommends the funding levels shown in the HAC column of the upper part of Table 4.
Section 8010 of the bill would provide authority for an MYP contract for Virginia-class
submarines.
Senate
The Senate Appropriations Committee, in its report (S.Rept. 118-81 of July 27, 2023) on S. 2587,
recommended the funding levels shown in the SAC column of the upper part of Table 4. The
recommended reduction of $56.757 million in AP funding is for “Long Lead Time CFE
[contractor-furnished equipment] Two Year AP prior year execution delays” (p. 135).
Section 8010 of the bill would provide authority for an MYP contract for 10 Virginia-class
submarines and government-furnished equipment (GFE).
S.Rept. 118-81 states
Submarine Construction Performance.—The Committee continues to be concerned by
VIRGINIA Class Submarine [VCS] construction cost and schedule performance which
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impact not only the construction and delivery to the fleet of VCS, but also affect the
COLUMBIA Class Submarine [COL] construction schedule. The Committee notes that the
fiscal year 2024 President’s budget request includes funds for cost overruns of VCSs
procured in fiscal years 2015, 2016, and 2017, and that cost overruns on additional ongoing
new VCS construction programs are expected to exceed $3,000,000,000 in future years.
The Secretary of the Navy is directed to submit to the congressional defense committees
the most current cost and schedule estimates, by VCS and COL, with the submission of
each annual President’s budget request until delivery of the twelfth and final COLUMBIA
hull. The report shall identify changes from the previous year, and include detailed
explanations for all submarines not fully resourced to the Navy’s cost estimate, as well as
all projected cost-to-complete requirements for previously appropriated submarines. (p.
137)
Enacted
The explanatory statement for Division A of H.R. 2882/P.L. 118-47 of March 23, 2024, provides
the funding levels shown in the appropriation enacted column of the upper part of Table 4. The
reduction of $ 56.757 million for advance procurement (AP) funding is for “Long lead time CFE
[contractor-furnished equipment] AP prior year execution delays.” (PDF page 143 of 314)
The explanatory statement for Division A of H.R. 2882/P.L. 118-47 of March 23, 2024, states
SUBMARINE CONSTRUCTION PERFORMANCE
Concerns remain about the VIRGINIA Class Submarine (VCS) construction cost and
schedule performance, which impact not only the construction and delivery to the fleet of
VCS, but also affect the COLUMBIA Class Submarine (COL) construction schedule. It is
noted that the fiscal year 2024 President’s budget request includes funds for cost overruns
of VCSs procured in fiscal years 2015, 2016, and 2017, and that cost overruns on additional
ongoing new VCS construction programs are expected to exceed $3,000,000,000 in future
years. The Secretary of the Navy is directed to submit to the congressional defense
committees the most current cost and schedule estimates, by VCS and COL, with the
submission of each annual President’s budget request until delivery of the twelfth and final
COLUMBIA hull. The report shall identify changes from the previous year, and include
detailed explanations for all submarines not fully resourced to the Navy’s cost estimate, as
well as all projected cost-to-complete requirements for previously appropriated
submarines.
Additionally, it is noted that in directing a comprehensive Navy shipbuilding review in
January, the Secretary of the Navy stated, “I remain concerned with the lingering effects
of post-pandemic conditions on our shipbuilders and their suppliers that continue to affect
our shipbuilding programs, particularly our COLUMBIA Class Ballistic Missile
Submarines .... “ The Secretary is directed to brief the congressional defense committees
on the findings of this review within 30 days of completion. As part of this briefing, the
Secretary is directed to identify the Department of the Navy’s proposed near-term actions
to prevent further SSBN-826 schedule delays, mid-term actions to stabilize production and
enable on-time delivery of SSBN-827, and long-term actions to enable the on-time and on-
budget delivery of SSBN-828 through SSBN-837.
Further, concerns remain with the technology maturity of certain COL subsystems, which
could affect the construction and delivery timelines. Accordingly, the Senior Technical
Authority for COL, as designated under section 8669b of title 10, United States Code, is
directed to provide directly to the congressional defense committees quarterly updates on
the technology readiness of key COL subsystems and components until SSBN-826
completes its first strategic deterrent patrol. These updates shall include, at a minimum,
technology maturation metrics and identification of technical, schedule, or other significant
issues for the following subsystems: stem area system, advanced carbon dioxide removal
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unit, integrated power system (including turbine generators), torpedo tubes, strategic
weapons system, and such other subsystems or components as the Senior Technical
Authority may designate.
Finally, the Comptroller General is directed to conduct a comprehensive review of the VCS
program, including: (1) the current status of Block V construction relative to cost, schedule,
quality and performance expectations as well as risks to successfully constructing future
submarines; (2) the Navy’s approach to contracting and funding for Block VI, including
expected savings from a multiyear procurement strategy; (3) the Navy’s ability to
efficiently manage VCS construction during concurrent COL construction; (4) the Navy’s
strategy for providing VCS to Australia; and (5) the Navy’s plans for SSN(X) development.
The Comptroller General is directed to provide an update briefing on this comprehensive
review to the congressional defense committees not later than October 1, 2024, to be
followed with quarterly updates and the final report. (PDF page 146 of 314)
Indo-Pacific Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024
(Division C of H.R. 815/P.L. 118-50)
Senate
H.R. 815 was introduced in the House on February 2, 2023, and agreed to in the House by voice
vote on March 7, 2023, as the Removing Extraneous Loopholes Insuring Every Veteran
Emergency Act (aka RELIEVE Act).
Under Senate Amendment 1388 to H.R. 815—an amendment in the nature of a substitute that was
proposed in the Senate on February 9, 2024, and agreed to in the Senate on February 12, 2024—
H.R. 815 would become the National Security Act, 2024, of which Division A of H.R. 815 would
be the National Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024. Division A of H.R. 815 would
provide the supplemental funding amounts shown in the Appropriations Senate column of the
lower part of Table 4. Compared with the supplemental amounts requested on October 20, 2023,
the amounts that would be provided by Division A of H.R. 815 would in effect transfer $100
million in requested supplemental funding from the Other Procurement, Navy (OPN) account to
the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) account, and would not provide the $98.0 million
in funding that was requested for the Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security
Administration (NNSA) for Naval Reactors (NR) in support of AUKUS Pillar 1.
House
On April 20, 2024, the House agreed with an amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R. 815
under which, among other things, funding for the submarine industrial base would be included in
a new Division C (the Indo-Pacific Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024) of H.R. 815.
Division C of H.R. 815 would provide the funding amounts shown in the Appropriations House
column of the lower part of Table 4. Compared with the supplemental amounts requested on
October 20, 2023, the amounts that would be provided by Division A of H.R. 815 would in effect
transfer $100 million in requested supplemental funding from the Other Procurement, Navy
(OPN) account to the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) account, and would not provide
98.0 million in funding that was requested for the Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear
Security Administration (NNSA) for Naval Reactors (NR) in support of AUKUS Pillar 1.
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Enacted
On April 23, 2024, the Senate agreed to the House amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R.
815. On April 24, 2024, the bill was presented to and signed by the President, becoming P.L. 118-
50. Division C of H.R. 815/P.L. 118-50 of April 24, 2024, provides the funding amounts shown in
the Appropriations Enacted column of the lower part of Table 4. Compared with the supplemental
amounts requested on October 20, 2023, the amounts provided by Division A of H.R. 815 in
effect transfer $100 million in requested supplemental funding from the Other Procurement, Navy
(OPN) account to the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) account, and do not include the
$98.0 million in funding that was requested for the Department of Energy (DOE) National
Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) for Naval Reactors (NR) in support of AUKUS Pillar 1.
Legislative Activity Regarding FY2025
Funding Request
Congressional Action on FY2025 Funding Request
Virginia-Class Procurement Funding Requested in FY2025 Budget Submission
The Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget requests the procurement of the 41st Virginia-class boat.
The boat has an estimated procurement cost of $5,759.5 million (i.e., about $5.8 billion). The boat
has received $1,871.6 million in prior-year “regular” AP funding and $272.0 million in prior-year
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) funding, which is an additional kind of AP funding that can
occur under an MYP contract. The Navy’s proposed FY2025 budget requests the remaining
$3,615.9 million needed to complete the boat’s estimated procurement cost, and $2,422.0 million
in “regular” AP funding for Virginia-class boats to be procured in future fiscal years, $1,298.3
million in EOQ funding, and $293.0 million in cost-to-complete (CTC) funding to cover cost
growth on Virginia-class boats procured in prior years, bringing the total amount of procurement,
AP, EOQ, and CTC funding requested for FY2025 to $7,629.2 million (i.e., about $7.6 billion).
The Navy states that procuring two would require adding $3,225.0 million (i.e., about $3.2
billion) to the Navy’s FY2025 procurement funding request for the program. This is the Navy’s
estimate of the net increase in funding that would be needed to convert a one-boat buy to a two-
boat buy. The second boat would cost more than $3,225 million, but some of the second boat’s
materials and equipment are already funded in prior-year budgets or requested to be procured
under the Navy’s FY2025 budget submission, and adding the second boat would reduce the cost
of the first boat due to increased production economies of scale.
Funding Table
Table 5 summarizes congressional action on the Navy’s FY2025 budget funding request for the
procurement of Virginia-class boats in FY2025 and subsequent years.
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Table 5. Congressional Action on FY2025 Funding Request
Millions of dollars, rounded to nearest tenth
Authorization
Appropriation

Request
HASC
SASC
Enacted
HAC
SAC
Enacted
Procurement
3,615.9

Advance procurement (AP) (including
3,720.3

both “regular” AP and EOQ)
(Quantity)
(1)

Cost-to-complete
293.0

Total SIB
7,629.2

Sources: Table prepared by CRS based on Navy’s original FY2025 budget submission, committee and
conference reports, and explanatory statements on FY2025 National Defense Authorization Act and FY2025
DOD Appropriations Act. Figures may not add due to rounding.
Notes: HASC is House Armed Services Committee, SASC is Senate Armed Services Committee, SAC is
Senate Appropriations Committee, HAC is House Appropriations Committee. Advance procurement (AP)
funding includes both “regular” AP funding and Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) funding for multiyear
procurement (MYP).
Legislative Activity Regarding Proposed Sale of
Virginia-Class Boats Under AUKUS Agreement86
May 2023 DOD Legislative Package Relating to AUKUS Agreement
On May 2, 2023, DOD sent to Congress its eighth package of legislative proposals requested for
inclusion in the FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). The package included the
following requested measures relating to the SSN part of the AUKUS agreement:
SEC. ___. ACCEPTANCE OF CONTRIBUTIONS IN SUPPORT OF AUSTRALIA,
UNITED KINGDOM,
AND UNITED STATES
SUBMARINE
SECURITY
ACTIVITIES.
Chapter 155 of title 10, United States Code, is amended by inserting after section 2608 the
following new section:
“§ 2609. Acceptance of contributions for Australia, United Kingdom, and United States
submarine security activities; Submarine Security Activities Account
“(a) ACCEPTANCE AUTHORITY.—The Secretary of Defense may accept from the
Government of Australia contributions of money made by the Government of Australia for
use by the Department of Defense in support of non-nuclear related aspects of submarine
security activities between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (in this
section referred to as ‘AUKUS’).
“(b) ESTABLISHMENT OF SUBMARINE SECURITY ACTIVITIES ACCOUNT.—(1)
There is established in the Treasury of the United States a special account to be known as
the ‘Submarine Security Activities Account’.

86 Legislation shown in this section includes bills listed in Congress.gov as of August 15, 2023, that contain the term
AUKUS and relate at least in part to Pillar 1 of AUKUS.
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“(2) Contributions of money accepted by the Secretary of Defense under subsection (a)
shall be credited to the Submarine Security Activities Account.
“(c) USE OF THE SUBMARINE SECURITY ACTIVITIES ACCOUNT.—(1) The
Secretary of Defense may use funds in the Submarine Security Activities Account—
“(A) for any purpose authorized by law that the Secretary determines would support
AUKUS submarine security activities; or
“(B) to carry out a military construction project that is consistent with the purposes for
which the contributions were made and is not otherwise authorized by law.
“(2) Funds in the Submarine Security Activities Account may be used as described in this
subsection without further specific authorization in law.
“(d TRANSFERS OF FUNDS.—(1) In carrying out subsection (c), the Secretary of
Defense may transfer funds available in the Submarine Security Activities Account to
appropriations available to the Department of Defense.
“(2) In carrying out subsection (c), and in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act of 1954
(42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), the Secretary of Defense may transfer funds available in the
Submarine Security Activities Account to appropriations or funds of the Department of
Energy available to carry out activities related to AUKUS submarine security activities.
“(3) Funds transferred under this subsection shall be available for obligation for the same
time period and for the same purpose as the appropriation to which transferred.
“(4) Upon a determination by the Secretary that all or part of the funds transferred from the
Submarine Security Activities Account are not necessary for the purposes for which such
funds were transferred, all or such part of such funds shall be transferred back to the
Submarine Security Activities Account.
“(e) INVESTMENT OF MONEY.—(1) Upon request by the Secretary of Defense, the
Secretary of the Treasury may invest money in the Submarine Security Activities Account
in securities of the United States or in securities guaranteed as to principal and interest by
the United States.
“(2) Any interest or other income that accrues from investment in securities referred to in
paragraph (1) shall be deposited to the credit of the Submarine Security Activities Account.
“(f) RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LAWS.—The authority to accept or transfer funds
under this section is in addition to any other authority to accept or transfer funds.”.
—
SEC. ___. AUSTRALIA, UNITED KINGDOM, AND UNITED STATES SUBMARINE
SECURITY ACTIVITIES.
(a) AUTHORIZATION TO TRANSFER SUBMARINES.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraph (6), the President may transfer not more than
two Virginia class submarines from the inventory of the Navy to the Government of
Australia on a sale basis under section 21 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2761).
(2) COSTS OF TRANSFER.—Any expense incurred by the United States in connection
with the transfer authorized by this subsection shall be charged to the Government of
Australia.
(3) WAIVER OF CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENT.—The requirement for the Chief
of Naval Operations to make a certification under section 8678 of title 10, United States
Code, shall not apply to a transfer under this subsection.
(4) USE OF FUNDS.—The Secretary of the Navy may use the proceeds of a transfer under
this subsection—
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(A) for the acquisition of vessels to replace the vessels transferred to the Government of
Australia; or
(B) to carry out any other authority the use of which the Secretary of the Navy determines
would improve the submarine industrial base.
(5) CREDITING OF RECEIPTS.—Notwithstanding any provision of law pertaining to the
crediting of amounts received from a sale under the terms of the Arms Export Control Act
(22 U.S.C. 2761), any receipt of the United States as a result of a transfer under this section
shall—
(A) be credited, at the discretion of the Secretary of the Navy to—
(i) the appropriation, fund, or account used in incurring the original obligation;
(ii) an appropriate appropriation, fund, or account currently available for the purposes for
which the expenditures were made; or
(iii) any other appropriation, fund, or account available for the purpose specified in
paragraph (4)(B); and
(B) remain available for obligation until expended for the same purpose as the
appropriation to which the receipt is credited.
(6) APPLICABILITY OF EXISTING LAW TO TRANSFER OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR
MATERIAL AND UTILIZATION FACILITIES FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—With respect to any special nuclear material for use in utilization
facilities or any portion of a vessel transferred under this subsection constituting utilization
facilities for military applications under section 91 of the Atomic Energy Act (42 U.S.C.
2121), transfer of such material or such facilities shall only occur in accordance with such
section 91.
(B) USE OF FUNDS.—The Secretary of Energy may use proceeds from a transfer
described in subparagraph (A) for the acquisition of submarine naval nuclear propulsion
plants and the nuclear fuel to replace the propulsion plants and fuel transferred to the
Government of Australia.
(b) REPAIR AND REFURBISHMENT OF AUKUS SUBMARINES.—Section 8680 of
title 10, United States Code, is amended—
(1) by redesignating subsection (c) as subsection (d); and
(2) by inserting after subsection (b) the following new subsection:
“(c) REPAIR AND REFURBISHMENT OF CERTAIN SUBMARINES.—
“(1) SHIPYARD.—Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Secretary of
the Navy shall determine the appropriate shipyard in the United States, Australia, or the
United Kingdom to perform any repair or refurbishment of a United States submarine
involved in submarine security activities between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the
United States (in this section referred to as “AUKUS”).
“(2) PERSONNEL.—Repair or refurbishment described in paragraph (1) may be carried
out by personnel of the United States, United Kingdom, or Australia in accordance with
the international arrangements governing AUKUS submarine security activities.”.
—
SEC. ___. AUSTRALIA, UNITED KINGDOM, AND UNITED STATES SUBMARINE
SECURITY TRAINING.
(a) IN GENERAL.—The President may transfer or authorize export of defense services to
the Government of Australia under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.)
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that may also be directly exported to Australian private-sector personnel to support the
development of the Australian submarine industrial base necessary for submarine security
activities between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (in this section
referred to as “AUKUS”), including where such private-sector personnel are not officers,
employees, or agents of the Government of Australia.
(b) APPLICATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR FURTHER TRANSFER.—Any transfer
of defense services to the Government of Australia pursuant to subsection (a) to persons
other than those directly provided such defense services pursuant to such subsection shall
only be made in accordance with the requirements of the Arms Export Control Act (22
U.S.C. 2751 et seq.).87
FY2024 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2670/S. 2226/P.L.
118-31)
House
In H.R. 2670 as passed by the House, Section 518 would require a report identifying gaps in the
level of staffing necessary to accomplish AUKUS-related efforts in DOD. Section 3132 would
require a report that contains a plan to establish a domestic enrichment capability dedicated to
solely satisfying DOD requirements for highly enriched uranium (HEU), high-assay low enriched
uranium, low enriched uranium, and depleted uranium, with such a report to include, among other
things, a description of any changes in the DOD requirement for HEU due to AUKUS. (U.S. and
British nuclear-powered warships use HEU in their reactors.)
Senate
Section 1353 of S. 2226 would require DOD to designate a senior DOD civilian official to be
responsible for overseeing DOD activities relating to the AUKUS partnership.
The Senate Armed Services committee’s report (S.Rept. 118-58 of July 12, 2023) on S. 2226
states
Public shipyard support for AUKUS
The committee strongly supports the trilateral security agreement between the United
States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, known as AUKUS, which presents a unique
opportunity to significantly increase security cooperation and enhance collective security
with two of our closest allies. Central to the agreement is the initiative to enable Australia
to acquire nuclear-powered submarines. The committee notes the importance of ensuring
appropriate attention is given to the Australian submarine industrial base, particularly
Australian shipyards, to ensure that it is prepared to meet the demands of maintaining these
advanced systems. As such, the committee directs the Secretary of Defense and the
Secretary of the Navy to provide a report, no later than January 30, 2024, on the
Department’s efforts and plans to leverage the expertise of the United States public
shipyards, including lessons learned as part of the ongoing Shipyard Infrastructure

