{ "id": "RL33001", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL33001", "active": false, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 414953, "date": "2010-07-15", "retrieved": "2016-04-07T01:34:41.660718", "title": "U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy", "summary": "After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the United States faced a challenge in enlisting the full support of the People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) in the counterterrorism fight against Al Qaeda. This effort raised short-term policy issues about how to elicit cooperation and how to address PRC concerns about the U.S.-led war (Operation Enduring Freedom). Longer-term issues have concerned whether counterterrorism has strategically transformed bilateral ties and whether China\u2019s support was valuable and not obtained at the expense of other U.S. interests.\nThe extent of U.S.-China counterterrorism cooperation has been limited, but the tone and context of counterterrorism helped to stabilize\u2014even if it did not transform\u2014the closer bilateral relationship pursued by President George Bush in late 2001. China\u2019s military, the People\u2019s Liberation Army (PLA), has not fought in the U.S.-led counterterrorism coalition. The Bush Administration designated the PRC-targeted \u201cEast Turkistan Islamic Movement\u201d (ETIM) as a terrorist organization in August 2002, reportedly allowed PRC interrogators access to Uighur detainees at Guantanamo in September 2002, and held a summit in Texas in October 2002.\nSince 2005, however, U.S. concerns about China\u2019s extent of cooperation in counterterrorism have increased. In September 2005, Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick acknowledged that \u201cChina and the United States can do more together in the global fight against terrorism\u201d after \u201ca good start,\u201d in his policy speech that called on China to be a \u201cresponsible stakeholder\u201d in the world. The summits of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in 2005 and 2006 raised U.S. concerns. Since the summer of 2007, U.S. officials have expressed more concern about China-origin arms that have been found in the conflict involving U.S. forces in Afghanistan, as part of the broader threat posed by Iran and its arms transfers.\nCongress has oversight over the closer ties with China and a number of policy options. U.S. policy has addressed law-enforcement and intelligence ties; oppressed Uighur (Uyghur) people in western Xinjiang whom China claims to be linked to \u201cterrorists\u201d; detained Uighurs at Guantanamo Bay prison; Olympic security in August 2008; sanctions that ban exports of arms and security equipment; weapons nonproliferation; port security; military-to-military contacts; China\u2019s influence and support in Central Asia through the SCO; and China\u2019s arms transfers to Iran. Also, Congress has concerns about suspected PRC harassment of Uighurs and others in the United States, the President\u2019s efforts to transfer the Uighurs detained at Guantanamo, and efforts to seek China\u2019s counterterrorism cooperation (with U.S. assessments of mixed implications). The United States detained 22 Uighurs and rejected China\u2019s demand to take them while seeking a third country to accept them. In 2006, Albania accepted five of them. In June 2009, Bermuda accepted four. In November 2009, Palau accepted six. In February 2010, Switzerland accepted two Uighurs. The five Uighurs remaining in detention had been taken into custody in Pakistan. On February 26, 2010, the House passed H.R. 2701 (Reyes), with Section 351 which would require an unclassified summary of intelligence on any threats posed by the Uighurs who were detained at Guantanamo. Other relevant bills in the 111th Congress include: H.R. 2346 (P.L. 111-32); H.Res. 417 (Baldwin); H.Res. 624 (Delahunt); H.Res. 774 (Hastings); H.Res. 953 (McGovern); H.R. 2294 (Boehner); S.Res. 155 (Brown); and S. 1054 (Inouye). The Obama Administration has proposed that China increase contributions and coordination in investments and assistance to help stabilize Pakistan and Afghanistan. With concerns about military operations in Central Asia, the United States also has concerns about dealing with China in its northwestern region of Xinjiang. 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