{ "id": "RL33003", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RL", "number": "RL33003", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "retrieved": "2023-06-05T04:04:23.527088", "id": "RL33003_121_2023-05-02", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2023-05-02_RL33003_9241865f42286b8359b03512653675efd1d6ac65.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33003/121", "sha1": "9241865f42286b8359b03512653675efd1d6ac65" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2023-05-02_RL33003_9241865f42286b8359b03512653675efd1d6ac65.html" } ], "date": "2023-05-02", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33003", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "retrieved": "2023-06-05T04:04:23.525413", "id": "RL33003_117_2022-07-13", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2022-07-13_RL33003_016c911408b02d038c1097f0f59ba12259d2cefc.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33003/117", "sha1": "016c911408b02d038c1097f0f59ba12259d2cefc" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-07-13_RL33003_016c911408b02d038c1097f0f59ba12259d2cefc.html" } ], "date": "2022-07-13", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33003", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "retrieved": "2023-06-05T04:04:23.523183", "id": "RL33003_113_2021-09-30", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2021-09-30_RL33003_41111a6f1c82106749425b0a10d99cd59d376bf1.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33003/113", "sha1": "41111a6f1c82106749425b0a10d99cd59d376bf1" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-09-30_RL33003_41111a6f1c82106749425b0a10d99cd59d376bf1.html" } ], "date": "2021-09-30", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33003", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "retrieved": "2023-06-05T04:04:23.521485", "id": "RL33003_109_2020-05-27", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-05-27_RL33003_e42b422c63cfee10e5053b8b5dcbe18af9c5762e.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33003/109", "sha1": "e42b422c63cfee10e5053b8b5dcbe18af9c5762e" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-05-27_RL33003_e42b422c63cfee10e5053b8b5dcbe18af9c5762e.html" } ], "date": "2020-05-27", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33003", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 608537, "date": "2019-11-21", "retrieved": "2019-12-13T15:16:08.238013", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Historically, Egypt has been an important country for U.S. national security interests based on its geography, demography, and diplomatic posture. Egypt controls the Suez Canal, which is one of the world\u2019s most well-known maritime chokepoints, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Egypt\u2019s population of more than 100 million people makes it by far the most populous Arabic-speaking country. Although today it may not play the same type of leading political or military role in the Arab world as it has in the past, Egypt may retain some \u201csoft power\u201d by virtue of its history, media, and culture. Cairo hosts both the 22-member Arab League and Al Azhar University, which claims to be the oldest continuously operating university in the world and has symbolic importance as a leading source of Islamic scholarship. \nAdditionally, Egypt\u2019s 1979 peace treaty with Israel remains one of the most significant diplomatic achievements for the promotion of Arab-Israeli peace. While people-to-people relations remain cold, the Israeli and Egyptian governments have increased their cooperation against Islamist militants and instability in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip.\nPersonnel moves and amendments to the Egyptian constitution highlight apparent efforts by President Abdel Fattah al Sisi to consolidate power with the help of political allies, including colleagues from Egypt\u2019s security establishment. President Sisi, who first took power in 2013 after the military deposed his predecessor, has come under repeated international criticism for an ongoing government crackdown against various forms of political dissent and freedom of expression. The Egyptian government has defended its human rights record, asserting that the country is under pressure from terrorist groups seeking to destabilize Arab nation-states. \nEgypt has a positive macroeconomic outlook, but significant challenges remain, and many Egyptian workers have endured several years of increases in the cost of living. In fall 2019, with many Arab governments facing youth-driven unrest, a few thousand Egyptians protested across several cities denouncing the Sisi-led government. Authorities responded with a wave of arrests and security forces deployed in urban areas across the country to deter additional protest. \nThe United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. Successive U.S. Administrations have justified aid to Egypt as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running cooperation with the Egyptian military and on sustaining the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. \nAll U.S. foreign aid to Egypt (or any recipient) is appropriated and authorized by Congress. Since 1946, the United States has provided Egypt with over $83 billion in bilateral foreign aid (calculated in historical dollars\u2014not adjusted for inflation). Annual appropriations legislation includes several conditions governing the release of these funds. All U.S. military aid to Egypt finances the procurement of weapons systems and services from U.S. defense contractors.