87 Source: Office of Legislative Counsel, “DoD Legislative Proposals, Fiscal Year 2024,” under “Eighth Package of
Legislative Proposals Sent to Congress for Inclusion in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024—
Individual Proposals (Sent to Congress on May 2, 2023),” posted at https://ogc.osd.mil/OGC-Offices/Office-of-
Legislative-Counsel/DoD-Legislative-Proposals-2024/. See also Bryant Harris and Megan Eckstein, “Pentagon Seeks
Authority to Transfer Nuclear Submarines to Australia,” Defense News, May 17, 2023; Nick Wilson, “DOD Asks
Congress for AUKUS Provisions in FY-24 Defense Authorization Bill,” Inside Defense, May 17, 2023.
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Optimization Plan [SIOP], to support Australian shipyard improvements and worker
training. (p. 268)
Enacted
In the conference report (H.Rept. 118-301 of December 6, 2023) on H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 of
December 22, 2023, Sections 1321-1354 address various matters relating to the AUKUS
partnership, including Pillar 1 for submarines, which is covered in particular in Sections 1351-
1354, which are referred to collectively as the AUKUS Submarine Transfer Authorization Act.
Sections 1321-1354 of H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 collectively address (but not necessarily in the
same exact ways) many of the matters addressed by the freestanding bills listed later in this
section—the AUKUS Undersea Defense Act (H.R. 3939), the AUKUS Submarine Transfer
Authorization Act (H.R. 4619), the Bilateral Resilience in Industry Trade Security Act (BRITS
Act) (H.R. 4715), the Keeping our Allies Leading in Advancement Act (KOALA Act) (H.R.
4716), the AUKUS Oversight and Accountability Act (H.R. 4725), and the Truncating Onerous
Regulations for Partners and Enhancing Deterrence Operations (TORPEDO) Act of 2023 (S.
1471).
Section 1351 of H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 states that Sections 1351-1354 may be referred to as the
AUKUS Submarine Transfer Authorization Act.
Section 1352:
• Authorizes, effective one year after enactment of H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 (i.e., one
year after December 22, 2023), the transfer of up to two Virginia-class
submarines to Australia on a sale basis, and the transfer of not more than one
additional Virginia-class submarine to Australia on a sale basis, during a 20-year
period beginning on the date of enactment of H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31.
• States that these transfers will not be subject to the requirements of Section 36 of
the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2776) or 10 U.S.C. 8677 (which requires
an authorization by law for the transfer of certain vessels to other countries).
• States that expenses incurred by the United States in connection with the
transfers are to be charged to Australia notwithstanding Section 516(e) of the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2321j(e)).
• States that at least 270 days prior to each transfer, the president is to submit a
certification that the transfer will not degrade U.S. undersea capabilities, is
consistent with U.S. foreign policy and national security interests, and is in
furtherance of the AUKUS partnership; that United States is making sufficient
submarine production and maintenance investments to meet U.S. military
requirements; and that Australia has provided the appropriate funds and support
for the additional capacity required to meet the requirements.
• States that the requirement for the Chief of Naval Operations to make a
certification under 10 U.S.C. 8678 shall not apply to the transfers. The text of 10
U.S.C. 8678 is as follows:
§8678. Chief of Naval Operations: certification required for disposal of combatant
vessels
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no combatant vessel of the Navy may be
sold, transferred, or otherwise disposed of unless the Chief of Naval Operations
certifies that it is not essential to the defense of the United States.
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• States that the submarine transfers may not occur unless United States and
Australia have entered into a mutual defense agreement that provides a clear
legal framework for the sole purpose of Australia’s acquisition of conventionally
armed, nuclear-powered submarines, and that meets the highest nonproliferation
standards for the exchange of nuclear materials, technology, equipment, and
information between the United States and Australia.
• States that the transfer of any Virginia-class submarine beyond the three such
submarines authorized above may occur only if such transfer is explicitly
authorized pursuant to a law enacted after the date of enactment of H.R.
2670/P.L. 118-31.
• Sets forth procedures for crediting receipts received from the sales of Virginia-
class boats.
• Requires a notification at least 30 days prior to the first submarine transfer that
Australia has met certain requirements for supporting U.S. and UK submarines
rotationally deployed to Australia under the Submarine Rotational Forces-West
effort, and for operating its own Virginia-class submarines.
• Sets forth the legal framework for any special nuclear materials for use in
utilization facilities or any portion of a transferred submarine.
• Amends 10 U.S.C. 8680 to permit, under certain conditions, a public or private
shipyard in the United States, Australia, or the UK to perform any repair or
refurbishment of a U.S. submarine that is involved in submarine security
activities between the three AUKUS partners.
• Authorizes the transfer or export to Australia and the UK, including private and
public-sector Australian and UK personnel, of defense services necessary or
incidental to support the transfer and operation of a transferred submarine, and
requires (with presidential certification) that any transferred or exported defense
service be subject to appropriate security controls to ensure that sensitive
information is protected from disclosure to persons unauthorized by the United
States to receive it.
• Requires a classified report 180 days after the date of enactment of H.R.
2670/P.L. 118-31 and annually thereafter for 15 years, on the status of the
submarine transfers and other matters relating to the implementation of
submarine security cooperation between the three AUKUS partners.
Section 1353 authorizes the acceptance of, and sets forth the procedures for holding and using,
contributions of money from Australia relating to nonnuclear related aspects of submarine
security activities between the three AUKUS partners.
Section 1354 defines the term ‘‘appropriate congressional committees and leadership’’ as used in
these sections as meaning the Speaker of the House; the House Foreign Affairs, Armed Services,
and Appropriations Committees; the Senate majority leader; and the Senate Foreign Relations,
Armed Services, and Appropriations Committees.
In addition to the above provisions that focus on submarine security cooperation between the
three AUKUS partners, the following sections addressing the AUKUS partnership in general
include elements relating to submarine security cooperation, including but not necessarily limited
to the following:
Section 1332 directs the senior DOD official designated as responsible for overseeing DOD
activities relating to the AUKUS partnership to submit, not later than 90 days after enactment of
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H.R. 2670/P.L. 118-31 an implementation plan for DOD efforts relating to the AUKUS
partnership that includes, among other things, a consideration of the plan’s implications for the
industrial base with respect to expanding U.S. submarine construction capacity to fulfill U.S.,
UK, and Australia requirements; accelerating the restoration of U.S. capabilities for producing
highly enriched uranium to fuel submarine reactors; stabilizing commodity markets and
expanding supplies of high-grade steel, construction materials, and other resources required for
improving shipyard condition and expanding throughput capacity; and coordinating and
synchronizing industrial sourcing opportunities among the three AUKUS partners.
Section 1333 directs the State Department, in coordination with DOD and other appropriate
agencies, to submit a report once every two years, starting one year after enactment of H.R.
2670/P.L. 118-31 that includes, among other things, an explanation of the total cost to the United
States associated with Pillar One of the AUKUS partnership; a detailed explanation of how
enhanced access to Australia’s industrial base is contributing to strengthening the U.S. strategic
position in Asia; a detailed explanation of the military and strategic benefit provided by improved
access to Australian naval bases; and a detailed assessment of how Australia’s sovereign
conventionally armed nuclear attack submarines contribute to U.S. defense and deterrence
objectives in the Indo-Pacific region. The report is to also include a discussion of progress made
on achieving Pillar 1, including a description of progress made by the three AUKUS partners to
conclude an Article 14 arrangement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); a
description of the status of efforts of the three AUKUS partners to build the supporting
infrastructure to base conventionally armed, nuclear-powered attack submarines; updates on
efforts by the three AUKUS partners to train a workforce that can build, sustain, and operate
conventionally armed, nuclear-powered attack submarines; a description of progress in
establishing submarine support facilities capable of hosting rotational forces in western Australia
by 2027; and a description of progress made in improving U.S. submarine production capabilities
that will enable the United States to meet its objectives of providing up to five Virginia-class
submarines to Australia by the early to mid-2030s, as well as U.S. submarine production
requirements.
FY2024 DOD Appropriations Act (H.R. 4365/S. 2587)
Senate
The Senate Appropriations Committee’s report (S.Rept. 118-81 of July 27, 2023) on S. 2587
states
Australia-United Kingdom-United States Trilateral Partnership Agreement.—The
Committee supports the Australia-United Kingdom-United States Trilateral Partnership
Agreement, which will strengthen allied presence and deterrence in the Indo-Pacific. Not
later than 90 days after the enactment of this act, the Secretary of Defense shall submit a
long-term plan to the congressional defense committees on the planned schedule,
milestones, costs, and funding requirements for the transfer of Virginia Class submarines
from the United States and to meet the U.S. Navy’s requirement for attack submarines.
This plan shall include funding requirements and plans for U.S. and partner investments in
the U.S. submarine industrial base. (p. 138)
Other Legislation
Other legislation regarding the proposed sale of Virginia-Class boats under the AUKUS
agreement included the AUKUS Undersea Defense Act (H.R. 3939), the AUKUS Submarine
Transfer Authorization Act (H.R. 4619), the Bilateral Resilience in Industry Trade Security Act
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(BRITS Act) (H.R. 4715), the Keeping our Allies Leading in Advancement Act (KOALA Act)
(H.R. 4716), the AUKUS Oversight and Accountability Act (H.R. 4725), and the Truncating
Onerous Regulations for Partners and Enhancing Deterrence Operations (TORPEDO) Act of
2023 (S. 1471).
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Appendix A. Past SSN Force-Level Goals
This appendix summarizes attack submarine force-level goals since the Reagan Administration
(1981-1989).
The Reagan-era (i.e., 1980s-era) plan for a 600-ship Navy included an objective of achieving and
maintaining a force of 100 SSNs.
The George H. W. Bush Administration’s proposed Base Force plan of 1991-1992 originally
called for a Navy of more than 400 ships, including 80 SSNs.88 In 1992, however, the SSN goal
was reduced to about 55 boats as a result of a 1992 Joint Staff force-level requirement study
(updated in 1993) that called for a force of 51 to 67 SSNs, including 10 to 12 with Seawolf-level
acoustic quieting, by the year 2012.89
The Clinton Administration, as part of its 1993 Bottom-Up Review (BUR) of U.S. defense policy,
established a goal of maintaining a Navy of about 346 ships, including 45 to 55 SSNs.90 The
Clinton Administration’s 1997 QDR supported a requirement for a Navy of about 305 ships and
established a tentative SSN force-level goal of 50 boats, “contingent on a reevaluation of
peacetime operational requirements.”91 The Clinton Administration later amended the SSN figure
to 55 boats (and therefore a total of about 310 ships).
The reevaluation called for in the 1997 QDR was carried out as part of a Joint Chiefs of Staff
(JCS) study on future requirements for SSNs that was completed in December 1999. The study
had three main conclusions:
• “that a force structure below 55 SSNs in the 2015 [time frame] and 62 [SSNs] in
the 2025 time frame would leave the CINC’s [the regional military commanders-
in-chief] with insufficient capability to respond to urgent crucial demands
without gapping other requirements of higher national interest. Additionally, this
force structure [55 SSNs in 2015 and 62 in 2025] would be sufficient to meet the
modeled war fighting requirements”;
• “that to counter the technologically pacing threat would require 18 Virginia class
SSNs in the 2015 time frame”; and
• “that 68 SSNs in the 2015 [time frame] and 76 [SSNs] in the 2025 time frame
would meet all of the CINCs’ and national intelligence community’s highest
operational and collection requirements.”92

88 For the 80-SSN figure, see Statement of Vice Admiral Roger F. Bacon, U.S. Navy, Assistant Chief of Naval
Operations (Undersea Warfare) in U.S. Congress, House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Seapower and
Strategic and Critical Materials, Submarine Programs, March 20, 1991, pp. 10-11, or Statement of Rear Admiral
Raymond G. Jones Jr., U.S. Navy, Deputy Assistant Chief of Naval Operations (Undersea Warfare), in U.S. Congress,
Senate Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on Projection Forces and Regional Defense, Submarine Programs,
June 7, 1991, pp. 10-11.
89 See Richard W. Mies, “Remarks to the NSL Annual Symposium,” Submarine Review, July 1997, p. 35; “Navy Sub
Community Pushes for More Subs than Bottom-Up Review Allowed,” Inside the Navy, November 7, 1994, pp. 1, 8-9;
Attack Submarines in the Post-Cold War Era: The Issues Facing Policymakers, op. cit., p. 14; Robert Holzer, “Pentagon
Urges Navy to Reduce Attack Sub Fleet to 50,” Defense News, March 15-21, 1993, p. 10; Barbara Nagy, “ Size of Sub
Force Next Policy Battle,” New London Day, July 20, 1992, pp. A1, A8.
90 Secretary of Defense Les Aspin, U.S. Department of Defense, Report on the Bottom-Up Review, October 1993,
pp. 55-57.
91 Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen, U.S. Department of Defense, Report of the Quadrennial Defense Review,
May 1997, pp. 29, 30, 47.
92 Department of Navy point paper dated February 7, 2000. Reprinted in Inside the Navy, February 14, 2000, p. 5.
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The conclusions of the 1999 JCS study were mentioned in discussions of required SSN force
levels, but the figures of 68 and 76 submarines were not translated into official DOD force-level
goals.
The George W. Bush Administration’s report on the 2001 QDR revalidated the amended
requirement from the 1997 QDR for a fleet of about 310 ships, including 55 SSNs. In revalidating
this and other U.S. military force-structure goals, the report cautioned that as DOD’s
“transformation effort matures—and as it produces significantly higher output of military value
from each element of the force—DOD will explore additional opportunities to restructure and
reorganize the Armed Forces.”93
DOD and the Navy conducted studies on undersea warfare requirements in 2003-2004. One of
the Navy studies—an internal Navy study done in 2004—reportedly recommended reducing the
attack submarine force level requirement to as few as 37 boats. The study reportedly
recommended homeporting a total of nine attack submarines at Guam and using satellites and
unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) to perform ISR missions now performed by attack
submarines.94
In March 2005, the Navy submitted to Congress a report projecting Navy force levels out to
FY2035. The report presented two alternatives for FY2035—a 260-ship fleet including 37 SSNs
and 4 SSGNs, and a 325-ship fleet including 41 SSNs and 4 SSGNs.95
In May 2005, it was reported that a newly completed DOD study on attack submarine
requirements called for maintaining a force of 45 to 50 boats.96
In February 2006, the Navy proposed to maintain in coming years a fleet of 313 ships, including
48 SSNs.
Although the Navy’s ship force-level goals have changed repeatedly in subsequent years, the
figure of 48 SSNs remained unchanged until December 2016, when the Navy released a force-
level objective for achieving and maintaining a force of 355 ships, including 66 SSNs. As noted
earlier in this report, the Navy’s preferred new ship force-level goal, which was submitted to
Congress in June 2023, calls for achieving and maintaining a fleet of 381 manned ships, including
66 SSNs.

93 U.S. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review, September 2001, p. 23.
94 Bryan Bender, “Navy Eyes Cutting Submarine Force,” Boston Globe, May 12, 2004, p. 1; Lolita C. Baldor, “Study
Recommends Cutting Submarine Fleet,” NavyTimes.com, May 13, 2004.
95 U.S. Department of the Navy, An Interim Report to Congress on Annual Long-Range Plan for the Construction of
Naval Vessels for FY 2006. The report was delivered to the House and Senate Armed Services and Appropriations
Committees on March 23, 2005.
96 Robert A. Hamilton, “Delegation Calls Report on Sub Needs Encouraging,” The Day (New London, CT), May 27,
2005; Jesse Hamilton, “Delegation to Get Details on Sub Report,” Hartford (CT) Courant, May 26, 2005.
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Appendix B. Submarine Construction Industrial
Base Capacity and Enhancement Efforts
This appendix presents information on the capacity of the submarine construction industrial base
and Navy and industry efforts to enhance that capacity.
Overview
A major concern relating to the Columbia- and Virginia-class submarine programs relates to the
ability of the submarine construction industrial base to execute the work associated with
procuring one Columbia-class SSBN plus two VPM-equipped Virginia-class SSNs per year (a
procurement rate referred to in short as 1+2). (In the “1+2” nomenclature, the 2 refers to being
able to produce 2.0 Virginia-class boats per year.) Policymakers and other observers have
expressed concern about the industrial base’s capacity for executing a 1+2 workload without
encountering bottlenecks or other production problems in one or both of these programs. In a
nutshell, the challenge for the industrial base—both shipyards and supplier firms—is to ramp up
production from one “regular” Virginia-class boat’s work per year (the volume of work prior to
FY2011) to the equivalent of about five “regular” Virginia-class boats’ work per year (the
approximate volume of work represented by two Virginia Payload Module [VPM]-equipped
Virginia-class boats and one Columbia-class boat).97 In other words, the challenge for the
industrial base is to quintuple the pre-2011 volume of annual production by 2028. The challenge
is depicted in the Navy graph shown in Figure B-1.
Concerns about the ability of the submarine construction industrial base to execute the workload
resulting from a sustained 1+2 procurement rate were heightened starting in 2019 by reports
about challenges faced by the two submarine-construction shipyards and associated supplier firms
in meeting scheduled delivery times for Virginia-class boats as the Virginia-class program
transitions from production of two “regular” Virginia-class boats per year to two VPM-equipped
boats per year.98

97 Starting in FY2019, the Navy began to procure a lengthened version of the Virginia-class design that incorporates the
Virginia Payload Module (VPM), 84-foot-long, mid-body section equipped with four large-diameter, vertical launch
tubes for storing and launching additional Tomahawk missiles or other payloads. If building a “regular” Virginia-class
boat is viewed as requiring one unit of work, then building a VPM-equipped Virginia-class boat can be viewed as
requiring about 1.25 units of work, and building a Columbia-class boat can be viewed as requiring about 2.5 units of
work. On this basis, building two VPM-equipped Virginia-class boats and one Columbia-class boat would require
about five units of work (1.25 + 1.25 + 2.5 = 5.0).
98 See, for example, Government Accountability Office, Columbia Class Submarine[:] Overly Optimistic Cost Estimate
Will Likely Lead to Budget Increases, GAO-19-497, April 2019, pp. 20-23; David B. Larter, “Late Is the New Normal
for Virginia-Class Attack Boats,” Defense News, March 20, 2019; Megan Eckstein, “Navy: Lack of Submarine Parts
Slowing Down Maintenance, New Construction,” USNI News, March 26, 2019; David B. Larter, “The US Navy,
Seeking Savings, Shakes Up Its Plans for More Lethal Attack Submarines,” Defense News, April 3, 2019; Anthony
Capaccio, “U.S. Navy Sub Firepower Upgrade Delayed by Welding Flaws,” Bloomberg, August 13, 2019; Paul
McLeary, “Weld Problems Spread To Second Navy Sub Program,” Breaking Defense, August 14, 2019; David B.
Larter, “Questions About US Navy Attack Sub Program Linger as Contract Negotiations Drag,” Defense News, August
16, 2019; Emma Watkins, “Will the U.S. Navy Soon Have a Missile-Tube Problem?” National Interest, August 19,
2019; David B. Larter, “As CNO Richardson Departs, US Submarine Builders Face Pressure,” Defense News, August
22, 2019; David B. Larter, “After a Leadership Shakeup at General Dynamics, a Murky Future for Submarine
Building,” Defense News, October 28, 2019; Rich Abott, “Navy Says Virginia Sub Delays Due To Faster Production
Rate,” Defense Daily, November 6, 2019.
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Figure B-1. Navy Graph Showing Projected Growth in Submarine Tonnage Under
Construction
Red arrow indicates date of November 2023

Source: Navy graph provided to CRS and CBO by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs, November 16, 2023.
Although Virginia-class submarines are being procured at a rate of two boats per year, Navy
officials have noted that deliveries of Virginia-class submarines from GD/EB and HII/NNS have
averaged 1.2 boats per year for the past five years.99 On March 29, 2023, Secretary of the Navy
Carlos Del Toro testified that the Virginia-class production rate was at that point about 1.4 boats
per year.100 At an April 28, 2023, briefing on the Virginia-class program for CRS and CBO, Navy
officials stated that the rate as of that date was about 1.3 boats per year.101 A March 31, 2023,
press report stated that Navy officials estimate that it will take another five years—until 2028—
before the delivery rate will increase to 2.0 boats per year.102 In advance policy questions
submitted for a September 14, 2023, hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee to
consider her nomination to be Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Lisa Franchetti, the Vice Chief

99 See, for example, Megan Eckstein, “Navy Frustration Building over Late Weapons, Ship Deliveries,” Defense News,
January 11, 2023; Rich Abott, “Fleet Forces And SecNav Argue For More Maintenance Yards,” Defense Daily,
January 12, 2023.
100 Sam LaGrone, “SECNAV Del Toro: Virginia Attack Sub Construction ‘Significantly Behind,’ District of Columbia
Submarine 10% Behind Schedule,” USNI News, March 29 (updated March 30), 2023. See also Rich Abott, “SECNAV:
Columbia Sub 10 Percent Behind, Virginia Subs Improving But Still Behind,” Defense Daily, March 30, 2023.
101 Navy briefing on Virginia-class program for CRS and CBO, April 28, 2023.
102 Sam LaGrone, “Navy Estimates 5 More Years for Virginia Attack Sub Production to Hit 2 Boats a Year,” USNI
News, March 31, 2023.
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of Naval Operations, stated that the Navy’s goal is to stabilize the Virginia-class construction rate
at 1.4 boats per year by the end of 2023, increase it to at least 1.5 boats per year by the end of
2024, and increase it to 2.0 boats per year by 2028.103
The Navy has testified that meeting both U.S. Navy needs and additional needs under the
AUKUS (Australia-UK-US) security agreement announced in September 2021 would require
increasing the Virginia-class production rate further, to 2.33 boats per year. Under the
nomenclature used here, such a combined Columbia-plus-Virginia procurement rate would be
expressed as 1+2.33.104
The Navy’s report on its FY2025 30-year (FY2025-FY2054) shipbuilding plan states,
To achieve the goal of simultaneous construction of the Columbia-class SSBN and two
Virginia-class SSNs annually, the DoN [Department of the Navy] is investing heavily in
the submarine industrial base to reduce production risk, stabilize critical suppliers, and help
enable recruitment and retention of the skilled production workforce. Industry must do its
part to deliver capability on time and within cost….
The DoN is committed to fortifying the submarine production and sustainment industrial
base to meet U.S. needs while also enabling the sale of three Virginia class submarines to
Australia. From FY2018 appropriation/execution through FY2023, the DoD, DoN, and
Congress have worked in partnership with state/local governments and industry to invest
over $2.3B across shipyard, workforce, suppliers, strategic outsourcing and modern
manufacturing technology lines of effort. The Navy estimates additional $17.5 billion in
additional funding will be needed from FY 2024 through FY 2029 to achieve sustained
production levels of 1 Columbia SSBN + 2.0 Virginia SSNs by 2028, with additional
productivity required thereafter to support selling SSNs to Australia. This additional
funding was included in the FY2024 budget request, and FY2024 supplemental and is
included in the PB2025 budget request. This funding is displayed in Table 2.105

At an October 25, 2023, hearing on the submarine industrial base and its ability to support the
AUKUS framework before the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House
Armed Services Committee, the Navy provided testimony on its plan to increase the industrial
base’s capacity to support the production of 2.33 Virginia-class boats per year and thus a
combined Columbia-plus-Virginia procurement rate of 1+2.33. The Navy’s testimony on its plan
is reprinted later in this appendix.

