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      "title": "The Global Peace Operations Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "In its May 2009 budget request for FY2010, the Obama Administration has requested $96.8 million for the Global Peace Operations Initiative (GPOI). GPOI was established in mid-2004 as a five-year program with intended annual funding to total $660 million from FY2005 through FY2009. (Actual funds allocated to the GPOI program from FY2005 through FY2009 totaled, as of April 2009, some $480.4 million.) The centerpiece of the Bush Administration\u2019s efforts to prepare foreign security forces to participate in international peacekeeping operations, GPOI\u2019s primary purpose has been to train and equip 75,000 military troops, a majority of them African, for peacekeeping operations by 2010. In October 2008, the National Security Council\u2019s Deputies Committee approved a five-year renewal of GPOI\u2019s mandate. Congressional approval of the FY2010 budget request would provide funding for the first year of this extension. \nTo date, GPOI also provides support for the Center of Excellence for Stability Police Units (CoESPU), an Italian \u201ctrain-the-trainer\u201d training center for gendarme (constabulary police) forces in Vicenza, Italy. In addition, GPOI promotes the development of an international transportation and logistics support system for peacekeepers, and encourages information exchanges to improve international coordination of peace operations training and exercises. Through GPOI, the United States supports and participates in a G* Africa Clearinghouse and a G8++ Global Clearinghouse, both to coordinate international peacekeeping capacity building efforts. \nGPOI incorporates previous capabilities-building programs for Africa. From FY1997 to FY2005, the United States spent just over $121 million on GPOI\u2019s predecessor program that was funded through the State Department Peacekeeping (PKO) account: the Clinton Administration\u2019s African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) and its successor, the Bush Administration\u2019s African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance (ACOTA) program. (ACOTA is now GPOI\u2019s principal training program in Africa.) Some 16,000 troops from ten African nations were trained under the early ACRI/ACOTA programs. Some $33 million was provided from FY1998 to FY2005 to support classroom training of 31 foreign militaries through the Foreign Military Financing account\u2019s Enhanced International Peacekeeping Capabilities program (EIPC).\nWithin a year after GPOI was initiated in late 2004, the Administration began expanding its geographical scope to selected countries in Central America, Europe, and Asia. In 2006 and 2007, the program was further expanded to countries in Asia, South Asia, and the Pacific. GPOI now includes 53 \u201cpartner\u201d countries and two partner organizations throughout the world, although the emphasis is still on Africa. According to figures provided by the State Department, almost 57,600 peacekeeper trainees and peacekeeper trainers were trained as of January 31, 2009..\nCongress has tended to view the concept of the GPOI program favorably, albeit sometimes with reservations. Over the years, the State Department has addressed various congressional concerns. In a June 2008 report, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) recommended several further improvements (GAO-08-754).\nIn its first action on GPOI during the 111th Congress, the House passed legislation authorizing the Secretary of State to carry out and expand GPOI programs and activities (Section 1108 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2010 and 2011, H.R. 2410, passed June 10, 2009).",
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      "title": "The Global Peace Operations Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress",
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      "id": "RL32773_2007Jun11",
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      "id": "RL32773_2006Oct03",
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      "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:26:53",
      "title": "The Global Peace Operations Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress",
      "summary": "The Global Peace Operations Initiative (GPOI), a multilateral, five-year program, promotes the development of an international transportation and logistics support system for peacekeepers, and is encouraging an information exchange to improve international coordination of peace operations training and exercises in Africa. An issue for the second session of the 109th Congress is whether international training efforts through GPOI and its predecessor programs are having the desired effect. Another issue at the close of the session is whether a transfer of funding accounts as proposed by the SAC would be beneficial.",
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