\nFor FY2019, Congress has appropriated $1.4 billion in total bilateral assistance for Egypt, the same amount it provided in FY2018. For FY2020, the President is requesting a total of $1.382 billion in bilateral assistance for Egypt. Nearly all of the U.S. funds for Egypt come from the Foreign Military Financing (FMF) account and provide grant aid with which Egypt purchases and maintains U.S.-origin military equipment. \nBeyond the United States, President Sisi has broadened Egypt\u2019s international base of support to include several key partners, including the Arab Gulf states, Israel, Russia, and France. Since 2014, French-Egyptian ties have improved and Egypt has purchased major air and naval defense systems from French defense companies.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33003", "sha1": "27e4013afea05ea3e58a6b9cd40be728fa5ca8a0", "filename": "files/20191121_RL33003_27e4013afea05ea3e58a6b9cd40be728fa5ca8a0.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/4.png": "files/20191121_RL33003_images_39850d042c060da32f95374a1eab2403599ae29d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191121_RL33003_images_b93d54649dd7aa3eb4d88deebd6fc29150bb6066.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/6.png": "files/20191121_RL33003_images_abc8d40a939666a21b8ec300d5780c8bf9875d3b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/8.png": "files/20191121_RL33003_images_a4189f4375bb2734833a8c0d1cf89f0b596d180e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/7.png": "files/20191121_RL33003_images_0360f157533003ce0e49ece75aaedbf4e3609ac7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/5.png": "files/20191121_RL33003_images_b20f21220e6a7fc32bd8b8659314cd296cb3f441.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191121_RL33003_images_e4da2394085eaceaec094c1953f05ba895fa262a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191121_RL33003_images_74c6dbaf3544fe1c6bb02e06acaf0e278b197364.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191121_RL33003_images_b1894f9cccdeb1910187c4bc57bc7aaf16489d84.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33003", "sha1": "108174ef721f623f78d8187bec2c982204d72489", "filename": "files/20191121_RL33003_108174ef721f623f78d8187bec2c982204d72489.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 593629, "date": "2019-03-12", "retrieved": "2019-04-17T14:03:21.997202", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Historically, Egypt has been an important country for U.S. national security interests based on its geography, demography, and diplomatic posture. Egypt controls the Suez Canal, which is one of the world\u2019s most well-known maritime chokepoints, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Egypt, with its population of more than 100 million people, is by far the most populous Arabic-speaking country. Although it may not play the same type of leading political or military role in the Arab world as it has in the past, Egypt may retain some \u201csoft power\u201d by virtue of its history, media, and culture. Cairo plays host both to the 22-member Arab League and Al Azhar University, which claims to be the oldest continuously operating university in the world and has symbolic importance as a leading source of Islamic scholarship. \nAdditionally, Egypt\u2019s 1979 peace treaty with Israel remains one of the most significant diplomatic achievements for the promotion of Arab-Israeli peace. While people-to-people relations remain cold, the Israeli and Egyptian governments have increased their cooperation against Islamist militants and instability in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip.\nPersonnel moves and possible amendments to the Egyptian constitution highlight apparent efforts by President Sisi to consolidate power with the help of political allies, including colleagues from Egypt\u2019s security establishment. President Sisi has come under repeated international criticism for an ongoing government crackdown against various forms of political dissent and freedom of expression. The Egyptian government has defended its human rights record, asserting that the country is under pressure from terrorist groups seeking to destabilize Arab nation-states. \nThe Trump Administration has tried to normalize ties with the Sisi government that were generally perceived as strained under President Obama. In January 2019, U.S. Secretary of State Michael Pompeo delivered a major policy speech at the American University in Cairo, where he stated, \u201cAnd as we seek an even stronger partnership with Egypt, we encourage President Sisi to unleash the creative energy of Egypt\u2019s people, unfetter the economy, and promote a free and open exchange of ideas.\u201d\nThe United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. Successive U.S. Administrations have justified aid to Egypt as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running cooperation with the Egyptian military and on sustaining the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. \nAll U.S. foreign aid to Egypt (or any recipient) is appropriated and authorized by Congress. Since 1946, the United States has provided Egypt with over $83 billion in bilateral foreign aid (calculated in historical dollars\u2014not adjusted for inflation). Annual appropriations legislation includes several conditions governing the release of these funds. All U.S. military aid to Egypt finances the procurement of weapons systems and services from U.S. defense contractors.