103 Senate Armed Services Committee, Advance Policy Questions for Admiral Lisa M. Franchetti, USN, Nominee for
Appointment to be Chief of Naval Operations, p. 31.
104 For more on the submarine component of the AUKUS agreement, see CRS Report RL32418, Navy Virginia-Class
Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine Proposal: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
105 U.S. Navy, Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year
2025, March 2024, pp. 5-6.
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Press Report
A September 8, 2023, press report stated
The U.S. Navy expects the submarine-industrial base to start delivering attack submarines
on time by 2028—more than a decade after vendors and shipbuilders began struggling to
keep up with growing demand, made worse by the pandemic and the seismic disruption it
brought to the labor market.
In fact, the Navy says, industry will have additional capacity by the early 2030s to start
increasing the size of the attack sub fleet, which is currently smaller than its required size
and would be more so following the sale of a couple boats to Australia as part of the
AUKUS trilateral pact.
To get there, the sea service anticipates spending $6.3 billion to bolster the submarine-
industrial base—on top of the annual cost of buying and repairing submarines.
But has the first tranche of investments yielded enough progress to warrant the Navy’s
optimism?
Here’s a closer look at how the submarine-industrial base is faring after the first $2.3 billion
went toward shoring up two shipbuilders and their thousands of suppliers….
The Navy spent $2.3 billion from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2023 “to build and strengthen the
Submarine Industrial Base’s capacity, capability and resiliency,” Whitney Jones, director
of the Navy’s Submarine Industrial Base initiative, told Defense News in a written
statement.
This money was spent across five main lines of effort.
First is supplier development, after what Jones called the “slow but sustained degradation
of domestic manufacturing over the past 40 years.”
This money would boost the production capacity of existing suppliers, develop new
suppliers in areas where there may be a single vendor building a critical part, and
addressing market sectors where there has been a significant demand increase, such as
electrical and electronics subcomponents.
For example, Scot Forge received more than $20 million as part of this effort. The
company, part of the castings and forgings market that has struggled to keep up with
demand, used the money to buy more production equipment. It has since seen a 100%
increase in capacity to process large forgings, Jones said, and reduced its costs by 30%.
In this fiscal year, the Navy will infuse about $70 million into the raw material market, an
area where material must be delivered on time to keep submarine construction on schedule,
and which has been “especially impacted by market fluctuations and post-pandemic
realities,” Jones said.
The second area is shipyard infrastructure, to ensure General Dynamics Electric Boat and
HII’s Newport News Shipbuilding can ramp up their production to a rate that will, in FY26,
hit its highest rate by tonnage since World War II: one Columbia-class ballistic missile
submarine and two Virginia-class attack submarines with the Virginia Payload Module
insert each year, dubbed a 1+2 production rate….
The shipyards are making their own investments. For example, Newport News
Shipbuilding spokesman Todd Corillo told Defense News the yard is in the midst of
making $1.9 billion in capital investments that started in 2016 and will run through 2025,
which include facilities to accelerate submarine production.
The Navy is also pitching in with support for the facilities and equipment needed to keep
up with growing demand.
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The third effort, strategic outsourcing, appears to be taking some of this growing work
away from the two shipyards. Jones said the Navy is looking to move at least 5 million
production hours a year in large-scale steel fabrication, outfitting and other heavy
manufacturing work to other locations, allowing the shipyards to focus on outfitting, final
assembly and testing….
The fourth effort is workforce development, as companies in the submarine-industrial base
of all sizes and in all locations struggle to recruit and retain the workers they need.
And the fifth is investing in new manufacturing technologies that can make work processes
more efficient, such as automated welding, robotics and additive manufacturing.
In total, Jones said, the Navy and the submarine-industrial base are executing 79 projects
in the current fiscal year aimed at boosting the capability, capacity and quality of work in
the sub-tier supply chain, in support of the so-called 1+2 production rate of Columbia and
Virginia submarines….
Even as the sector tries to ramp up to the 1+2 delivery schedule by FY26, it is also being
asked to build more spare parts to improve the performance of submarine repair activities.
The Navy proposed spending $2.4 billion from FY24 to FY28 to further infuse cash into
the supply chain and churn out parts to support submarine maintenance….
During an Aug. 3 earnings call, HII President Chris Kastner said the company, through the
second quarter of this year, “hired over 3,200 craftsmen and women on a solid pace to meet
our full year plan of approximately 5,000. Although we’re meeting our hiring targets,
attrition remains high and labor is still the greatest risk to meeting our plan.”
He called labor “the largest obstacle, the largest risk” on the Virginia-class program, and
said the company would have to focus on recruiting, training and retaining skilled workers
for years to come….
Beyond outlining previous and upcoming initiatives, [Jones] highlighted an effort to use
data analytics to identify the best uses for this submarine-industrial base money.
The Navy team “must quantitatively and qualitatively describe challenges, gaps, and the
impact of efforts/investments,” she said.
As part of that effort, her office has mapped out and performed a risk assessment of the
16,000 suppliers in the submarine-industrial base. It identified the more than 200 million
parts the two shipbuilders will need to buy in the next 10 years, and found 15 critical
chokepoints that could threaten these future purchasing plans.106
Strategic Outsourcing
One option for addressing industrial-base challenges of building both Columbia-class boats and
Virginia-class SSNs at the same time is to increase the use of shipyards other than GD/EB and
HII/NNS, as well as other manufacturing facilities, in building sections of Columbia- and/or
Virginia-class boats—a practice sometimes referred to as strategic outsourcing. An October 21,
2022, press report states
The U.S. Navy is pouring billions of dollars into shoring up the companies that help build
nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft carriers.
But these companies, and especially prime contractors General Dynamics Electric Boat
and HII’s Newport News Shipbuilding, cannot hire enough people to keep up with demand.

106 Megan Eckstein, “The US Navy Is Spending Billions to Stabilize Vendors. Will It Work?” Defense News,
September 8, 2023.
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So they’re outsourcing work that was previously done in-house, two admirals said.
Rear Adm. Jon Rucker, the program executive officer for attack submarines, said the Navy
spent more than $1 billion between fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2022, and that the service is
committed to $2.4 billion from fiscal 2023 to fiscal 2027.
These funds cover supplier development, workforce development, shipbuilder
infrastructure, the development of technologies such as additive manufacturing and
nondestructive testing, government oversight, and strategic outsourcing.
In terms of tonnage of submarine construction, the Navy will see a 5.5 times increase from
FY11 to FY25. But the number of suppliers has dropped to about 5,000, compared to
17,000 companies during the last submarine construction surge in the 1980s, Rucker said
last month at an American Society of Naval Engineers conference.
Rucker said the Navy is trying to target its investments where it can make the most impact:
350 companies are considered “critical suppliers” in the submarine-industrial base, and
55% of those are located in six states. So workforce development dollars are focused on
those states to do the most good for critical suppliers in need of more workers. This effort
could see the establishment of new training sites in Virginia and Pennsylvania.
Outsourcing is becoming more important as some regions realize they aren’t receiving
enough interest for people to join the manufacturing industry, despite federal and state
government efforts to create manufacturing training opportunities.
“We are saturated in certain areas of the country. The Northeast is one of those. If we
cannot bring the people to the work, we’re going to take the work to the people,” Rucker
said.
Today, he explained, Electric Boat outsources 1.1 million hours’ worth of work a year and
Newport News Shipbuilding outsources 900,000 hours as they build new Virginia- and
Columbia-class submarines.
By 2025, that combined 2 million hours will grow to 5 million, he said—which equates to
half the work to build a Virginia submarine.
Rucker said companies across the U.S. are building structural pieces of submarines,
including some large modules, that were previously built at Electric Boat and Newport
News facilities. Now they’re constructed by companies with available workers and space,
and then shipped to the shipyard for assembly.107
A December 6, 2022, news release from Austal USA of Mobile, AL—a shipyard that builds
conventionally powered surface ships for the Navy—states
Production has commenced at Austal USA’s shipyard in Mobile, Ala., in support of their
strategic partnership with General Dynamics Electric Boat (GDEB) to support the U.S.
Navy’s recapitalization of the nation’s nuclear submarine fleet. Leveraging Austal USA’s
lean manufacturing techniques and modern steel production line facilities, a focus factory
approach is being used to expand production capacity of the submarine industrial base.
As part of the partnership, Austal USA is constructing and outfitting Command and Control
Systems Modules (CCSM) and Electronic Deck Modules (EDM) for the Virginia- and
Columbia-class programs. GDEB commenced on-the-job training efforts in April 2022 to
provide certification for skilled trades and supervisory positions to ensure consistent work
practices and adherence to quality assurance standards....
Work commenced in late November on two tanks for a Virginia class submarine. The first
CCSM is scheduled to arrive at Austal USA’s Mobile shipyard in late January 2023 for

107 Megan Eckstein, “Defense Firms Outsource Sub, Carrier Construction amid Labor Woes,” Defense News, October
21, 2022.
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initial outfitting efforts. The work will support a gradual ramp up to full fabrication and
outfitting of CCSMs and EDMs across both submarine classes beginning in 2026.108
October 25, 2023, Navy Testimony
At an October 25, 2023, hearing on the submarine industrial base and its ability to support the
AUKUS framework before the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House
Armed Services Committee, the Navy testified on its efforts (and associated funding) for
increasing the capacity of the submarine construction industrial base to support a construction
rate of one Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) per year plus 2.33 Virginia-class
attack submarines (SSNs) per year (i.e., a “1+2.33” rate). This is the rate, the Navy testified, that
would be sufficient to meet both U.S. Navy needs and needs under the AUKUS agreement for
building SSNs while also building Columbia-class SSBNs for the U.S. Navy. The Navy’s
testimony stated
Submarine Industrial Base (SIB)
The US Submarine Force and our SIB [submarine industrial base] are crucial to the security
of our Nation, and maintaining overmatch in the Undersea Warfare domain is one of the
top priorities in the Department of Defense. Submarines, therefore, are one of the most
important battle force vessels in our Navy. Forward deployed, combat-credible attack
submarines project US decisive naval power essential in today’s security environment.
Construction and sustainment of our submarine force is complex, difficult, and requires a
continuous focus on safety and nuclear stewardship. Our SIB is supporting the largest
submarine recapitalization effort in nearly 50 years and at a time when American
manufacturing and shipbuilding capacity has atrophied by more than 60 percent since the
end of the Cold War.
The US is simultaneously replacing our strategic Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN) force
with the COLUMBIA Class, transitioning our SSN force from LOS ANGELES to VACL
[Virginia class] , and replacing our Guided Missile Submarine (SSGN) capability109 with
‘strike optimized’ VIRGINIA Payload Module (VPM) submarines. VPM includes a new
hull section with additional vertical launch tubes for conventionally armed missiles to the
VACL submarine design. Adding AUKUS requires us to improve our new-construction
and sustainment efforts to ensure we meet our domestic requirements while supporting the
trilateral partnership. Both our SIB uplift effort and the AUKUS program are executing
aggressive and deliberate schedules designed to meet our national security needs.
Continued partnership with Congress is foundational to our collective success in these two
generational opportunities. The SIB, consisting of our public shipyards and two prime
shipbuilders, General Dynamics Electric Boat (GDEB) and Huntington Ingalls Industries
Newport News Shipbuilding (HII-NNS), along with the 16,000 suppliers (5,000 direct
contractual relationships and 11,000 sub-tier vendors) across the country, support both our
new-construction submarines and sustainment of the in-service submarine fleet.
It has been nearly 50 years since the US ramped-up its submarine construction capability
and infused equivalent volumes of complexity and work into the industrial base. Following

108 Austal USA, “Austal USA Commences Submarine Work,” December 6, 2022. See also Justin Katz, “Known for
LCS, Alabama-Based Austal USA Starts Submarine Work,” Breaking Defense, January 19, 2023; Rojoef Manuel,
“Austal, General Dynamics Team Up for US Navy Nuclear Submarine Production,” Defense Post, December 8, 2022;
Rich Abott, “Austal Starts Submarine Construction Support Work,” Defense Daily, December 12, 2022.
109 This is a reference to the first four Ohio (SSBN-726) class SSBNs, which were converted into cruise missile and
special operations forces (SOF) submarines (SSGNs). The four conversions were completed in 2005-2007. The SSGNs
are to reach their ends of their service lives and be retired in FY2026-FY2028. For more on the SSGN conversion
program, see CRS Report RS21007, Navy Trident Submarine Conversion (SSGN) Program: Background and Issues for
Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
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the Cold War, the country underwent significant shifts in economics and culture,
punctuated by a clear transition from a manufacturing-based economy to a services-based
economy. This pivot undermined foundational industrial capabilities and capacities and
challenged our ability to maintain the sufficiently skilled and sized workforce needed for a
resilient and robust SIB.
In FY 2018, with leadership and support from Congress, the DON began infusing funding
into the SIB to increase capability and capacity at new and existing suppliers to meet
growing demand and increase resilience across the supply chain. In October 2020, the DON
established the SIB Program within the Program Executive Office for Strategic Submarines
(PEO SSBN). The SIB Program, in partnership with the Office of the Secretary of Defense
Industrial Base Analysis and Sustainment program, is executing a holistic strategy to
expand and strengthen the SIB by investing in six key areas: shipbuilder infrastructure,
supply chain capability/capacity, scaling new technologies, addressing workforce trade
skill gaps and constraints, expanding capacity via strategic outsourcing, and government
oversight of expanded industrial base efforts.
The AUKUS partnership provides an unprecedented opportunity to leverage the
capabilities of our partner nations, strengthen our defense industrial bases, create jobs, and
drive innovation across our SSN force. AUKUS relies on a strong SIB that designs,
delivers, maintains, and modernizes our apex predators of the oceans – SSNs. Our domestic
industrial base will benefit from the industrial capabilities of our partner nations, such as
joining with an Australian company to mature and scale metallic additive manufacturing
across the SIB. Ultimately, AUKUS will increase commonality, interoperability, and
therefore, warfighting lethality across our three submarine forces.
Australia’s investment into the US SIB builds upon on-going efforts to improve industrial
base capability and capacity, create jobs, and utilize new technologies. This contribution is
necessary to augment VACL production from 2.0 to 2.33 submarines per year to support
both US Navy and AUKUS requirements. Through sustained investment, consistent with
our ongoing strategy, the ultimate goal is to increase repair capacity and capability of US
shipyards to get more SSNs out of maintenance and back to the Fleet. AUKUS also presents
a unique demand on the US SIB requiring a “Whole of Government, Whole of Industry”
approach to achieve and sustain pace, including supporting both US and partner nation
efforts.
Submarine Construction:
The current submarine construction rate, coupled with systemic challenges facing the US
SIB, resulted in the current annual production rate of 1.2 to 1.3 VACL SSNs per year,
compared to the goal of 2.0 VACL SSNs per year. This SSN construction rate, coupled
with COLUMBIA Class SSBN serial production starting in FY 2026 (pending
Congressional authorization and appropriations) is what we call “1+2,” for the one
COLUMBIA Class SSBN and two VACL SSNs per year.
The recapitalization process to achieve the 1+2 cadence increases the demand on the US
SIB by a “workload equivalent” factor of five by 2028. 2015 was the last year the Navy
was scheduled to deliver one VACL SSN (1.0). One COLUMBIA Class SSBN represents
approximately 2.5 VACL SSNs in terms of build resources (manning) and tonnage. The
addition of the VPM design equates to 1.25 legacy (2015) VACL SSNs. Thus, a 1.0 build
rate from 2015 becomes 5.0 in 2028 to achieve 1+2 cadence (2.5 + (1.25 + 1.25)). The
DON’s submarine builders, GDEB and HII-NNS, and their supporting supplier base are
working to achieve this 1+2 rate in 2028 by investing in workforce development and
retention efforts, increasing capacity and capability through infrastructure and equipment
upgrades, and partnering with the DON to mature and scale advanced manufacturing
technology throughout the SIB….
SIB Recapitalization
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The recapitalization of the US Submarine Force, plus the investment in AUKUS, requires
continued and significant investments in US facilities, infrastructure, and workforce. Our
SIB recapitalization effort creates large numbers of hands-on jobs across the nation.
Targeted workforce growth includes, but is not limited to:
• Trades – Welders, Shipfitters, Electricians, Machinists, Pipefitters, Painters, and
Electronics Technicians.
• Supporting Disciplines – Planners, Estimators, Material Managers, Contract Specialists,
Information Technology Experts, Quality Assurance Specialists, and Project Leaders.
• STEM – Structural, Electrical, Mechanical, and Nuclear Engineers; Designers; Test
Coordinators; Metallurgists; Computer Scientists; Logisticians; etc.
Significant investments into the submarine supplier base will produce increased volume of
basic materials, specialized materials, and engineered components required for modern
nuclear-powered submarine construction, such as:
• Steel and specialty metals.
• High-tech castings and forgings.
• Electrical components.
• Combat Systems.
• Propulsion Plant components.
• Valves, pumps, pipes, fittings, and fans.
• Software and information systems.
In partnership with Congress, the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the DON made
substantial SIB investments, with $2.3 billion across FY 2018 through FY 2023 currently
in execution and $1.6 billion planned for FY 2024 through FY 2027. There is also an
additional $2.2 billion for submarine sustainment efforts submitted in the President’s
Budget for FY 2024 through 2028. This much-needed resourcing is purposefully designed
to help build and strengthen SIB capacity, capability, and resilience. These resources are
primarily being utilized across six lines of effort, and are needed to support efforts to
increase submarine construction and sustainment rates:
1. Supplier Development: Add capability and/or capacity to existing suppliers, reduce
single/sole-source risks for resiliency and robustness, improve first time quality.
2. Shipyard Infrastructure: Accelerate investments in shipbuilder facilities, footprint, and
machines/fixtures.
3. Strategic Outsourcing: Increase supplier capacity to shift non-core workload away from
the two submarine shipbuilders to free up footprint, resources, and focus for shipbuilder-
only work.
4. Workforce Development: Train current and future trades at sufficient rates, and help
build adequate hiring pool for vendors and shipbuilders.
5. Government Oversight: Increase the Navy’s oversight of the vendor base as result of
lessons learned from historical quality and schedule adherence challenges.
6. Technology Opportunities: Implement additive manufacturing, and non-destructive test
imaging technology to remove known production risk areas and bottlenecks.
The DON began execution of these SIB efforts several years ago as building facilities,
growing workforces, and increasing production rates takes time. Our dividends are not
fully matured yet. Some of the significant returns on this investment include:
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• 194 suppliers in 31 states received funding to generate increased production and increase
capacity.
• Approximately 4 million hours strategically sourced by EB and HII-NNS to key
fabricators (goal is at least 6 million hours by 2026).
• Approximately 1,000 new workforce members in more than 120 second and third-tier
key suppliers with more to come each year.
• Establishment of dedicated training centers trained more than 3,500 workers since 2020.
• Establishment of an industry-wide consortium for advanced manufacturing technology
supplying critical submarine components from 6 crucial submarine-specific metals
contributing to 75-percent of troubled submarine components.
The DON also worked with a non-profit partner to develop the workforce recruiting and
support website, “Build Submarines.com.” This site serves as a central hub of information
to support workforce development efforts related to our national advertising campaign for
the SIB including resources for those interested in submarine construction or SIB related
careers. The DON is on a mission to make ship and submarine manufacturing a preferred
profession again and it is a national imperative.
Deepening our cooperation and integration with AU [Australia] and the UK across the
submarine enterprise presents a unique opportunity for innovation, growth, and mutual
development. The partnership will create jobs, contribute to the diversification of ideas,
and augment our collective technical and intellectual base. The partnership will also open
up new markets and business opportunities, enhancing the resilience of both nations’
economies. This will pave the way for additional joint ventures, thereby fostering a shared
sense of purpose, knowledge exchange, and a more connected community of subject matter
experts.110
June 2023 GAO Report
A June 2023 GAO report—the 2023 edition of GAO’s annual report surveying DOD major
acquisition programs—stated the following regarding the Block V version of the Virginia-class
design:
Current Status
Performance on VCS construction continues to degrade. The program now estimates
construction of each Block V submarine will take an average of over 2 years longer than
reported last year. The delays are due to problems meeting original staffing and work
efficiency estimates.
Due to delays, program officials are developing a new, more realistic schedule for Block
V. They said that they expect to complete this process in early 2023. Program officials
stated that the shipbuilders do not have sufficient workforce to complete VCS while also
constructing the Columbia class submarines and overhauling several Los Angeles class
submarines. They noted VCS construction is about 25 percent below staffing needs as of
September 2022.
In an effort to improve VCS construction, shipbuilders are outsourcing certain work that
they would have otherwise completed in their shipyards, noted program officials. The
officials told us that the shipbuilders implemented these changes due to shipbuilders’
workforce constraints and the limited physical capacity of some facilities.

