{
  "id": "RL32745",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL32745",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 325808,
      "date": "2005-05-24",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T19:44:08.597029",
      "title": "Pakistan's Nuclear Proliferation Activities and the Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission: U.S. Policy Constraints and Options",
      "summary": "In calling for a clear, strong, and long-term commitment to the military-dominated government\nof\nPakistan despite serious concerns about that country's nuclear proliferation activities, The 9/11\nCommission cast into sharp relief two long-standing dilemmas concerning U.S. policy towards\nPakistan and South Asia. First, in an often strained security relationship spanning more than five\ndecades, U.S. and Pakistani national security objectives have seldom been congruent. Pakistan has\nviewed the alliance primarily in the context of its rivalry with India, whereas American policymakers\nhave viewed it from the perspective of U.S. global security interests. Second, U.S. nuclear\nnonproliferation objectives towards Pakistan (and India) repeatedly have been subordinated to other\nimportant U.S. goals. During the 1980s, Pakistan exploited its key role as a conduit for aid to the\nanti-Soviet Afghan  mujahidin  to avoid U.S. nuclear nonproliferation sanctions and\nreceive some\n$600 million annually in U.S. military and economic aid. Underscoring Pakistan's different agenda,\nsome of the radical Islamists favored by its military intelligence service later formed the core of\nAl Qaeda and the Taliban.\n A crucial U.S. policy challenge is to gain Pakistani cooperation in shutting down the extensive\nillicit nuclear supplier network established in the 1990s by the self-designated \"father\" of Pakistan's\nnuclear bomb, Abdul Qadir Khan, which provided nuclear enrichment technology to Iran, Libya, and\nNorth Korea, while at the same time supporting stability in Pakistan and gaining its maximum\ncooperation against terrorism. To date, the Administration appears largely to have acquiesced in\nPakistan's refusal to allow access to Khan by U.S. intelligence officials. The Administration has\nbeen equally reluctant to publicly criticize the Musharraf government's apparent use of international\narms dealers to obtain controlled U.S. dual-use technology for its own nuclear weapons program,\nin violation of U.S. law. \n The 109th Congress has been asked by the Administration to provide some $698 million in\nmilitary and economic assistance to Pakistan for FY2006, part of a five-year, $3 billion aid package. \nSome Members of Congress have expressed concern that, as during the 1980s, the urgent need for\nPakistan's cooperation will prevent the Administration from dealing forcefully with its nuclear\nproliferation activities, and have introduced legislation that seeks to make U.S. assistance contingent\non Pakistan's cooperation on nuclear proliferation. \n This report: (1) briefly recounts previous failed efforts to reconcile American nuclear\nnonproliferation and other security objectives regarding Pakistan; (2) documents A.Q. Khan's role,\nwhether with or without official involvement, in supplying nuclear technology to \"rogue\" states and\nhow these activities escaped detection by U.S. intelligence agencies; (3) considers issues regarding\nthe objectives, and viability of the military-dominated government of President Pervez Musharraf;\nand, (4) outlines and evaluates several U.S. options for seeking to gain more credible cooperation\nfrom Pakistan's regarding its nuclear activities while still maintaining effective counterterrorist\ncooperation. This report will not be further updated.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc805398/",
      "id": "RL32745_2005Mar16",
      "date": "2005-03-16",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Pakistan\u2019s Nuclear Proliferation Activities and the Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission: U.S. Policy Constraints and Options",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6194/",
      "id": "RL32745 2005-01-25",
      "date": "2005-01-25",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-11T05:10:53",
      "title": "Pakistan's Nuclear Proliferation Activities and the Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission: U.S. Policy Constraints and Options",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Defense policy",
          "name": "Defense policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - Pakistan - U.S.",
          "name": "Foreign relations - Pakistan - U.S."
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Pakistan",
          "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Pakistan"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation",
          "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Economic Policy",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "Intelligence and National Security",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}