\nFor FY2019, Congress has appropriated $1.4 billion in total bilateral assistance for Egypt, the same amount it provided in FY2018. For FY2020, the President is requesting a total of $1.382 billion in bilateral assistance for Egypt. Nearly all of the U.S. funds for Egypt come from the FMF account (military aid). In November 2018, the U.S. Defense Department notified Congress of a major $1 billion sale of defense equipment to Egypt, consisting of 10 AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters, among other things.\nBeyond the United States, President Sisi has broadened Egypt\u2019s international base of support to include several key partners, including the Arab Gulf states, Israel, Russia, and France. In the last five years, as French-Egyptian ties have improved, Egypt has purchased major air and naval defense systems from French defense companies.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33003", "sha1": "b0260dcec4f6a7c7c67cab03c8a1dc05411c4ab8", "filename": "files/20190312_RL33003_b0260dcec4f6a7c7c67cab03c8a1dc05411c4ab8.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190312_RL33003_images_b1894f9cccdeb1910187c4bc57bc7aaf16489d84.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190312_RL33003_images_640992f5b27235f79c24c28830a7c9c5176f3167.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/6.png": "files/20190312_RL33003_images_abc8d40a939666a21b8ec300d5780c8bf9875d3b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/8.png": "files/20190312_RL33003_images_a4189f4375bb2734833a8c0d1cf89f0b596d180e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/7.png": "files/20190312_RL33003_images_fcffb0e584f15fb6fff0ce154c941a7111de7680.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190312_RL33003_images_e1470557e73191647801830536a2a227ceb3b8a8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190312_RL33003_images_67ca75bac718f300c24c070c37bb0625dfbe291d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190312_RL33003_images_b93d54649dd7aa3eb4d88deebd6fc29150bb6066.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190312_RL33003_images_e4da2394085eaceaec094c1953f05ba895fa262a.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33003", "sha1": "66b95b744e0b2b9a8421e03b80afae08e92425d9", "filename": "files/20190312_RL33003_66b95b744e0b2b9a8421e03b80afae08e92425d9.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 585587, "date": "2018-06-07", "retrieved": "2018-09-27T13:24:16.580909", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and U.S. foreign aid to Egypt.\nHistorically, Egypt has been an important country for U.S. national security interests based on its geography, demography, and diplomatic posture. The United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. Successive U.S. Administrations have justified aid to Egypt as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running cooperation with the Egyptian military and on sustaining the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. \nAdditionally, U.S. leaders have consistently expressed concerns about governance and human rights in Egypt, and differences over these issues have tested bilateral relations repeatedly in recent years. In 2011, the United States encouraged Egypt\u2019s long-serving President Hosni Mubarak to step down in the face of a popular uprising, and revised U.S. assistance programs two years later, when the Egyptian military intervened to oust Mubarak\u2019s elected successor, Muhammad Morsi, amid popular demands.\nEgyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi, who led the 2013 military intervention and was elected in mid-2014, reportedly has high hopes for improving bilateral relations through engagement with the Trump Administration. President Trump has sought to improve U.S. relations with Egypt, which were perceived as strained under President Obama. Nevertheless, Administration officials have raised concerns about Egypt\u2019s new NGO law and the continued detention of American citizens in Egypt.\nBetween 1946 and 2016, the United States provided Egypt with $78.3 billion in bilateral foreign aid (calculated in historical dollars\u2014not adjusted for inflation). This report discusses the conditions governing the release of these funds. All U.S. foreign aid to Egypt (or any recipient) is appropriated and authorized by Congress, while all U.S. military aid to Egypt finances the procurement of weapons systems and services from U.S. defense contractors.\nFor FY2019, the President is requesting a total of $1.381 billion in foreign assistance for Egypt, the same amount requested as the previous year. Nearly all of the requested funds for Egypt would come from the FMF account. For FY2018, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141) provided a total of $1.419 billion U.S. military and economic aid to Egypt, which is the same amount Egypt received in FY2017.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33003", "sha1": "3e6eaeae1323407105ed93cb4d53cfa18247a7ff", "filename": "files/20180607_RL33003_3e6eaeae1323407105ed93cb4d53cfa18247a7ff.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180607_RL33003_images_b1894f9cccdeb1910187c4bc57bc7aaf16489d84.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180607_RL33003_images_a4189f4375bb2734833a8c0d1cf89f0b596d180e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180607_RL33003_images_b93d54649dd7aa3eb4d88deebd6fc29150bb6066.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180607_RL33003_images_0e5db76c9f422b13feef9bec337c70928073e1af.