110 Joint Statement, Honorable Erik K. Raven, Under Secretary of the Navy, VADM William J. Houston, Commander,
Naval Submarine Forces, [and] RDML Jonathan Rucker, Program Executive Officer, Attack Submarines, before the
House Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces, October 25, 2023, pp. 4-8.
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The same factors that delayed the schedule also contributed to cost increases. While the
fixed price incentive contract set target and ceiling prices for each submarine, program
officials reported that the VCS shipbuilders have not met the work efficiency and material
cost estimates that informed the target pricing. Consequently, the Navy plans to request
more funds to complete Block V, as its prior budget requests covered the target prices, but
not up to the ceiling prices.
Program Office Comments
We provided a draft of this assessment to the program office for review and comment. The
program office provided technical comments, which we incorporated where appropriate.
According to the program office, it remains challenged to meet a two ship per year
construction rate. It also stated that the Navy is working with shipbuilders and investing in
the submarine industrial base to address challenges, such as supply chain issues and
workforce skills gaps, and to improve production capacity through strategic outsourcing.111

111 Government Accountability Office, Weapon Systems Annual Assessment[:] Programs Are Not Consistently
Implementing Practices That Can Help Accelerate Acquisitions, GAO-23-106059, June 2023, p. 165.
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Appendix C. SSN Maintenance Backlog
This appendix presents additional background information on the SSN maintenance backlog.
A January 12, 2023, press report stated
Top Navy officials this week promoted the idea of adding more public shipyards [i.e.,
government-operated naval shipyards, or NSYs] to improve ship maintenance.
Speaking during the annual Surface Navy Association symposium on Wednesday [January
11], Adm. Daryl Caudle, Commander of U.S. Fleet Forces Command, emphatically said
there is a good argument for the need to add at least a fifth public shipyard.
“Of course. I need six! I need enough capacity in our shipyards to drive the backlog down
to zero…I can today, if I had the backlog chipped down, have a more effective, larger fleet
today.” Caudle said on Wednesday during the Surface Navy Association symposium.112
A November 17, 2022, press report stated (emphasis added)
The U.S. Navy has nearly twice as many submarines sidelined for maintenance than
it should, and those boats in maintenance ultimately require three times more unplanned
work than they should, the program executive officer for attacks subs has said.
But the service thinks it can turn these and other problematic statistics around by changing
when and how it funds submarine maintenance. In fact, Rear Adm. Jon Rucker said he
thinks the Navy can implement industry best practices starting in fiscal 2026 and, by the
end of that fiscal year, get to almost zero delay days.
Several aspects of submarine maintenance preparation are awry, setting up the boats for
poor outcomes, Rucker said this month at the Naval Submarine League’s annual
conference.
On the planning side, engineers aren’t sticking to milestones that lock the work package at
a certain point; instead, they continue to jam in more work, which throws off assumptions
about the materials to order and the availability of skilled labor.
Because of the addition of extra work once the maintenance availability starts, coupled
with unexpected problems that arise, Rucker said 30% of the total work on submarines is
unplanned, compared to an industry best practice of 10%.
The Navy has set a goal to get to 10% unplanned work by FY26, and much of that
improvement will come from discipline in the planning process.
When it comes to ordering materials, Rucker said, the Navy isn’t funding these at the right
amount or at the right time.
For starters, he explained, the Navy only funds 40% to 50% of materials ahead of the start
of a maintenance availability; the remaining amount is ordered after the availability starts
and workers can get a closer look at the insides of the boat. Much of this material is
considered “contingent”—the Navy will not order it until workers see that the condition of
the submarine requires certain work be done and therefore materials to be ordered.
The problem is that almost every single boat requires all the same contingent work, Rucker
said, meaning it would be better to assume up front the work will be done and the parts are
required. “We’re going to buy the material anyway; we just buy it late” under the current
system, he explained.
By fiscal 2026, he said, the Navy will aim to have 90% to 95% of total material on hand
when an availability starts, rather than today’s 40% to 50% figure. This issue of buying

112 Rich Abott, “Fleet Forces and SecNav Argue for More Maintenance Yards,” Defense Daily, January 12, 2023.
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materials earlier is made all the more dire by the increasing delivery times of many
materials.
Rucker told reporters after his speech at the conference that the Navy used to get away with
later material orders for two reasons: The older Los Angeles-class attack boats had a more
plentiful inventory of spare parts on hand due to investments when that submarine class
was in construction, and because parts not already on hand could typically be delivered
within two to 12 months.
Today, the Navy has few spares on hand for the newer Virginia-class boats. And when
items like large pumps and valves are unexpectedly needed, it can take as long as three
years to get them made and delivered.
“We have to phase the money differently. Our model’s broken because it was built on an
assumption of the way things were 20 or 30 years ago, when we had three times the
suppliers [in the industrial base], a very mature class” with plenty of spares on hand, he
said.
“But the model doesn’t support the fact that we have longer leads, fewer suppliers; it takes
more time, and we didn’t buy all the stuff we needed to. We’re going to adjust the way we
buy things,” he added.
He made clear the Navy isn’t asking to buy materials “early,” but rather on a new timeline
that better reflects long delivery times and the imperative to have 90% to 95% of the
material on hand at the start of work.
Rucker said the submarine community decided on these changes too late to modify the
FY23 funding request. He’s working to get them implemented in the FY24 budget request,
which is to be released in the spring. If the Navy can properly phase its spending on
materials for submarine repair work, it will give industry a more predictable workload,
ensure more materials are on hand at the start of a repair project and reduce a major barrier
to submarines coming out of maintenance on schedule.
Overall, Rucker explained in his speech, the Navy has gone from nearly 1,600 delay days
of maintenance for attack submarines in FY19 to 1,100 delay days in FY22, which ended
Sept. 30.
Late materials alone account for more than 100 of those days, Rucker said.
His office projects that figure will come down to about 700 delay days by FY26 based on
changes already implemented—and Rucker said that better planning and earlier materials
purchased will get the community to as close to zero as possible by the end of FY26,
assuming the changes are implemented this next budget cycle.
This drive to zero delay days comes in the context of an undersized attack submarine force
that’s kept busy. Navy and Pentagon leadership repeatedly call the submarine force among
America’s top advantages over adversaries like China and Russia; yet the U.S. has 50
attack submarines and four related “large payload submarines,” compared to a requirement
for a combined 66 to 72 attack and large payload subs.
Of the 50 attack subs, Rucker said 18 are in maintenance or waiting for their turn.
Industry best practice would call for just 20% to be tied up in repairs, or 10 boats
instead of 18.113
The Navy in 2010 decided to put the submarines through fewer but longer maintenance
availabilities, allowing the boats to have longer operational cycles. But Rucker said this

113 Regarding this point, see also Megan Eckstein, “Navy Frustration Building over Late Weapons, Ship Deliveries,”
Defense News, January 11, 2023; Rich Abott, “Fleet Forces and SecNav Argue for More Maintenance Yards,” Defense
Daily, January 12, 2023; Justin Katz, “As AUKUS Looms, US Navy Sub Leaders Sound Alarms at Home,” Breaking
Defense, November 4, 2022.
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new model—when all the delays are taken into account—means a sub going into
maintenance is out of the fleet for an average of 450 to 700 days, depending on the class,
at a time when operational commanders are itching for all the submarine presence they can
get.
To help overcome the backlog of maintenance work faster, construction yards Newport
News Shipbuilding and General Dynamics Electric Boat are helping with some repairs of
Los Angeles-class subs. The former has Columbus, and the latter was awarded a contract
over the summer for repairs on Hartford.
Boise, the poster child for submarine maintenance woes—it returned from its last
deployment in January 2015 and has been waiting to get into maintenance since fiscal 2016,
losing its certification to dive amid the delays—is expected to go into maintenance at
Newport News. But Rucker said a final decision on its funding would be revealed in the
FY24 budget request, and he would not comment further on plans for that boat.114
A November 14, 2022, press report stated
When a U.S. attack submarine arrives for shipyard maintenance, Navy rules say the vast
majority of the necessary parts and materiel must be there waiting. But most jobs actually
begin with half or even fewer of the needed items on hand. That means delays, extra cost,
and usually, stealing items from other projects, which compounds the problems across the
sub force.
That’s a planning and funding problem, according to the program executive officer for
attack submarines, who says he’s working to fix it by 2026.
“On the material side, we are not funding them properly…We do not fund the right amount
and we do not phase it properly,” Rear Adm. Jonathan Rucker said Nov. 2 at the annual
Naval Submarine League symposium in Arlington, Virginia....
Currently, just 40 to 50 percent of the required parts and material are on hand when a sub
arrives in the yard, Rucker said.
Part of the problem is that the Navy lacks funds for “contingent material”: parts to fix
problems that are discovered during the work, like valves that are found to need
replacement. But, Rucker said, these kinds of things are actually predictable.
“Every availability—about 90 percent—we use the same stuff. We know that, but we don't
order it until then,” he said.
Because submarine parts are so specialized and the supply chain so constrained, this
generally means the yard has to take the items from some other planned submarine-
maintenance project, Rucker said.
“And with lead times of material on the order of up to two years and some more, no wonder
we don't have the material we have to count on,” he said. “Because we order it after the
avail starts, and we don't get it in time to do it, so we got to take it from somewhere else.”
Rucker said for new construction, the material is bought upfront. He wants to do the same
for sustainment.
“So, we're changing that model so where we're going to phase the funding differently and
order the contingent material in advance and so it’s ready,” he said. “So when we get to
that point, the stuff’s on the shelf. That’s part of the problem of not buying all that stuff
early on. Decisions were made early; we got to get after it.”

114 Megan Eckstein, “US Navy Hopes New Funding Model Can Cut Sub Maintenance Delays by 2026,” Defense News,
November 17, 2022.
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By 2026, each availability will start with the required 90 to 95 percent of the material on
hand, he said.
But missing material is only part of what causes submarine-maintenance delays. Rucker
said that planning and shipyard throughput are also causes for not “executing.”
Currently, the attack submarine force has about 1,100 days of maintenance delay, down
from about 1,500 to 1,600 days in 2019, Rucker said, adding that improvements already in
the works will reduce total annual delay days to 700 by 2026.
Late material adds 100 to 111 days of delay to each availability. These are the delays that
better planning and funding is intended to reduce.
How the Navy could do this phased-funding approach is unclear. Rucker told reporters he
is working to see which budget year to introduce it. When asked about the budgeting
process for implementing something like this, officials with U.S. Naval Sea Systems
Command and the Navy said they could not comment on internal budget deliberations or
future budgets.115
A November 2, 2022, press report stated
Within the next year the US Navy wants to initiate a “scoping study” aimed at determining
if the service needs to establish a fifth public shipyard to support future submarine
maintenance, according to a senior officer involved in the task, a notion that previously
met with some resistance from lawmakers.
Rear Adm. Jonathan Rucker, program executive officer for attack submarines, told
reporters here at the Naval Submarine League symposium that industry frequently asks the
Navy about considerations for a new public shipyard. He also stressed that the scoping
study was preliminary and there is no clear consensus in the service yet about whether
another shipyard is even necessary, let alone whether it will be built.
“Right now, we’re in a stage to say: ‘Let’s go scope how capable our shipyards could be?’”
he said. Once the service completes its Shipyard Infrastructure Optimization Program,
“how efficient will we be?” he continued, referring to the Navy’s 20-year plan to overhaul
the four existing public shipyards....
Breaking Defense in May published an extensive report about one Ohio businessman’s
proposal to the Navy to do just that [see the May 9, 2022, press report excerpted below].
Ed Bartlett, an engineer and former enlisted sailor, called his proposal “the only actionable
plan” to relieve the Navy’s submarine maintenance backlog, and he has numerous former
admirals, shipbuilding industry giants and local politicians backing his ideas. But at the
time, lawmakers on Capitol Hill seemed unconvinced that now’s the time for such a major
investment. [Rep.] Joe Courtney, Conn., a House Democrat known for being hawkish on
Navy spending, called it a “tall order.”
Rucker today said the service had underestimated several issues that are now causing
problems, such as the second- and third-tier ramifications of the coronavirus pandemic.
But he added that another shipyard is a “big path to go down,” if that decision is ever made.
Right now, the Navy’s urgent focus is on improving the capabilities and efficacy of the
current shipyards, he added.116

115 Caitlin M. Kenney, “Only Half the Parts Are Waiting When US Attack Submarines Come in For Repairs,” Defense
One, November 14, 2022. See also Justin Katz, “As AUKUS looms, US Navy Sub Leaders Sound Alarms at Home,”
Breaking Defense, November 4, 2022.
116 Justin Katz, “Navy ‘Scoping Study’ to Examine Shipyard Capacity, Potential for a New Yard,” Breaking Defense,
November 2, 2022.
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A September 21, 2022, press report stated
The submarine industrial base, already strained by demand for new construction, may need
to accelerate its production of spare parts to alleviate submarine maintenance woes.
The vast majority of submarine maintenance availabilities run late, in part due to poor
planning practices and in part because repair yards rely on a pool of replacement parts “that
just doesn’t exist” after the Navy failed to sufficiently prepare for Virginia-class submarine
sustainment, according to two admirals.
“That upfront investment didn’t happen for Virginia-class, so we’re missing that whole
sustainment tail, or a big portion of that,” Rear Adm. Scott Brown, the deputy commander
of Naval Sea Systems Command for industrial operations (NAVSEA 04), said Sept. 20 at
the American Society of Naval Engineers’ annual Fleet Maintenance and Modernization
Symposium here.
“It’s resulting in a lot of churn, a lot of cannibalization—so we have to take things off other
boats to stick them on the boat we’re trying to get out—and a lot of, frankly, frustration
with the workforce on waiting for stuff that doesn’t exist,” he added. “Of course, that leads
to delays.”
He said the Navy asked the Center for Naval Analyses to study the connection between
material delays and extended maintenance availabilities; the research organization found
the lack of material on hand “is a fairly large contribution to our delays,” according to
Brown.
Vice Adm. Bill Galinis, the commander of NAVSEA, said Sept. 21 at the same conference
that only 20% to 30% of submarine maintenance availabilities over the last decade have
finished on time. The problem is worsening as the Virginia-class submarines account for a
greater percentage of the undersea fleet, he said.
“We’ve seen a significant growth in the amount of man days required to complete a
submarine [maintenance] availability, particularly a Virginia-class one, and [we’re] really
trying to deep-dive and understand why that really is,” Galinis added.
He pointed to a couple potential factors. For parts purchased with annual operations and
maintenance funding, global supply chain issues mean it takes longer for parts to be
delivered. In some cases, it’s taking up to two years, putting current and upcoming
availabilities at risk.
For spare parts managed through the Defense Logistics Agency or the Naval Supply
Systems Command, the Navy has only funded some of these at about 40% or 50% in recent
years. As a result, parts simply aren’t in the inventory when needed by the Navy’s four
public shipyards.
And, Galinis added, the rotable pool of spares is too small due to a lack of investment in
the early years of the Virginia-class acquisition. The rotable pool is made up of parts taken
off a submarine by shipyard workers and later refurbished for use in the future.
He added that the refurbishment process is moving too slowly, meaning parts aren’t
available when needed. Galinis said the Navy may have to contract out some of that
refurbishment work.
Brown told Defense News his office, which oversees the work of all four public shipyards,
wants to increase the inventory of each component in the rotable pool and also add new
types of components that have particularly blocked the service from completing
maintenance availabilities on time.
Brown said he doesn’t expect the problem to cost the Navy more, but the service may need
to spend more quickly on spares and sustainment.
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“That’s going to cause a push of material dollars to the left in the [five-year Future Years
Defense Program] to buy early to make sure we have that stuff. But it’s eventually going
to equalize out, because we’re going to end up buying it anyway,” he said.
Galinis also pointed to a lack of rigor in submarine planning and project management,
which he said is exacerbating the maintenance delays.
A number of pre-availability assessments and tests must take place on all submarines,
aircraft carriers and surface ships to help identify the exact condition of the ship and what
work is needed.
“The submarine force is probably the hardest one for us to get that done, principally
because of their operational schedule and just in some cases the difficulty getting teams
out to a submarine,” Galinis said. But it means some planning documents aren’t completed
until the submarine is back in port, generating additional delays.
Indeed, whereas surface ships only see about 10% so-called unplanned work, aircraft
carriers have been seeing a 22% unplanned work rate and submarines are nearing 30%, the
NAVSEA commander said.117
A July 11, 2022, press report stated that
maintenance issues are hindering the East Coast fleet’s readiness, according to Adm. Daryl
Caudle, who leads U.S. Fleet Forces Command....
[Caudle stated:] “As far as some things I’m seeing where we’re not performing: Let’s go
to the submarine force first. The lack of capacity and the lack of performance at our public
and private yards are driving availabilities—these are depot availabilities now—past our
class maintenance time frames to such an extent that they have consumed all the dry docks.
So if I have an emergent issue, I don’t really have good options to bring in units for those
things that may be emergent dry-docking repairs. They have also forced ships—because
submarines expire, their hulls expire—for them to be tied up alongside waiting on their
availability to start because there’s no place to put them. We call those idle submarines.
“The number of idle submarines has crept up over time. They fluctuate now between five
to, worst case, it got to a point we were at about nine out. So these are submarines just
sitting pierside because the hulls expired, they can’t submerge and they’re not ready to go
into their depot availability. This backlog is causing me to lose fleet size due to this
problem.”118
A May 12, 2022, press report states
Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Michael Gilday had blunt words today for two
powerhouse companies that build submarines for the Navy: We need your shipyards, but
not the problems that come with them.
“We know that we don’t have the capacity in our public shipyards to handle all of that
[submarine] maintenance. We need Electric Boat and we need Huntington Ingalls to be
able to do that work,” said Gilday. “They are under performing. They are over cost and
way over schedule.”
Gilday was testifying before the Senate Armed Services Committee about the Navy’s fiscal
2023 budget request alongside Navy Secretary Carlos Del Toro and Marine Corps
Commandant Gen. David Berger....

117 Megan Eckstein, “Submarine Fleet Needs More Spare Parts to Stem Maintenance Delays,” Defense News,
September 21, 2022. See also Sam LaGrone, “NAVSEA: Navy ‘Struggling’ to Get Attack Subs Out of Repairs on
Time as Demand Increases,” USNI News, September 21, 2022.
118 Megan Eckstein, “Six Questions with the Head of US Fleet Forces Command,” Defense News, July 11, 2022.
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Todd Corillo, a Newport News Shipbuilding spokesman, in a statement to Breaking
Defense, acknowledged the shipbuilder has “experienced challenges” since reconstituting
its submarine repair business “following a 10-year hiatus.”
“In this time, we have built a proficient workforce, matured the supply chain, developed
process improvements and made smart investments in required facilities,” he said.
“Although we experienced challenges with our transition back into this complex business,
we are now keeping pace with current submarine repair needs and also forecasting future
workflow to drive predictable capacity and performance.”119
A May 9, 2022, press report stated
With the Navy working through its long-term plan to relieve the notorious submarine
maintenance backlog and other well-known issues piling up at the service’s four public
shipyards, into the space has stepped Ed Bartlett, an engineer and former enlisted sailor
who has spent the last several years arguing that the solution is obvious: It’s time to build
a fifth shipyard.
Bartlett has now twice pitched the Navy on a proposal to buy and build a fifth public
shipyard and depot facility in Ohio. His company calls the proposal “the only actionable
plan” to relieve the Navy’s submarine maintenance backlog, and his offer has the backing
of former admirals, a shipbuilding industry giant and local politicians.
But what may seem an easy solution on paper has, so far, been met with cold reality. The
Navy rejected Bartlett’s proposal the first time due to cost and policy concerns, and still
sees issues with a revised proposal submitted earlier this year. There’s also a host of
technical and legal hurdles any plan for a new shipyard in the Great Lakes would have to
overcome.
And while lawmakers have been less than impressed with the Navy’s long-term, $21 billion
Shipyard Infrastructure Optimization Plan (SIOP), there doesn’t seem to be much energy
around the idea of a new shipyard—at least outside of the Ohio delegation, who would
benefit from Bartlett’s pitch.
With the Navy’s first admiral directly charged with overseeing SIOP set to testify in front
of Congress this week for the first time, the one thing that all sides seem to agree on is this:
The Navy must move faster to get its ships out of port and underway, and business as usual
will only leave the US critically vulnerable in a future conflict.120
A February 16, 2022, press report stated
The U.S. Navy attack submarine force inventory is at a low, and maintenance backlogs are
making it harder to conduct important development work, the commander of the submarine
force in U.S. Pacific Fleet said this week.
Rear Adm. Jeffrey Jablon said the SSN fleet sits at just 47 today—down from 50 attack
subs in the fall, due in part to submarine decommissionings happening as planned while
new deliveries from industry run behind schedule.
That 47 is further diminished by maintenance challenges, he said while speaking at a Feb.
16 panel at the WEST 2022 conference, cohosted by the U.S. Naval Institute and AFCEA
International.
In fiscal 2016, because of idle time for subs awaiting maintenance—on boats which have
exceeded their operational limits and were no longer allowed to submerge under the water
until they underwent maintenance—the Navy lost about 360 days of operations.

119 Justin Katz, “Navy’s Submarine Builders ‘Over Cost’, ‘Under Performing’: Top Admiral,” Breaking Defense, May
12, 2022.
120 Justin Katz, “Is a New Navy Shipyard Realistic, or Just a ‘Tall Order?’” Breaking Defense, May 9, 2022.
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In FY21, the fleet lost nearly 1,500 days to idle time—the equivalent of taking four
submarines out of the fleet.
Additionally, Jablon said in FY21 the fleet lost the equivalent of 3.5 submarines to repair
periods that ran longer than planned.
“That’s about seven and a half SSNs that I cannot use last year because of awaiting
maintenance or maintenance delay,” he said.
Even with that smaller fleet, he told Defense News, “we meet all our operational
commitments. We’re able to ensure that our ships are combat ready when they deploy. We
meet the requirements of our combatant commanders that are placed upon us.”
But “it results in less ability to do tactical development at sea,” Jablon added, noting it also
cuts into commanding officers’ discretionary time at sea to bolster training in particular
areas.
“We’re still able to prepare the ship to be combat ready when they deploy,” he said, but
“it’s more difficult, it’s more deliberate, it takes more input from the [type commander]
staff to do that.”121
A September 22, 2020, press report stated
It has been five years since the attack submarine Boise returned from its last patrol, and
this whole time she has been waiting on some loving care and attention in the shipyards.
On Monday [September 21], the check cleared for roughly $351.8 million that covers the
initial planning and work as part of her overhaul at Huntington Ingalls Newport News
Shipbuilding where she has been in dry dock since earlier this year. Another contract
covering the full engineering overhaul is in negotiations, according to Naval Sea System
Command spokesperson Colleen O’Rourke,122 work that will include significant
maintenance on the nuclear propulsion system and modernization upgrades.
The running tab on Boise so far is $355 million, with advanced planning money already
awarded, according to the Defense Department contract announcement. The work under
this contract is scheduled to wrap up in May 2023, eight years after the sub left the
operational fleet.
While Boise could be wrapped up by 2023—the overhaul was initially scheduled for 25
months—it’s possible the repairs could take longer, O’Rourke said.
The bill will be paid out of 2020 Operations & Maintenance funding, according to the
contract announcement.
Boise has been something of a cause célèbre among congressional leaders, who have
pointed to the ship’s long wait to enter the shipyard as emblematic of the Navy’s struggle
with maintenance delays. The issue with attack submarines has been complicated, because
while that work would typically be done in the public shipyards, those have been backed
up with aircraft carriers and the Ohio-class ballistic missile subs.
Some of the Navy’s problems will resolve themselves after ballistic missile subs are
refueled, said Bryan Clark, a retired submarine officer and analyst with the Center for
Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, in a 2019 interview.
“The big factor here is that attack submarines are last in line when it comes to
maintenance,” Clark explained then. “And that maintenance is done in the public yards,
both the refueling and non-refueling overhauls. So that’s why you see submarines like

121 Megan Eckstein, “Submarine Maintenance Backlogs and Delays Take Toll on Fleet’s Development Work at Sea,”
Defense News, February 16, 2022.
122 Colleen O’Rourke is no relation to Ronald O’Rourke.
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Boise who have been waiting a long time to get in, because carriers had a lot of maintenance
backlog”.
“And working through that backlog pushed SSBN refuelings back, and that in turn pushed
attack subs to the end of the line. Now that they are working through the carrier backlog
and the SSBN refueling is now largely completed, that’s going to mean the attack
submarines can be brought back into the public shipyards. So that’s a structural issue that’s
going to work itself out.”
But other aspects of the Navy’s quest to dig out of the submarine backlog are thornier and
will require the service to make long-term commitments to private shipyards, Clark said.
One of the main issues with assigning attack subs to private shipyards is that they are not
necessarily set up as maintenance shops: They’re more so built and organized as new
construction yards.
Naval Sea Systems Command acknowledged as much in a statement to the Virginian Pilot
as part of a story on the delays of Columbus and Helena, which the command attributed to
“the workforce’s inexperience in conducting submarine maintenance, which differs greatly
from new construction.”…
In an interview with USNI News, former Naval Sea Systems Command head Vice Adm.
Thomas Moore said he thought Boise would go better than previous attempts at
maintaining attack boats in private shipyard.
“I think we are well-positioned on Boise, certainly way better than we were on Helena and
Columbus, when we learned so many lessons the hard way,” Moore said. “They hadn’t
done submarine work in 10 years, and I think we underestimated how they had atrophied
in that skill set. I think they did as well.
“And the other thing is, I think we recognized that we probably put too much on their plate,
with multiple [maintenance] availabilities [i.e., ship maintenance projects] on their plate at
one time.”123
An August 2020 GAO report on maintenance delays on aircraft carriers and submarines stated
The Navy’s four shipyards completed 38 of 51 (75 percent) maintenance periods late for
aircraft carriers and submarines with planned completion dates in fiscal years 2015 through
2019, for a combined total of 7,424 days of maintenance delay. For each maintenance
period completed late, the shipyards averaged 113 days late for aircraft carriers and 225
days late for submarines.

Unplanned work and workforce factors—such as shipyard workforce performance and
capacity (having enough people to perform the work)—were the main factors GAO
identified as causing maintenance delays for aircraft carriers and submarines. The Navy
frequently cited both factors as contributing to the same days of maintenance delay.
Unplanned work—work identified after finalizing maintenance plans—contributed to
more than 4,100 days of maintenance delays. Unplanned work also contributed to the

123 David B. Larter, “The Hapless Attack Sub Boise Could Return to the Fleet in 2023 After 8 Years Sidelined,”
Defense News, September 22, 2020.
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Navy’s 36 percent underestimation of the personnel resources necessary to perform
maintenance. The workforce factor contributed to more than 4,000 days of maintenance
delay on aircraft carriers and submarines during fiscal years 2015 through 2019.
The Navy has taken steps but has not fully addressed the unplanned work and workforce
factors causing the most maintenance delays. First, the Navy updated planning documents
to improve estimates and plans to annually update these data, but knowing whether changes
improve results may take several years. Second, the Navy has consistently relied on high
levels of overtime to carry out planned work. GAO’s analysis found that high overtime
among certain production shops, such as painting or welding, averaged from 25 to 32
percent for fiscal years 2015 through 2019, with peak overtime as high as 45 percent.
Furthermore, shipyard officials told us that production shops at all four shipyards are
working beyond their capacity. Overtime at such rates has been noted as resulting in
diminished productivity. Third, the Navy initiated the Shipyard Performance to Plan
initiative in the fall of 2018 to address the unplanned work and workforce factors, but it
has not yet developed 13 of 25 planned metrics that could improve the Navy’s
understanding of the causes of maintenance delays. In addition, the Shipyard Performance
to Plan initiative does not include goals, milestones, and a monitoring process along with
fully developed metrics to address unplanned work and workforce weaknesses. Without
fully developing metrics and implementing goals, action plans, milestones, and a
monitoring process, the shipyards are not likely to address unplanned work and workforce
weaknesses and the Navy is likely to continue facing maintenance delays and reduced time
for training and operations with its aircraft carriers and submarines.124
A May 26, 2020, press report stated
After years of struggling to conduct attack submarine maintenance—with the four public
naval shipyards prioritizing SSN work last, behind a backlog of ballistic-missile sub and
aircraft carrier work, and private shipyards finding it tough to resume submarine repair
work after years of only doing new construction—the Navy appears back on track for its
SSN maintenance, the head of Naval Sea Systems Command told USNI News.
The move of attack submarine USS Boise (SSN-764) to the dry dock at Newport News
Shipbuilding in Virginia is the most visible sign of things moving in the right direction,
after the sub has been sitting pier side at nearby Norfolk Naval Shipyard for more than four
years waiting for maintenance to begin.
The Navy had previously hoped to get Boise into Newport News as early as 2018, but the
private yard struggled with its first two Los Angeles-class SSN maintenance periods—for
USS Helena (SSN-725) and USS Columbus (SSN-762)—and didn’t have the room for the
sub or the workforce to start working on it. As Boise lingered, it became a focal point in
the discussion about a lack of repair capacity and a backup of work at the four public naval
shipyards.
But, NAVSEA Commander Vice Adm. Tom Moore told USNI News, the Navy is moving
into a new era of on-time submarine maintenance….
Moore told USNI News in an interview last week that “I think we are well-positioned on
Boise, certainly way better than we were on Helena and Columbus, when we learned so
many lessons the hard way: that, one, they hadn’t done submarine work in 10 years, and I
think we underestimated how they had atrophied in that skill set, and I think they did as
well; and the other thing is, I think we recognized that we probably put too much on their
plate, with multiple availabilities on their plate at one time.” …
Moore said that Electric Boat likely won’t be a provider of submarine maintenance for
much longer–aside from an availability for USS Hartford (SSN-768) that starts in

124 Government Accountability Office, Navy Shipyards[:] Actions Needed to Address the Main Factors Causing
Maintenance Delays for Aircraft Carriers and Submarines, GAO-20-588, August 2020, summary page.
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November 2021, the Connecticut yard will have its hand full with construction of
Columbia-class SSBNs and Block V Virginia-class SSNs. Moore said it’s important to get
the sub repair capability reconstituted at Newport News Shipbuilding so that one private
yard can serve as part of the SSN repair community….
Moore acknowledged that the bulk of the Navy’s problems in recent years was that its four
public shipyards, tasked with maintaining nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft
carriers, did not have the capacity to keep up with demand….
If the plan can be executed, Moore said the anticipated work at Norfolk Naval Shipyard
matches the workforce capacity, meaning there should be no more backlog….
Though Boise has remained a “problem child” for longer than anticipated, Moore noted in
the recent interview that SSN maintenance is wrapping up on time more and more as
capacity at the public yards grows….
Moore said he was confident NAVSEA was in a good position on SSN maintenance
because a whole set of improvements had been made in tandem in recent years: not only
was the [naval shipyard] workforce now up to its goal of 36,700 personnel, but an effort to
create better business practices is underway and the first projects in a 20-year Shipyard
Infrastructure Optimization Plan (SIOP) program are already hitting the waterfront.125
A March 2019 Navy report to Congress states that in response to the above committee report
language
The Navy submitted an initial [submarine maintenance] plan in December 2018, that
reflected FY 2019 budget information. The Navy has [now] updated this plan to
incorporate data from the President’s FY 2020 budget submitted on March 11, 2019….
… In the post-Cold War and post 9/11 era, there have been decades of decisionmaking
associated with the re-posturing of defense strategies, such as: the reduction in maintenance
capacity and flexibility though Base Realignment and Closures (BRAC), increased
Operational Tempo (OPTEMPO), evolution of submarine life cycle maintenance plans,
budget reductions, and budget uncertainties that have contributed to the current challenges
facing the submarine fleet.
The root cause of submarine idle time and associated loss of operational availability, as
discussed in the recent Government Accountability Office (GAO) report 19-229, “Actions
Needed to Address Costly Maintenance Delays Facing the Attack Submarine Fleet” (issued
November 2018), is largely due to public shipyard capacity not keeping pace with growing
maintenance requirements that have been building for a number of years prior to the USS
BOISE (SSN 764) FY 2016 Engineered Overhaul (EOH). The workload to capacity
mismatch resulted in lower priority attack submarine (SSN) availabilities (as compared to
ballistic missile submarines and nuclear-powered aircraft carriers) being delivered late and
a bow-waving of workload from one fiscal year to the next that could not be executed. The
workload backlog exacerbated the public shipyard workload-to-capacity mismatch and
contributed to an increasing trend in late SSN [maintenance] deliveries.
The Navy has taken several actions to improve the workload-to-capacity balance at the
public shipyards. Notably, over 20,600 workers were hired from FY 2013 through FY
2018, which after accounting for attrition, increased total end strength from 29,400 to
36,700. However, the accelerated hiring resulted in 56 percent of the production workforce
having less than five years of experience. The less experienced workforce requires a greater
investment in training, as described in the Navy’s Report to Congress on the Naval
Shipyard Development Plan (issued March 2018), which offers some near term
productivity gains. The Navy has also taken additional actions to balance workload at our

125 Megan Eckstein, “NAVSEA Says Attack Sub Repairs Much Improved as USS Boise Enters Yard Following 4-Year
Wait,” USNI News, May 26, 2020.
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public shipyards by outsourcing four submarine maintenance availabilities to the private
sector and plans to outsource another two submarine availabilities to the private shipyards
starting in FY 2020 and FY 2021. Additionally, to ensure on-time delivery from
maintenance availabilities, availability inductions have been rescheduled to occur when the
shipyards have the capacity to accomplish the availability(s) within programmed schedule
durations. This necessary action to improve the on-time delivery of current maintenance
availabilities has resulted in some additional submarine maintenance backlog and some
accumulation of idle time. Based on actions and initiatives the Navy is currently pursuing
to improve submarine operational availability and the outsourcing of two additional
submarine availabilities to the private sector, the Navy assesses that the submarine idle
time will be eliminated by the end of FY 2023 and the submarine maintenance backlog will
be worked off by the end of FY 2023.126
A November 2018 GAO report on the issue stated the following:
The Navy has been unable to begin or complete the vast majority of its attack submarine
maintenance periods on time resulting in significant maintenance delays and operating and
support cost expenditures. GAO’s analysis of Navy maintenance data shows that between
fiscal year 2008 and 2018, attack submarines have incurred 10,363 days of idle time and
maintenance delays as a result of delays in getting into and out of the shipyards. For
example, the Navy originally scheduled the USS Boise to enter a shipyard for an extended
maintenance period in 2013 but, due to heavy shipyard workload, the Navy delayed the
start of the maintenance period. In June 2016, the USS Boise could no longer conduct
normal operations and the boat has remained idle, pierside for over two years since then
waiting to enter a shipyard…. GAO estimated that since fiscal year 2008 the Navy has
spent more than $1.5 billion in fiscal year 2018 constant dollars to support attack
submarines that provide no operational capability—those sitting idle while waiting to enter
the shipyards, and those delayed in completing their maintenance at the shipyards.
The Navy has started to address challenges related to workforce shortages and facilities
needs at the public shipyards. However, it has not effectively allocated maintenance
periods among public shipyards and private shipyards that may also be available to help
minimize attack submarine idle time. GAO’s analysis found that while the public shipyards
have operated above capacity for the past several years, attack submarine maintenance
delays are getting longer and idle time is increasing. The Navy may have options to mitigate
this idle time and maintenance delays by leveraging private shipyard capacity for repair
work. But the Navy has not completed a comprehensive business case analysis as
recommended by Department of Defense guidelines to inform maintenance workload
allocation across public and private shipyards. Navy leadership has acknowledged that they
need to be more proactive in leveraging potential private shipyard repair capacity. Without
addressing this challenge, the Navy risks continued expenditure of operating and support
funding to crew, maintain, and support attack submarines that provide no operational
capability because they are delayed in getting into and out of maintenance.127

126 U.S. Navy, President’s FY 2020 Budget Update to Report to Congress on Submarine Depot Maintenance Prepared
by Secretary of the Navy, generated March 12, 2019, with cover letters dated March 21, 2019, provided to CRS by
Navy Office of Legislative Affairs on March 27, 2019, pp. 3-4.
127 Government Accountability Office, Navy Readiness[:] Actions Needed to Address Costly Maintenance Delays
Facing the Attack Submarine Fleet, GAO-19-229, November 2018, summary page.
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Appendix D. December 2021 Determinations
Pursuant to Defense Production Act (DPA)
This appendix presents background information on three determinations signed by President
Biden on December 21, 2021, permitting the use of the Defense Production Act (DPA)128 to
strengthen the U.S. submarine industrial base for the purpose of increasing production of
Virginia-class submarines.
A December 21, 2021, memorandum from President Biden to Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin
stated
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United
States of America, including section 303 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as
amended (the “Act”) (50 U.S.C. 4533), I hereby determine, pursuant to section 303(a)(5)
of the Act, that:
(1) Large Scale Fabrication, Shipbuilding Industrial Base Expansion for Resilience and
Robustness, and Maritime Workforce Training Pipelines in support of Virginia Class attack
submarine production are industrial resources, materials, or critical technology items
essential to the national defense;
(2) without Presidential action under section 303 of the Act, United States industry cannot
reasonably be expected to provide the capability for the needed industrial resource,
material, or critical technology item in a timely manner; and
(3) purchases, purchase commitments, or other action pursuant to section 303 of the Act
are the most cost-effective, expedient, and practical alternative method for meeting the
need.
Pursuant to section 303(a)(7)(B) of the Act, I find that action to expand the domestic
production capability for these supply chains is necessary to avert an industrial resource or
critical technology item shortfall that would severely impair national defense capability.
Therefore, I waive the requirements of section 303(a)(l)-(a)(6) of the Act for the purpose
of expanding the domestic production capability for these supply chains.
Ensuring a robust, resilient, and competitive domestic defense industrial base that has the
capability, capacity, and workforce to meet the Virginia Class submarine undersea
warfighting mission is essential to our national security.
You are authorized and directed to publish this determination in the Federal Register.129
A December 22, 2021, DOD statement about the presidential determinations stated
The president signed on Dec. 21, 2021 three determinations permitting the use of the
Defense Production Act (DPA) to strengthen the U.S. submarine industrial base. The
expansion of the authority will allow the U.S. Navy to maintain its maritime superiority.
Scaling the production of Virginia Class Attack Submarines will ensure the U.S. Navy can
meet its missions to maintain open sea lanes for global communication and commerce,
enhance diplomatic partnerships, and grow a robust underwater warfare capability.

128 For more on the DPA, see CRS Report R43767, The Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and
Considerations for Congress, by Heidi M. Peters, and CRS In Focus IF11767, The Defense Production Act Committee
(DPAC): A Primer, by Michael H. Cecire.
129 White House, “Memorandum on the Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 303 of the Defense Production
Act of 1950, as Amended,” December 21, 2021.
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Through the DPA, the U.S. Navy can make key investments with the manufacturers and
suppliers executing the submarine shipbuilding plan.
These activities will strengthen the shipbuilding industrial base and allow its heavy
manufacturing and large scale fabrication suppliers to meet growing demand and expand
the maritime workforce training pipeline.
The department continues to work with key stakeholders to use the DPA authorities to
address risks and challenges across the Submarine Enterprise supply chain. These
authorities expand options and opportunities to accelerate and scale critical investments
across key markets.130
Regarding Title III of the DPA, DOD states
The Defense Production Act (DPA) Title III program is dedicated to ensuring the timely
availability of essential domestic industrial resources to support national defense and
homeland security requirements. The program works in partnership with the Uniformed
services, other government agencies, and industry to identify areas where critical industrial
capacity is lagging or non-existent. Once an area is identified, the program engages with
domestic companies to mitigate these risks using grants, purchase commitments, loans, or
loan guarantees. By executing its mission, the DPA Title III program reduces the nation’s
reliance on foreign supply chains and ensures the integrity of materials supplied to the
American Warfighter.
The DPA Title III program, governed by 50 USC 4531-4534, is one of the key investment
tools of the [DOD] Industrial Policy office.131
A December 22, 2021, Navy information paper states
The Defense Production Act (DPA) Title III program is dedicated to ensuring the timely
availability of essential domestic industrial resources to support national defense and
homeland security requirements. The program works in partnership with the Uniformed
services, other government agencies, and industry to identify areas where critical industrial
capacity is lagging or non-existent. Once these fragilities, vulnerabilities, or opportunities
are identified, DPA authorities are uniquely positioned to allow engagement with domestic
suppliers that mitigate capacity and capability risks using grants, purchase commitments,
loans, or loan guarantees
As the U.S. Navy continues to build a more lethal force that maintains maritime superiority,
enables sea lanes of global communication and commerce, and ensures diplomatic
partnerships, strategic undersea warfare remains the foundation. With VIRGINIA Class
(VCS) currently challenged to meet a two per year production cadence, increasing the
capacity and capabilities of the submarine industrial base is necessary to achieve the
generational increase in demand. This demand will continue to grow with serial production
of one (1) COLUMBIA Class (CLB) submarine plus two VIRGINIA Class (VCS)
submarines per year expected to start in Fiscal Year 2026.
DPA Title III authorities granted in these PDs support Navy efforts to achieve and sustain
consistent production of the VCS Program, meeting schedule and a cadence of two VCS
per year in accordance with authorizations and appropriations, concurrent with the national
priority CLB Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program. Specific areas of focus for
leveraging these authorities are: strategic sourcing expansion, shipbuilding industrial base
expansion for resilience and robustness, and growing the maritime workforce training
pipeline.

130 Department of Defense, “Defense Production Act Title III Presidential Determinations for Submarine Industrial
Base Production Capacity Essential to the Virginia Class Attack Submarine Program,” December 22, 2021.
131 Department of Defense, “Defense Production Act (DPA) Title III,” undated, accessed January 3, 2022.
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Specific projects with associated costs and timelines to support sustained 1 CLB + 2 VCS
per year are being refined, and the Navy will consider where this DPA Title III authority
will best mitigate capacity and capability risks.132

132 Navy information paper entitled “Defense Production Act Title III—Presidential Determination for Virginia Class
Production,” December 22, 2021, provided to CRS and CBO by Navy Office of Legislative Affairs on January 7, 2022.
See also Sten Spinella, “Defense Production Expansion Could Bring Help to Region’s Submarine Industry,” New
London Day, January 3, 2022.
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Appendix E. Reduction in Size of U.S. SSN Force
from Selling Virginia-Class Boats to Australia
This appendix provides further discussion of the reduction in the size of the U.S. SSN force that
would result from selling three to five Virginia-class boats to Australia.
Overview
The U.S. Navy anticipates eventually building three-to-five additional Virginia-class SSNs in the
2030s as replacements for submarines sold to Australia. Until the replacement boats are built for
the U.S. Navy, selling three to five Virginia-class boats to Australia would reduce the size of the
U.S. Navy’s SSN force. The reduction in the U.S. SSN force would begin in FY2032 (when the
first Virginia-class boat would be sold) and (as estimated by CRS and CBO) would last until
sometime between 2040 and 2049:
• Based on Navy testimony and potential construction times for SSNs, CRS
notionally estimates that if the Navy were able to increase SSN production rates
along the lines that the Navy has described, then the third replacement boat might
enter service around 2043, and the fourth and fifth replacement boats, if needed,
might enter service around 2046 and 2049, respectively.
• CBO, based on a detailed SSN procurement projection CBO developed,
estimates that if the Navy were able to increase SSN production rates along the
lines that the Navy has described, then the third replacement boat would enter
service in 2040 and the fourth and fifth replacement boats, if needed, would enter
service in 2042 and 2049, respectively.
• In other words, CRS and CBO estimate that if three Virginia-class boats are sold
to Australia, the reduction in the size of the U.S. SSN force would last until 2040
(CBO) or 2043 (CRS), that if four Virginia-class boats are sold to Australia, the
reduction would last until 2042 (CBO) or 2046 (CRS), and that if five Virginia-
class boats are sold to Australia, the reduction would last until 2049 (both CBO
and CRS).
• These estimated dates are dependent on the ability of the Navy and the U.S.
submarine construction industrial base to increase the Virginia-class production
rate to 2.0 boats per year by 2028 and to 2.33 boat per year sometime after that. If
the Virginia-class production rate falls short of these goals, then the reduction in
the size of the SSN force could last longer than the dates cited above.
Detailed Discussion
The Navy stated in its FY2024 30-year shipbuilding plan that “the Navy anticipates building
additional Virginia class SSNs in the 2030s as replacements for submarines sold to Australia.”
Strictly construed, building additional SSNs as replacements for three to five Virginia-class boats
sold to Australia would involve building three to five SSNs that would be in addition to those that
were already envisaged as being built under the Navy 30-year shipbuilding plan that preceded the
announcement of the AUKUS agreement in September 2021. The Navy 30-year shipbuilding plan
with 30-year ship procurement profiles that preceded the announcement of the AUKUS
agreement in September 2021 is the Navy FY2020 30-year (FY2020-FY2049) shipbuilding plan,
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which was submitted in March 2019. This 30-year plan includes the procurement of SSNs at a
steady rate of two boats per year from FY2021 through FY2049.133
On this basis, it might be argued that building replacement SSNs for three to five Virginia-class
boats sold to Australia would involve building SSNs at a rate of something more than two boats
per year. At an October 25, 2023, hearing on the submarine industrial base and its ability to
support the AUKUS framework before the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the
House Armed Services Committee, the Navy testified that supporting both U.S. Navy and
AUKUS needs would require the increasing the Virginia-class construction rate from 2.0 boats
per year to 2.33 boats per year.134 Compared with a previously planned procurement rate of 2.0
boats per year, a procurement rate of 2.33 boats per year would equate to one additional boat
every three years.
If the first replacement boat were procured in FY2030 and an additional replacement boat were
procured every three years thereafter (i.e., in FY2033, FY2036, and so on if needed), and if each
boat were to take seven years to build (which is a construction time that might be reasonable
under projected construction conditions), then CRS notionally estimates that the third
replacement boat might enter service around 2043, and the fourth and fifth replacement boats, if
needed, might enter service around 2046 and 2049, respectively.
CBO, based on a detailed SSN procurement projection CBO developed under which the first four
replacement boats are procured at one- and two-year intervals rather than three-year intervals,
estimates that the third replacement boat would enter service in 2040, and the fourth and fifth
replacement boats, if needed, would enter service in 2042 and 2049, respectively.135
Whether the U.S. submarine construction industrial base would be able to achieve an SSN
construction rate of 2.33 boats per year, particularly as it also is building new Columbia-class
ballistic missile submarines, is a question that may be considered. As discussed later in this
report, although Virginia-class submarines are currently being procured at a rate of two boats per
year, the submarine construction industrial base is currently able to build them at a rate of about
1.2 to 1.3 boats per year, resulting in a growing backlog of SSN construction work, and the Navy
does not anticipate the Virginia-class construction rate reaching 2.0 boats per year until 2028.
As noted earlier, the supplemental funding for the submarine industrial base requested on October
20, 2023, is intended to help increase the capacity of the submarine industrial base to support both
pre-AUKUS U.S. Navy needs and additional submarine-construction needs that would be
required for implementing the AUKUS agreement. If the Navy is not able to achieve an SSN
construction rate of 2.33 boats per year, then replacement boats for those sold to Australia could
enter service with the U.S. Navy later than indicated in the above CRS and CBO estimates, or
perhaps not be built at all.
Under the Navy’s FY2024 30-year (FY2024-FY2053) shipbuilding plan, the Navy’s SSN force—
without the sale of any Virginia-class boats to Australia—was projected to include 50 SSNs in
FY2035 and either 55, 57, or 60 SSNs in FY2045. The FY2035 figure of 50 SSNs represents a
shortfall of about 24% relative to the Navy’s SSN force-level goal of 66 boats, while the FY2045

133 U.S. Navy, Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year
2020, March 2019, Table A2-1 on page 13.
134 Joint Statement, Honorable Erik K. Raven, Under Secretary of the Navy, VADM William J. Houston, Commander,
Naval Submarine Forces, [and] RDML Jonathan Rucker, Program Executive Officer, Attack Submarines, before the
House Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces, October 25, 2023, p. 5.
135 Source CBO email to CRS, October 30, 2023. See also Congressional Budget Office, An Analysis of the Navy’s
Fiscal Year 2024 Shipbuilding Plan, October 2023, Box 1 on pp. 28-29.
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figures of 55, 57, and 60 boats represent shortfalls of about 17%, 14%, and 9%, respectively,
relative to the Navy’s SSN force-level goal of 66 boats.
Selling three Virginia-class boats to Australia by FY2035, and not replacing them through the
construction of additional Virginia-class boats by FY2035, would reduce the projected number of
SSNs in FY2035 to 47 boats, which would increase the percentage shortfall in the number of
Navy SSNs relative to the Navy’s SSN force-level goal in FY2035 from the above-mentioned
figure of about 24% to about 29%.
Selling three Virginia-class boats to Australia by FY2045, and not replacing them through the
construction of additional Virginia-class boats by FY2045, would reduce the projected number of
SSNs in FY2045 to 52, 54, or 57 boats, which would increase the percentage shortfalls in the
number of Navy SSNs relative to the Navy’s SSN force-level goal in FY2045 from the above-
mentioned figures of about 17%, 14%, and 9%, respectively, to about 21%, 18%, and 14%,
respectively.
Selling five Virginia-class boats to Australia by FY2045, and not replacing them through the
construction of additional Virginia-class boats by FY2045, would reduce the projected number of
SSNs in FY2045 to 50, 52, or 55 boats, which would increase the percentage shortfalls in the
number of Navy SSNs relative to the Navy’s SSN force-level goal in FY2045 from the above-
mentioned figures of about 17%, 14%, and 9%, respectively, to about 24%, 21%, and 17%,
respectively.

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Appendix F. Previous Countries That Requested but
Did Not Receive U.S. Naval Nuclear Propulsion
Technology
This appendix provides additional background information on previous countries that requested
but did not receive U.S. naval nuclear propulsion technology.
As noted earlier in this report, during the Cold War, when the United States and its allies were
engaged in an extended, high-stakes, and costly strategic competition against the Soviet Union
and Warsaw Pact allies, the United States reportedly turned down requests from four U.S. treaty
allies other than the UK—France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Japan—to share U.S. naval nuclear
propulsion technology. A fifth U.S. treaty ally—Canada—also requested but did not receive this
technology. Canada canceled its SSN project before the United States acted fully on Canada’s
request. A sixth country, Pakistan, also requested but did not receive the technology.
In a November 18, 1987, presentation at a conference in Ottawa, Canada, U.S. Navy Captain
Robert F. Hofford, the U.S. naval attaché in Ottawa—who stated that he was expressing his own
views, which did not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. government—stated that
Canada is not the only country that has requested this particular advantage from the U.S.
As a matter of fact, Canada stands at the end of a line of about six different nations [other
than the UK] that have requested exactly the same support from the U.S. for [a] nuclear
submarine program. In fact we have turned them all down up to this point, so Canada is in
a unique position of being the first country other than the British to be allowed or to even
start a technology information flow that will allow the country to pursue its lines toward a
nuclear program.136
Regarding France, Italy, and the Netherlands, a November 5, 1987, letter from Representative
Melvin Price to Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger and Secretary of Energy John S.
Herrington, the full text of which is reprinted in Appendix G, states in part,
It is important to appreciate that there is nothing new about an ally wanting our naval
nuclear propulsion technology—or about the consistently strong U.S. policy against its
releases. Over the years, we have turned down requests from a number of countries,
including France, Italy, and the Netherlands.
Regarding France, a 1989 journal article on assistance that the United States provided to France
on the design of French nuclear warheads stated,
One area in which the French requested but did not receive help was in antisubmarine-
warfare (ASW) technology and, in particular, in silencing their own ballistic missile
submarines to make them less easily tracked by Soviet hunter-killers. The U.S. Navy
adamantly opposed any such assistance. Behind the navy’s position was the extreme
sensitivity of its own counter-ASW regime. “The security of our Poseidon-Trident force
was so important that we were not going to share with anybody else the methods we used
to preserve it,” a senior civilian told me. Another said, “This is a jewel the navy will give
to no one.”137

136 Transcript of presentation.
137 Richard H. Ullman, “The Covert French Connection,” Foreign Policy, Summer 1989 (No. 75): 16-17, accessed at
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148862.
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Regarding Japan, Admiral Kinnaird R. McKee, then-Director of the U.S. Naval Nuclear
Propulsion Program (aka Naval Reactors), testified in March 1988:
Frankly, I think Japan is smart enough, if they really want to, to develop a phase-to-phase
[sic: phased-array] radar.138 They have also asked us for help in nuclear submarines. We
say[,] “If you want to get into the nuclear submarine business, go ahead and do it. You
don’t need our help.”139
Regarding Pakistan, Admiral McKee testified in March 1988: “We have a letter from the
Pakistanis who want one [i.e., a U.S. nuclear-powered submarine] because the Soviets gave [sic:
leased] one [i.e., a Soviet nuclear-powered submarine] to India.140
Admiral McKee’s testimony about Japan and Pakistan was given in connection with a project that
Canada initiated in 1987 to acquire a force of 10 to 12 UK- or French-made SSNs. A choice by
Canada to select the UK SSN design (the Trafalgar-class design) would have involved the transfer
to Canada of naval nuclear propulsion technology in the Trafalgar-class design that was derived
from the naval nuclear propulsion technology that the United States provided to the UK
beginning in 1958, which would have raised a question of U.S. approval for a potential sale of
UK-made SSNs to Canada. The issue was discussed in a 1988 CRS report.141 Canada canceled its
SSN project in 1989, mooting the potential question of whether to share with Canada naval
nuclear propulsion technology in the Trafalgar-class design that was derived from the naval
nuclear propulsion technology that the United States provided to the UK beginning in 1958. For
1987-1988 letters and statements from Members of Congress regarding the Canadian SSN
project, see Appendix G.

138 Admiral McKee’s testimony at this point is referring to a proposal at the time, which he was asked to comment on,
to sell to Japan the U.S. Navy’s surface ship Aegis weapon system, which included the SPY-1 phased-array radar. The
system was eventually sold to Japan and is now used on eight Japanese destroyers. The system was also sold to South
Korea, Australia, Spain, and Norway for use on ships in the navies of those countries. For more on the Aegis system,
see CRS Report RL32109, Navy DDG-51 and DDG-1000 Destroyer Programs: Background and Issues for Congress,
by Ronald O'Rourke, and CRS Report RL33745, Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background
and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
139 U.S. Congress. House. Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program—1989, Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act
for Fiscal Year 1989—H.R. 4264, and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs, Department of Energy National
Security Programs, Before the Procurement and Military Nuclear Systems Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed
Services, House of Representatives, 100th Cong., 2nd sess., March 3, 1988, GPO, 1988, H.A.S.C. No. 100-75, p. 3.
(Included in CRS/FDT bound volume collection as House Armed Services Committee, Hearings. [Vol.] 9, 100th
Congress, 2d Sess., 1988, CRS-F.)
140 Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 1989, hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on
Appropriations, House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, 100th Cong., 2nd sess.,
GPO, 1988, p. 1327.
India leased a nuclear-powered submarine with the hull number K-43 from the Soviet Union in September 1987. The
boat served in India’s navy from 1988 to 1991, and the lease is viewed as helping India with its effort to design and
build its own nuclear-powered submarines. (See, for example, “Soviet Submarine K-43,” Wikipedia, updated March
19, 2023, accessed October 30, 2023.) India leased a second nuclear-powered submarine from Russia in 2012 (the boat
served in India’s Navy from 2012 to 2021) and in 2019 signed a lease with Russia for a third nuclear-powered
submarine that reportedly is to join India’s navy by 2025. (See, for example, Vivek Raghuvanshi, “India Signs $3
Billion Contract with Russia for Lease of a Nuclear Submarine,” Defense News, March 8, 2019; “List of Submarines of
the Indian Navy,” Wikipedia, updated October 21, 2023, accessed October 30, 2023.)
141 For a discussion of this issue, see CRS Issue Brief IB88083, Canadian Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarine
Program: Issues for Congress, updated April 24, 1989 (archived), by Ronald O’Rourke. This report is available to
congressional clients directly from the author.
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Appendix G. 1987-1988 Letters and Statements from
Members Regarding Canadian SSN Project
The following are the texts of letters and statements from Members of Congress in 1987 and 1988
regarding Canada’s proposed SSN acquisition project, which Canada canceled in 1989.
1987 Letter from Representative Charles E. Bennett
A November 3, 1987, letter from Representative Charles E. Bennett, Chairman, Seapower and
Strategic and Critical Materials Subcommittee, House Armed Services Committee,142 to Secretary
of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger stated
I would like to comment on Secretary of Energy [John S.] Herrington’s letter to the
committee of October 28, 1987 concerning the Statutory Determination signed by both of
you regarding transfer of information by the U.K. to Canada about nuclear propulsion.
In addition to considering the potential defense benefits that a force of Canadian [nuclear-
powered] submarines might offer to the West, I believe it is also important for the United
States to keep in mind some of the possible drawbacks such a program might involve. One,
of course, is the issue of the use of such vessels for enforcement of the disputed Canadian
claim of sovereignty over the Northwest Passage. Another is the danger of compromise of
our nuclear [propulsion] technology, one of our most prized achievements. And third is the
fact that a mishap involving a Canadian nuclear submarine could undermine the public
confidence necessary for the successful operation of our own nuclear [-powered] Navy,
[which accounts for] over 40 percent of our ships.
I have recently had an “op-ed” piece published on this matter in the Toronto Globe and
Mail, which I am enclosing.143 I hope you will find these views helpful as you continue
your deliberations on this important issue. I have sent a similar letter to Secretary
Herrington.
1987 Letter from Representative Melvin Price
A November 5, 1987, letter from Representative Melvin Price144 to Secretary of Defense Caspar
W. Weinberger and Secretary of Energy John S. Herrington stated
I have recently learned that the Government of Canada is seeking access to U.S. naval
nuclear propulsion technology via the United Kingdom. Apparently Canada wants to
develop its first nuclear submarine. Since Congress and previous administrations have
considered similar proposals in the past from other countries, I believe it is important that
I convey to you the thoughts expressed in this letter.
As a charter member and former chairman of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, I
was privileged to participate in the shaping of our national Naval [nuclear] Propulsion
Program. The safety and performance record of our nuclear [-powered] ships is the payoff
for engineering excellence. We gained our naval nuclear propulsion technology by

142 Charles E. Bennett was a Member of Congress from January 3, 1949, to January 3, 1993. (Source:
https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B000371.)
143 Charles E. Bennett, “Tough Questions Rise to the Surface,” Globe and Mail, October 29, 1987.
144 Melvin Price was a Member of Congress from January 3, 1945, until his death on April 22, 1988. He was Chairman
of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy in the 93rd Congress (1973-1974) and Chairman of the House Armed
Services Committee in the 94th through 98th Congresses (1975-1984). (Source: https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/
bio/P000522.)
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spending taxpayer dollars wisely under highly disciplined managerial and technical
direction.
It is important to appreciate that there is nothing new about an ally wanting our naval
nuclear propulsion technology—or about the consistently strong U.S. policy against its
releases. Over the years, we have turned down requests from a number of countries,
including France, Italy, and the Netherlands. Heretofore, the United States’ position has
been clear and firm.
As you know, applicable law tightly controls any disclosure of naval nuclear propulsion
technology. Congress authorized the 1958 DREADNOUGHT145 agreement with Great
Britain only because of special circumstances. The British, having already embarked in
developing their own naval nuclear propulsion plant, encountered problems and requested
the assistance of the United States. The United States decided to help in nuclear propulsion
and provide nuclear weapons technology because we needed to have British nuclear
submarines and weapons on line in a strategic location at the earliest date. We also took
into account the special relationship we had with the British and our close cooperation on
nuclear matters during the war [i.e., World War II], including the Manhattan project.
Technical data alone did not prove to solve Britain’s problems, so the United States ended
up providing an entire U.S. nuclear propulsion plant. U.S. assistance, however, was limited
to the propulsion plant on the lead ship to help ensure that the United Kingdom would not
become dependent on the United States. We considered the requirement for self-
sufficiency to be essential for the establishment of the type of discipline necessary for the
safe application of naval nuclear propulsion. In addition to strict security precautions, the
agreement provides that this technology may not be transferred to third parties without
prior U.S. approval.
Over the years, earnest diplomats have urged that we share our sensitive nuclear submarine
technology for purposes of worthwhile objectives. Congress rejected those proposals,
recognizing the significant differences between exporting sensitive nuclear propulsion and
exporting airplanes or tanks. It is one thing to share very sensitive intelligence between two
allies; quite another to expose in a commercial environment the technology that has enabled
us to hold a military advantage over a much larger Soviet submarine fleet.
Your decision to authorize the United Kingdom to release certain naval nuclear propulsion
information to Canada is a softening of U.S. policy and invites further interest by Canada
and similar propositions from other nations. The considerations that persuaded us to grant
an exception for the British simply do not exist today with respect to Canada or other allies.
In one of its last reports, (Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program—1970) the Joint Committee
on Atomic Energy addressed this issue succinctly:
“The Joint Committee noted with concern the testimony regarding persistent efforts of
elements within the Executive Branch to disseminate sensitive and strategically vital
U.S. naval nuclear propulsion technology among foreign governments as diplomatic
‘currency’ in cooperative arrangements of marginal military value. The committee has
reviewed the arguments favoring such cooperation repeatedly in the past, and has
found them lacking in appreciation for both the technical complexities and strategic
value of this critical technology.”
“The committee strongly recommends that no further consideration be given to
cooperative arrangements in the field of naval nuclear propulsion for the indefinite
future.”
The Joint Committee’s recommendation is as sound today as it was then.

145 The UK’s first nuclear-powered submarine—the one built with a transferred U.S. Navy submarine propulsion
plant—was HMS Dreadnought.
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Incidentally, the bilateral agreement with Canada on Cooperation for Mutual Defense
Purposes, in paragraph E of Article II which you are proposing to implement, states that
the “extent” and “means” of the exchange of classified information are to be agreed upon
by the U.S. and Canada, presumably in advance. In view of the extreme sensitivity of this
matter, if and when such agreement is reached it should be submitted to the Armed Services
Committees of both Houses of Congress.
In any event, I want to state unequivocally my opposition to the transfer of any U.S. naval
nuclear propulsion technology to Canada, because I believe it would be contrary to the best
interests of our own submarine program and our national security.
1988 Exchange at Hearing Involving Senator J. James Exon
At a March 21, 1988, hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee to consider the
nomination of William Ball III to be Secretary of the Navy, the following exchange occurred
between Ball and Senator J. James Exon, the chairman of the Strategic Forces and Nuclear
Deterrence subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services Committee.
SENATOR EXON [addressing Ball]: I’m going to ask you about another subject now that
we talked about when you were in to see me a few days ago. Senator Warner and I will
definitely be on the floor this week raising some questions publicly about the matter that
we discussed with regard to the Canadians wishing to acquire our nuclear submarine
technology that we share only with Britain. The Canadians are trying to get into an
arrangement with regard to the British providing them with nuclear submarines and some
training.
There have been many other discussions with them [the Canadians] regarding why don’t
they work into this gradually. They want to go into it as a crash program. There are some
serious concerns in this area with regard to the safety, and what that might do to the whole
nuclear submarine program. Certainly before any arrangement is made on this, which
seems to be about to happen, the Congress should review it. I have talked to several people
about this including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs [of Staff] and the general consensus
I obtained was well, is that this is a political situation that we don’t see we can stop.
The Congress has a role to play in this because as you know it is [written] into the law that
nothing like this can happen if the Congress wants to stop it. There are some of us that want
to know a great deal more about this than we know right now, including Senator Warner
and myself and others that I have mentioned. I think it would be very appropriate if you
would give us what views you have on this subject before you become Secretary of the
Navy.
MR. BALL: Senator, let me mention that I understand that the Canadian Defense Ministry
has first of all put together a white paper that sets forth a number of areas where they wish
to improve their forces. At the outset let me say that having reviewed that effort, the [U.S]
Navy is exceedingly high on the concept of the Canadians investing more in certain areas,
such as maritime patrol aircraft and the construction of new frigates and other areas where
we have a good and strong relationship, and we feel that those kinds of initiatives are going
in the right direction.
The Navy does have some concerns, and I’ve not had an opportunity to speak with
everyone in the Navy who would have an interest in this yet, but the Navy leadership does
have some concerns about sharing nuclear power technology which members of this
committee are very familiar with.
The ultimate decision on this question I imagine will be made by Congress. Prior to there
being any decision taken by the administration I am sure there will be a healthy review of
all aspect of this. There are political questions involved, there are also military questions
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involved, and that will be, I’m sure, extensively discussed before a recommendation is
taken to the President.146
A March 22, 1988, press report about the hearing stated
After the hearing, [Senator J. James] Exon and fellow committee member Sen. John
Warner (R-Va.) said in an interview that the [Canadian SSN] project is a dangerous
technological and political gamble for Canada and the United States.
Both said they plan to take the matter to the Senate floor within a few days to spotlight
what they termed the dangers.
“Any minor accident with the nuclear power plant could result in our own nuclear-powered
vessels being barred from 80 percent of the world’s ports,” Exon said. “If we let Canada
have this secret nuclear technology, what do we say to the next ally who wants it?”147
1988 Floor Statement from Senator J. James Exon
The Congressional Record for March 25, 1988, includes the following floor statement from
Senator Exon.
THE PROPOSED TRANSFER OF UNITED STATES NUCLEAR SUBMARINE
TECHNOLOGY TO CANADA
Mr. EXON. Mr. President, I rise today to voice my concern regarding the proposed transfer
of United States nuclear submarine technology to Canada. Let me state up front that I am
not necessarily opposed to such a transfer. However, I do have a number of concerns which
I would like to explore in hearings when and if this proposed transfer is sent to the Congress
for our approval.
In its 1987 “Defence White Paper,” our good ally and very close friend, Canada, expressed
a commitment to acquire 10 to 12 nuclear-powered submarines. Canada does have diesel-
electric submarines in its fleet today but is opting for nuclear propulsion for its future
submarines. The rationale for this is that Canada must patrol three oceans, the Pacific,
Atlantic, and Arctic, and only nuclear-powered submarines have the speed, endurance, and
the ability to safely operate under ice.
The wisdom of this decision is not one for our Nation to yield to the Canadian on. It is not
for this Nation to determine what should be the proper course of action to our friend and
ally to the north. There are good arguments for the Canadians to spend an awful lot of
money on this proposition but at the same time I think we could legitimately ask the
question of our key supporter in NATO whether or not it is wise for them to spend $8
billion of their defense dollars for a fleet of 10 to 12 nuclear submarines.
Indeed, I personally welcome the recent acknowledgment by the Canadians that they
should be doing more for their own defense and in contribution to NATO. The concern of
the United States should focus, in my opinion, on whether or not we wish to transfer nuclear

146 U.S. Congress. Senate. Nominations before the Senate Armed Services Committee, 100th Congress, 2nd sess.,
Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 100th Cong., 2nd sess., on nominations of
Grant S. Green (January 28); J. Daniel Howard (January 28); Ronald F. Lehman II (February 1); Jack Katzen (March
3); William Lockhart Ball III (March 21); Gordon A Smith (May 13); Michael P.W. Stone (May 13); Kenneth P.
Bergquist (May 27); David S.C. Chu (June 24); Charles S. Whitehouse (June 24); Milton L. Lohr (September 14); Ken
Kramer (September 23); Clyde O. Glaister (October 4); Karen R. Keesling (October 11); George L. Monahan Jr.
(October 12); January 28; February 1; March 3, 21; May 13, 27; June 24; September 14, 23; October 4, 11, 12, 1988;
GPO, 1989. S.Hrg. 100-991, pp. 116-117.
147 George C Wilson, “Transfer of U.S. Nuclear Sub Technology Considered,” Washington Post, March 22, 1988, p. 4.
The article was published in other editions of the paper with the headline “U.S. Considers Transfer of Secret Sub
Technology.”
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submarine technology to another nation. We have done so only once in the past, to the
British, who now operate 19 nuclear submarines of their own. Great Britain is a special
friend and ally with whom we have very close defense ties. We enjoy similar ties with the
Canadians.
My specific concern, however, has to do with whether Canada fully recognizes and can
afford the extensive infrastructure of training and support facilities to ensure that our
transferred technology will be operated safely. Mr. President, more and more ports of the
world are being closed to the U.S. Navy for reasons of antinuclear sentiment around the
world. From New Zealand to the Philippines to Northern Europe, we are faced with a
serious challenge to the continued operation of and support for the necessary presence of
the U.S. Navy. In short, in this era of nuclear phobia, we must maintain and enhance our
safe standards of shipboard nuclear propulsion.
Our Navy has had over 34 years experience with nuclear-powered ships and we have had
no accidents. This is the result of a very careful training program, very stringent operating
procedures, and shipyards and workers highly skilled in nuclear technology.
For Canada, nuclear-powered ships will be a new experience. Although the Canadians
considered acquiring nuclear subs in the early 1960’s and began an exchange program with
the United States and Royal Navies on the matter, the proposed submarines would be
Canada’s first nuclear-powered ships. To be fair, the Canadians do operate nuclear
powerplants and their safety record is good. But submarines are different.
Canada’s Navy is indeed impressive in its professionalism and technology. Its record is
long and admirable. In fact, the Royal Canadian Navy was the third largest navy in the
world at the end of World War II. We have worked long and closely with the Canadians in
the area of nuclear weapons and defense. That is a sound relationship which could be
expanded if it proves prudent to do so.
But Mr. President, I want to be absolutely sure that the Canadians understand the
tremendous responsibility they assume when they acquire nuclear submarines.
If they should ever experience a nuclear accident or incident, the blame, rightly or wrongly,
could be transferred by the United States. Rightly or wrongly, our Nation as well as Canada,
could and probably would bear the consequences. We could see more ports around the
world closed to our nuclear powered or nuclear armed ships. This is the heart of my
concern. With 40 percent of our naval forces nuclear, any nuclear-powered accident,
however minimal, would be blown all out of proportion and we would very likely find a
“Not Welcome” sign posted more prominently in more ports where it is vital for our ships
to port if they are to perform their critical mission.
So before we either transfer nuclear power technology or allow the British to transfer the
technology we initially provided to them, I will pursue this matter very carefully in the
hearings in the Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces and Nuclear Deterrence.
This subcommittee, which I chair, has oversight responsibility for our Navy’s Nuclear
Propulsion Program. I have already discussed this issue with Secretary of Defense Frank
Carlucci, Secretary of State George Shultz, and other officials of our Defense and Navy
Departments. I think they understand and share my concerns.
I want to alert all that, should the administration decide to transfer this technology, the
Senator will exercise his right and responsibility to review and act on such a decision. This
is a decision that thus far has been pursued without congressional consultation. I am also
fearful that the administration has not addressed the fundamental question that if we
authorize the British to transfer our highly classified and closely held naval nuclear
technology to the Canadians, how can we justify keeping this from other allies?
This is the decision that has thus far been pursued by the administration simply on their
own without consultation with Congress. I am also fearful that the administration has not
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addressed the fundamental question: If we authorize the British to transfer our highly
classified and closely held technology in this area to the Canadians, how, Mr. President,
can we justify keeping this from our other allies?
I am pleased and delighted to see my good friend [Senator John Warner], working
colleague, the Senator from Virginia, former Secretary of the Navy, and the ranking
member of the Armed Services Committee is here on the floor. He has expressed similar
sentiment. And without objection, I would like to yield to the Senator from Virginia at this
time. [See floor statement below from Senator John Warner.]148
1988 Floor Statement from Senator John Warner
Immediately following the statement from Senator Exon quoted above, the Congressional Record
for March 25, 1988, includes the following floor statement from Senator John Warner, the ranking
member of the Senate Armed Services Committee.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Virginia is recognized.
Mr. WARNER. I thank my distinguished colleague.
Mr. President, the Senator from Nebraska [Senator Exon], and I came to the Senate some
9 years ago, and we have sat side by side at the table of the Senate Armed Services
Committee, where he succeeded me as the chairman of an important subcommittee, the
Subcommittee on Strategic Forces and Nuclear Deterrence.
He speaks with considerable knowledge on all subjects relating to nuclear power, and in
particular on this one.
Mr. President, on March 15 I had an opportunity to attend a breakfast meeting with
members of the British press. During the course of that breakfast, we discussed the current
proposal of the Canadian Government to manufacture nuclear-powered submarines. This
is an ambitious undertaking. Simply stated, it entails the building and operating of one of
the most complicated and costly weapons platforms in the world.
It has come to my attention that portions of that morning’s discussion have been reported
in the British press in a way that might imply that I have reached a final decision to oppose
this Canadian proposal. I have not made a decision, but take this opportunity to state my
present concerns, along with my distinguished colleague, the Senator from Nebraska [Mr.
Exon.] The United States executive and legislative branches should weigh these concerns
when viewing Canada’s proposal to acquire a nuclear submarine fleet by the year 2010,
because those submarines might incorporate restricted United States technology. I plan to
take an active role in the congressional debate.
In June of 1987, the Canadian Government issued a White Paper on defense proposing the
acquisition of 10 to 12 nuclear-powered submarines. Canada is currently considering
options of either acquiring the British Trafalgar-class submarine design or the French
Rubis-class submarine design. Since the Trafalgar-class nuclear propulsion technology is
a derivative of designs and equipment supplied to the British by the United States in the
late 1950's, United States approval-including congressional consent-is required prior to
transfer from Great Britain to Canada of this technology.
The role of Congress in any transfer of naval nuclear propulsion technology is set forth in
the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended. That act provides for a 90-day notice-and-
wait period, during which Congress has the opportunity to hold hearings—which our

148 Congressional Record, March 25, 1988, pp. 5293-5294.

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distinguished chairman and I recommend—and, if it chooses, to pass a joint resolution of
disapproval.
As a former Secretary and Under Secretary of the Navy (1969-74), I am familiar with the
enormous complexities and special requirements of nuclear submarine technology and
procedures. I was involved with the development, design approval, acquisition, and
continuing infrastructure needed to support nuclear-powered vessels, particularly the SSN-
688 class attack boats and the initiation of the Trident program; and also had responsibility
for developing and supporting before the U.S. Congress the budgets required to support
these programs. I have an appreciation, both in that capacity and today as a member of the
Armed Services Committee, of the potential for the enormous cost overruns that often
accompany nuclear construction programs.
Just recently, the problem of the current cost overruns with the [Los Angeles] [SSN-]688
class [nuclear-powered attack submarines], both past and present, were brought to the
attention of the Armed Services Committee. A news article reported that the cost to
complete construction of 23 Los Angeles (SSN-688) class submarines might be $1.2 billion
above contract target costs.
The U.S. Congress knows from decades of experience that the costs associated with ocean-
going nuclear vessels are enormous, encompassing not just development and acquisition,
but also constant training and elaborate supporting shore establishment and overhaul
facilities. Let there be no misunderstanding: This is an enormously complex and costly
matter, and no nation should enter into such an undertaking without an exhaustively
thorough appreciation for those complexities and costs. Congress will carry certain
responsibilities as assigned by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, should the Canadians desire
the British submarine design. With the benefit of knowledge derived from our own
experience, Congress must conscientiously and fairly examine the Canadian proposal, in
our own national security interests. We need to know how Canada proposes to institute this
program; and how Canada proposes to insure, as my distinguished chairman mentioned,
that the standard of nuclear safety of such a fleet will be at least as high as that of the United
States and the British in the operation of their fleets.
Additional questions should be raised. For example, the Soviets have introduced eight new
attack submarine designs within the last 10 years and have accelerated the rate at which
they are reducing the noise levels of their submarines. Soviet technological advances are
expected to continue. The Soviets are pouring unrestricted sums into their submarine
program. Will the Trafalgar or the Rubis designs—if one or the other is selected for the
Canadian submarine force—will they be sufficiently quiet and combat capable to produce
a credible force against the likely increase in capability of the Soviet submarine fleet? That
Soviet force will be entering operation in the late 1900’s and beyond and would be in direct
competition with any such submarines as Canada may have operating in its Arctic waters.
Canada is a close ally and trusted friend. We need not mention that here. Canada is a
sovereign nation, entitled to decide how it will allocate its defense resources. As an ally, it
is the responsibility of the United States to give such advice as may be requested—I repeat,
advice as may be requested—to assist Canada in structuring its proposal. It is my
understanding that the administration is now cooperating with Canada and Great Britain to
ascertain the scope of United States technology involved; and it is my expectation and hope
that the United States will share in every other respect our experience, both cost and
otherwise, in operating our submarine force.
In the past, other allies have made inquiries of the United States for assistance in developing
nuclear submarine programs and, with the exception of Great Britain, this assistance has
not been provided. This newest proposal would involve changing U.S. policies and
procedures developed over the years for the transfer of naval nuclear propulsion
technology.
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Mr. President, let me make my position clear. I have not yet taken a position in opposition
to the transfer of this nuclear technology to Canada. I now alert the Congress, however, to
the magnitude of the decision it may be asked to make. I am simply reserving my judgment
until all inter-government discussions are completed, both the United States and the
Canadians have a thorough understanding of the implications of this undertaking, together
with Great Britain, and the administration, if it so elects, petitions the Congress.
Mr. President, I also ask unanimous consent to have printed in the RECORD the relevant
provisions of the Atomic Energy Act concerning the role of Congress in this procedure.
This is set forth in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2152),
paragraphs c and d.
There being no objection, the material was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as
follows:…149

149 Congressional Record, March 25, 1988, pp. 5294-5295.
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Appendix H. Analysis of Alternatives (AOA) and
Business Case
This appendix provides background information on the use of an analysis of alternatives (AOA)
and a business case in defense acquisition programs.
Analysis of Alternatives (AOA)
In terms of the time, funding, personnel, technology, and industrial work that would be involved,
implementing all the elements of the AUKUS submarine (Pillar 1) project would be an effort
comparable in scale and complexity to a major DOD acquisition program. Major DOD
acquisition programs are generally not initiated without first demonstrating that there is a rigorous
analytical basis for the program—something that is typically done by conducting a formal study,
often called an analysis of alternatives (AOA) or analysis of multiple concepts (AMC), that
rigorously compares various potential courses of action so as to identify the one that the analysis
shows to be the most cost-effective. Performing an AOA, AMC, or equivalent rigorous
comparative analysis prior to initiating a program can test the validity of beliefs or presumptions
about the cost-effectiveness of an envisioned course of action, and sometimes produce
unexpected or counter-intuitive results.150
Business Case
Establishing a firm analytical basis for an acquisition program by conducting an AOA, AMC, or
equivalent rigorous comparative analysis can help form part of what GAO refers to as a sound
business case for proceeding with an acquisition program. GAO since at least 2006 has reported
and testified multiple times on the risks associated with initiating acquisition programs without a
sound business case. A 2006 GAO report, for example, states:
We have frequently reported on the importance of using a solid, executable business case
before committing resources to a new product development effort. In the case of DOD, a
business case should be based on DOD acquisition policy and lessons learned from leading
commercial firms and successful DOD programs. The business case in its simplest form is
demonstrated evidence that (1) the warfighter’s needs are valid and that they can best be
met with the chosen concept, and (2) the chosen concept can be developed and produced
within existing resources—that is, proven technologies, design knowledge, adequate
funding, and adequate time to deliver the product when it is needed. A program should not
go forward into product development unless a sound business case can be made.151
A 2015 GAO report states:
A business case provides demonstrated evidence that (1) the warfighter need exists and
that it can best be met with the chosen concept and (2) the concept can be developed and

150 For more on AOAs, AMC, or equivalent studies and their roles in defense acquisition, see
•
Department of Defense, “Analysis of Alternatives,” DOD Instruction 5000.84, August 4, 2020, accessed June
10, 2024, at https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/500084p.pdf;
•
“Analysis of Alternatives,” Defense Acquisition University (DAU), undated, accessed June 10, 2024, at
https://aaf.dau.edu/aaf/mca/aoa/; and
•
“Analysis of Alternatives (AoA),” AcqNotes, The Defense Acquisition Encyclopedia, updated February 13,
2024, accessed June 10, 2024, at https://acqnotes.com/acqnote/acquisitions/analysis-of-alternatives.
151 Government Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions[:] Improved Business Case Is Needed for Future Combat
System’s Successful Outcome, GAO-06-367, March 2006, p. 8.
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produced within existing resources—including proven technologies, design knowledge,
adequate funding, and adequate time to deliver the product when needed. Establishing a
business case calls for a realistic assessment of risks and costs; doing otherwise undermines
the intent of the business case and invites failure.152
A 2020 GAO report states:
GAO’s previous work has shown that weapon systems without a sound business case are
at greater risk for schedule delays, cost growth, and integration issues….
We have previously reported on the importance of establishing a solid, executable business
case before committing resources to a new development effort. A business case
demonstrates that (1) the warfighter’s needs are valid and that they can best be met with
the chosen concept and (2) the chosen concept can be developed and produced within
existing resources. In addition to an acquisition strategy, other basic elements of a sound
acquisition business case include firm requirements, a plan for attaining mature
technologies, and a reliable cost estimate and affordability analysis….153
In 2021 testimony on DOD acquisition, GAO states:
GAO annually assesses selected DOD weapon programs and their likely outcomes by
analyzing: (1) the soundness of a program’s business case—which provides evidence that
the warfighter’s needs are valid and the concept can be produced within existing
resources—at program start, and (2) the knowledge a program attains at other key points
in the acquisition process. For example, the Navy’s Ford-class aircraft carrier program
began with a weak business case, including an unrealistic cost estimate based on unproven
technologies, resulting in over $2 billion in cost growth and years of delays to date for the
lead ship….
For years, we have reported on the importance of using a solid, executable business case—
a justification for a proposed project or undertaking—before committing resources to a
new product development effort. An executable business case uses realistic cost and
schedule targets to meet the warfighter’s performance and quality expectations by
balancing inherent uncertainties in acquisition programs….
While cost and schedule metrics provide decision makers with performance information in
hindsight, we have found that assessing a program’s business case at the start of
development and attainment of certain product knowledge at key points in the acquisition
process can help predict a program’s performance.154
Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Program
In the case of the Navy’s Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) program, the Navy, prior to announcing the
start of that program in November 2001, did not perform a rigorous AOA, AMC, or equivalent
rigorous comparative analysis to show that a ship like the LCS was not simply one way, but rather

152 Government Accountability Office, Acquisition Reform[:] DOD Should Streamline Its Decision-Making Process for
Weapon Systems to Reduce Inefficiencies, GAO-15-192, February 2015, footnote 11 on page 9. A similar statement is
found in Government Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions[:] Joint Action Needed by DOD and Congress to
Improve Outcomes, Testimony Before Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Statement of Paul L.
Francis, Managing Director, Acquisition and Sourcing Management, GAO-16-187T, October 27, 2015, highlights
page.
153 Government Accountability Office, Defense Acquisitions[:] Action Is Needed to Provide Clarity and Mitigate Risks
of the Air Force’s Planned Advanced Battle Management System, GAO-20-389, April 2020, highlights page and p. 7.
154 Government Accountability Office, DOD Acquisition Reform[:] Increased Focus on Knowledge Needed to Achieve
Intended Performance and Innovation Outcomes, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Readiness and Management
Support, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, Statement of Shelby S. Oakley, Director, Contracting and
National Security Acquisitions, GAO-21-511T, April 28, 2021, highlights page and pp. 1-2, 6.
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the best or most promising way, to perform the missions that the Navy was seeking a capability to
perform. The Navy in April 2003 testimony acknowledged that it did not conduct such a study
until after it had selected the LCS as its preferred solution, raising a question as to whether that
study was tainted by the knowledge that the Navy had already selected the LCS as its preferred
solution. The absence of a rigorous AOA, AMC, or equivalent rigorous comparative analysis
performed prior to the announcement of the LCS program could be viewed as a factor that
contributed to the program’s subsequent controversy and ultimate truncation.155

155 For further discussion, see pages 20-27 of the May 12, 2017, version of CRS Report RL33741, Navy Littoral
Combat Ship (LCS) Program: Background and Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke. Similar discussions can be
found in earlier versions of this report.
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Appendix I. Technology Security and Risk
of Accident
This appendix presents background information on two issues that arose in connection with
congressional review of Canada’s project in 1987-1989 to acquire a force of 10 to 12 UK- or
French-made SSNs:
• technology security—the potential impact, if any, of sharing U.S. submarine and
naval nuclear propulsion with another country on the risk of that technology
being stolen by China, Russia, or some other country; and
• risk of accident—the risk of an accident involving an Australian-owned SSN—
either a Virginia-class SSN or an AUKUS SSN incorporating U.S. naval nuclear
propulsion technology—and the impact such an accident might have on U.S.
public support for operating U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships and/or the ability
of U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships to make port calls around the world.
Technology Security
Admiral Kinnaird R. McKee, then-Director of the U.S. Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program (aka
Naval Reactors), testified in March 1988 (i.e., years before the rise of the internet and internet-
based cyber espionage):
We have a number of very sensitive arrangements with a lot of our allies on a government-
to-government, navy-to-navy, military-to-military basis that deal with certain things we do.
But once the Canadians talk about launching into a 12 nuclear submarine building program,
we are talking about a proliferation of technology across a very broad industrial base. The
Canadians intend to do 65 percent of the work [for building those submarines] in Canada.
That is proliferating the technology over a wide range of industrial activities that have
never had any involvement in this kind of business.
So there is, I think, a clear and present concern that dissemination would not be in our
national interests. That is how we get into it.156
Later in March 1988, before a different committee, Admiral McKee similarly testified
The concern about the security of the technology is a little complicated. The Canadians are
good neighbors. We have shared alliance commitments with them. That is true; we have
shared a lot of sophisticated, sensitive information, sophisticated tactical information,
working exercises together, but that is between our Navies and our governments.
Taking this very sophisticated technology and disseminating it through a broad range of
Canadian industry is a whole different story. They have only built ten submarines to date—
during World War I. Part of the commitment is that these will be 65 percent Canadian built.
That requires us to proliferate a broad range of technology in Canadian industry that is not
used to dealing with this degree of sophistication, but more important, the sensitivity of the
technology….

156 U.S. Congress. House. Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1989—H.R. 4264, and
Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs, Before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives,
Seapower and Strategic and Critical Materials Subcommittee, Title 1, 100th Cong., 2nd sess., Hearings Held March 1, 3,
8, 9, 10, and 17, 1988, GPO, 1988. H.A.S.C. No. 100-70, p. 351. The hearing in question, on submarine programs, was
held on March 9, 1988. [Included in CRS/FDT bound volume collection as, House Armed Services Committee,
Hearings. (Vol.) 5, 100th Congress, 2d Sess., 1988, CRS-F.]
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I would rather see them go to the French than take the risk associated with transfer of [U.S.-
derived] Trafalgar technology.157
Risk of Accident
Port calls made by U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships at ports around the world can be made for
purposes of sending deterrent signals of alliance resolve and solidarity to potential adversaries;
conducting diplomacy and engagement activities with the countries being visited; resupplying
U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships with food and other provisions; and providing rest and
recreation for the crews of those ships.
A 2020 publication from the U.S. Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program (aka Naval Reactors) states
Naval Reactors maintains an outstanding record of over 166 million miles safely steamed
on nuclear power. The Program currently operates 98 reactors and has accumulated over
7,100 reactor-years of operation…. Because of the Program’s demonstrated reliability,
U.S. nuclear-powered warships are welcomed in more than 150 ports of call in over 50
foreign countries and dependencies….
From the beginning, the [U.S. Naval Nuclear Propulsion] Program recognized that the
environmental safety of operating U.S. nuclear-powered ships would be key to their
acceptance at home and abroad. The Program maintains the same rigorous attitude toward
the control of radioactivity and protection of the environment as it does toward reactor
design, testing, operation, and servicing. As a result, the Program has a well-documented
record showing the absence of any adverse environmental effect from the operation of U.S.
nuclear-powered warships. Because of this record, these ships are welcome in over 150
ports in over 50 countries and dependencies….
Throughout the Program’s entire history—over 7,100 reactor years of operation and more
than 166 million miles steamed on nuclear power—there has never been a reactor accident,
nor any release of radioactivity that has had an adverse effect on human health or the quality
of the environment.158
At an April 6, 1987, hearing before the Seapower and Strategic and Critical Materials
subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee on the Navy’s Seawolf (SSN-21)

157 U.S. Congress. House. Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 1989, Hearings Before a Subcommittee
of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development,
100th Cong., 2nd sess., p. 1328. The hearing in question, on atomic energy defense activities, was held on March 23,
1988. Following the ellipse in the above-quoted passage, the subcommittee Chairman, Representative Tom Bevill,
stated: “Then maybe you ought to let them get their submarine from the French.” Admiral McKee replied: “That is
what I have said. The French thing raises all kinds of ghosts in the British mind, as you can well imagine. The French
alternative has been used as a hammer—the Canadians emphasize that we have to help them or they will go to the
French. I would rather see them go to the French than take the risk associated with transfer of Trafalgar technology.”
158 Department of Energy and Department of the Navy, The United States Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program 2020,
Over 166 Million Miles Safely Steamed on Nuclear Power, pp. 1, 31, 32. The Department of Energy similarly states
From the beginning, the [Naval Nuclear Propulsion] Program recognized that the environmental
safety of operating U.S. nuclear-powered ships would be key to their acceptance at home and
abroad.
The Program maintains the same rigorous attitude toward the control of radioactivity and protection
of the environment as it does toward reactor design, testing, operation, and servicing. As a result,
the Program has a well-documented record showing the absence of any adverse environmental
effect from the operation of U.S. nuclear-powered warships. Because of this record, these ships are
welcome in over 150 ports in more than 50 countries and dependencies, as well as in U.S. ports.
(Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, “Powering the Navy”
expandable section entitled “Concern for the Environment,” accessed October 11, 2023 at
https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/powering-navy.)
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submarine program, Admiral Kinnaird R. McKee, then-Director of the U.S. Naval Nuclear
Propulsion Program (aka Naval Reactors), listed the attributes that the Navy wanted the SSN-21
design to have, including the following:
Finally, safety. Don’t forget, if there is even the perception of a reactor accident, the
fundamental security posture of the United States could change overnight. Imagine a
Chernobly-type [sic: Chernobyl-type] accident in Norfolk on the [Navy’s nuclear-powered
aircraft carrier] U.S.S. Nimitz. So we have to take safety factors into account.159
In 1987-1988, some observers argued that an accident with a Canadian-owned, British-designed
SSN whose propulsion plant employed technology derived from the U.S. nuclear propulsion
technology that the United States provided to the UK beginning in 1958 could affect U.S. public
support for operating U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships and/or the ability of U.S. Navy nuclear-
powered ships to make port calls around the world. A 1990 National War College report stated
that
the strongest opposition to the U.K.-Canadian SSN deal within DOE [the Department of
Energy] came from Naval Reactors, which wanted no part of any nuclear propulsion
transfer deal. For DOE the issues were simple. For Canada to build SSN’s, large amounts
of sensitive classified nuclear propulsion technology would have to be transferred to the
Canadian government and industry. The question was would it be protected? Second,
Canada did not have the critically important technology infrastructure which Naval
Reactors knew was necessary for the safe application of naval nuclear propulsion. Their
greatest concern, one shared by all in DOE and DOD, was that a reactor accident aboard a
Canadian SSN using U.S.-design nuclear technology could severely damage public
confidence in the safety of all nuclear vessels, severely curtailing the operational freedom
and port access of the U.S. Navy, 40% of whose vessels were nuclear[-powered].160
A November 23, 1987, press report on remarks made to reporters by U.S. Navy Captain Robert F.
Hofford, the U.S. naval attaché in Ottawa, following the end of a November 18, 1987,
presentation at a conference in Ottawa, Canada, stated that
some in the Pentagon fear that a Canadian submarine accident could derail the United
States’ plan to procure its own new class of attack submarine, the SSN-21. An accident in
Canada would galvanize anti-nuclear and pacifist groups against the U.S. submarine
program.
If an accident should happen, “We can’t wipe our hands of the Canadian program. I think
that realization is coming out here,” he [Hofford] told reporters.
“We would like the Canadian submarine program to be autonomous,” he said. Assuming
Canada awards the contract [for its then-planned SSN acquisition program] to the British,
any nuclear accident “would reflect on the United States and could very easily put our
programs into jeopardy. We don’t want that to happen because we realize the strategic
value of the [American] submarine and the submarine program.”161
A November 27, 1987, press report stated that

159 U.S. Congress. House. SSN-21, Hearing before the Seapower and Strategic and Critical Materials Subcommittee of
the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 100th Cong., 1st sess., Hearing Held April 6, 1987,
H.A.S.C. No. 100-49, GPO, 1988, p. 19.
160 Gerald L. Brubaker, Taking a Dive for a Friend—The Decision to Transfer Nuclear Submarine Technology to
Canada, National War College, December 10, 1990, pp. 6-7.
161 David Silverberg, “U.S. Navy Fears May Snag Canadian Nuclear Sub Buy,” Defense News, November 23, 1987: 1,
35.
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the degree of potential American opposition [to the Canadian SSN project] was
underscored last week by remarks made at a defense contractors’ conference in Ottawa by
the United States naval attaché here, Capt. Robert F. Hofford.
Captain Hofford said that concerns about the Canadian submarines, which would be built
in Canadian shipyards, could cause Congress to delay granting permits for the use of
American reactor technology beyond the March 1988 deadline set by the [Canadian]
Government for a choice between contending [UK and French] designs….
In part, safety concerns have been prompted by the fact that Canadian shipyards have built
no submarines since World War I, and no nuclear-powered vessels of any kind….
Canadian officials say the United States has continued to argue that Canada should abandon
the submarine program and spend the money on upgrading its conventional defenses,
which have withered badly over the last 20 years.162
A November 5, 1987, letter from Representative Melvin Price163 to Secretary of Defense Caspar
W. Weinberger and Secretary of Energy John S. Herrington stated that “a mishap involving a
Canadian nuclear submarine could undermine the public confidence necessary for the successful
operation of our own nuclear [-powered] Navy, [which accounts for] over 40 percent of our
ships.”164
At a March 21, 1988, hearing before the Senate Armed Services Committee to consider the
nomination of William Ball III to be Secretary of the Navy, Senator J. James Exon, the chairman
of the Strategic Forces and Nuclear Deterrence subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services
Committee, discussed the Canadian SSN project. A March 22, 1988, press report about the
hearing stated “After the hearing, Exon and fellow committee member Sen. John Warner (R-Va.)
said in an interview that the project is a dangerous technological and political gamble for Canada
and the United States…. ‘Any minor accident with the nuclear power plant could result in our
own nuclear-powered vessels being barred from 80 percent of the world’s ports,’ Exon said.”165
In a floor statement printed in the Congressional Record for March 25, 1988, Senator Exon stated
My specific concern, however, has to do with whether Canada fully recognizes and can
afford the extensive infrastructure of training and support facilities to ensure that our
transferred technology will be operated safely. Mr. President, more and more ports of the
world are being closed to the U.S. Navy for reasons of antinuclear sentiment around the
world. From New Zealand to the Philippines to Northern Europe, we are faced with a
serious challenge to the continued operation of and support for the necessary presence of
the U.S. Navy. In short, in this era of nuclear phobia, we must maintain and enhance our
safe standards of shipboard nuclear propulsion.
Our Navy has had over 34 years experience with nuclear-powered ships and we have had
no accidents. This is the result of a very careful training program, very stringent operating
procedures, and shipyards and workers highly skilled in nuclear technology.
For Canada, nuclear-powered ships will be a new experience. Although the Canadians
considered acquiring nuclear subs in the early 1960’s and began an exchange program with

162 John F. Burns, “Canada May Lose Nuclear Sub Plan,” New York Times, November 27, 1987: 4.
163 Melvin Price was a Member of Congress from January 3, 1945 until his death on April 22, 1988. He was Chairman
of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy in the 93rd Congress (1973-1974) and Chairman of the House Armed
Services Committee in the 94th through 98th Congresses (1975-1984). (Source: https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/
bio/P000522.)
164 The full text of Representative Price’s letter is reprinted in Appendix G.
165 George C Wilson, “Transfer of U.S. Nuclear Sub Technology Considered,” Washington Post, March 22, 1988, p. 4.
The article was published in other editions of the paper with the headline “U.S. Considers Transfer of Secret Sub
Technology.”
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the United States and Royal Navies on the matter, the proposed submarines would be
Canada’s first nuclear-powered ships. To be fair, the Canadians do operate nuclear
powerplants and their safety record is good. But submarines are different.
Canada’s Navy is indeed impressive in its professionalism and technology. Its record is
long and admirable. In fact, the Royal Canadian Navy was the third largest navy in the
world at the end of World War II. We have worked long and closely with the Canadians in
the area of nuclear weapons and defense. That is a sound relationship which could be
expanded if it proves prudent to do so.
But Mr. President, I want to be absolutely sure that the Canadians understand the
tremendous responsibility they assume when they acquire nuclear submarines.
If they should ever experience a nuclear accident or incident, the blame, rightly or wrongly,
could be transferred by the United States. Rightly or wrongly, our Nation as well as Canada,
could and probably would bear the consequences. We could see more ports around the
world closed to our nuclear powered or nuclear armed ships. This is the heart of my
concern. With 40 percent of our naval forces nuclear, any nuclear-powered accident,
however minimal, would be blown all out of proportion and we would very likely find a
“Not Welcome” sign posted more prominently in more ports where it is vital for our ships
to port if they are to perform their critical mission.
So before we either transfer nuclear power technology or allow the British to transfer the
technology we initially provided to them, I will pursue this matter very carefully in the
hearings in the Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces and Nuclear
Deterrence.166
Immediately following the statement from Senator Exon quoted above, the Congressional Record
for March 25, 1988, includes a floor statement from Senator John Warner, the ranking member of
the Senate Armed Services Committee, in which Senator Warner stated
The U.S. Congress knows from decades of experience that the costs associated with ocean-
going nuclear vessels are enormous, encompassing not just development and acquisition,
but also constant training and elaborate supporting shore establishment and overhaul
facilities. Let there be no misunderstanding: This is an enormously complex and costly
matter, and no nation should enter into such an undertaking without an exhaustively
thorough appreciation for those complexities and costs. Congress will carry certain
responsibilities as assigned by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, should the Canadians desire
the British submarine design. With the benefit of knowledge derived from our own
experience, Congress must conscientiously and fairly examine the Canadian proposal, in
our own national security interests. We need to know how Canada proposes to institute this
program; and how Canada proposes to insure, as my distinguished chairman mentioned,
that the standard of nuclear safety of such a fleet will be at least as high as that of the United
States and the British in the operation of their fleets.167

166 Congressional Record, March 25, 1988, pp. 5293-5294. The full text of Senator Exon’s floor statement is reprinted
in Appendix G.
167 Congressional Record, March 25, 1988, pp. 5294-5295. The full text of Senator Warner’s floor statement is
reprinted in Appendix G.
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Author Information

Ronald O'Rourke

Specialist in Naval Affairs

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
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Congressional Research Service
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