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180607_RL33003_images_0ee69e3d0ce20e9dbccbf9e74eec5add04585e02.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180607_RL33003_images_cbaab2b82dc3416e369c57a6333c4f140d2c7ea9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33003", "sha1": "2aa173b54ab046116e024772578484b477fcefdb", "filename": "files/20180607_RL33003_2aa173b54ab046116e024772578484b477fcefdb.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 578290, "date": "2018-02-08", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T11:29:29.798945", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and U.S. foreign aid to Egypt.\nHistorically, Egypt has been an important country for U.S. national security interests based on its geography, demography, and diplomatic posture. The United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. Successive U.S. Administrations have justified aid to Egypt as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running cooperation with the Egyptian military and on sustaining the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. \nU.S. leaders also have consistently expressed concerns about governance and human rights in Egypt, and differences over these issues have tested bilateral relations repeatedly in recent years. The United States encouraged Egypt\u2019s long-serving President Hosni Mubarak to step down in 2011 in the face of a popular uprising, and revised U.S. assistance programs two years later, when the Egyptian military intervened to oust Mubarak\u2019s elected successor, Muhammad Morsi, amid popular demands.\nEgyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi, who led the 2013 military intervention and was elected in mid-2014, reportedly has high hopes for improving bilateral relations through engagement with the Trump Administration. President Trump has sought to improve U.S. relations with Egypt, which were perceived as strained under President Obama. Nevertheless, Administration officials have raised concerns about Egypt\u2019s new NGO law and the continued detention of American citizens in Egypt.\nBetween 1946 and 2016, the United States provided Egypt with $78.3 billion in bilateral foreign aid (calculated in historical dollars\u2014not adjusted for inflation). This report discusses the conditions governing the release of these funds. All U.S. foreign aid to Egypt (or any recipient) is appropriated and authorized by Congress. All U.S. military aid to Egypt finances the procurement of weapons systems and services from U.S. defense contractors.\nFor FY2018, the President is requesting a total of $1.38 billion in foreign assistance for Egypt, nearly all of which would come from the Foreign Military Financing (FMF) account. The $75 million FY2018 Economic Support and Development Fund (ESDF) request for Egypt is well below prior year appropriations, and Egypt has not received less than $100 million in U.S. economic assistance since the late 1970s.\n S. 1780, the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2018, allocates up to $1 billion in FY2018 FMF for Egypt, while stipulating that 25% of that amount (as opposed to 15% in previous annual appropriations legislation) shall be withheld until the Secretary of State certifies and reports to the Committees on Appropriations that the Government of Egypt is taking effective steps to advance democracy and human rights in Egypt. A waiver for this certification is included in the bill. H.R. 3362, the House version of the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2018, would provide $1.3 billion in FMF to Egypt. The bill does not include a withholding of FMF or certification requirement. It does require the Secretary of State to consult with appropriators \u201con any plan to restructure military assistance for Egypt.\u201d", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33003", "sha1": "64cf01f172b6362a95f638b9af6d0789ebd078a5", "filename": "files/20180208_RL33003_64cf01f172b6362a95f638b9af6d0789ebd078a5.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180208_RL33003_images_b1894f9cccdeb1910187c4bc57bc7aaf16489d84.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180208_RL33003_images_b93d54649dd7aa3eb4d88deebd6fc29150bb6066.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180208_RL33003_images_97b4160f38cad499510b7fcb60b49751b8c487f8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180208_RL33003_images_a4189f4375bb2734833a8c0d1cf89f0b596d180e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180208_RL33003_images_6b1d3d80e30a4d1182ec90dabaaef425e1e95ff4.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180208_RL33003_images_1fd1c5fab5c5a951d5b826faeb606e0119ddc05b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33003_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180208_RL33003_images_cbaab2b82dc3416e369c57a6333c4f140d2c7ea9.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33003", "sha1": "8956702acbd965bb2c22d4fb624e515179a7ad68", "filename": "files/20180208_RL33003_8956702acbd965bb2c22d4fb624e515179a7ad68.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460037, "date": "2017-03-24", "retrieved": "2017-03-29T20:02:58.881407", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and U.S. foreign aid to Egypt.\nHistorically, Egypt has been an important country for U.S. national security interests based on its geography, demography, and diplomatic posture. The United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. Successive U.S. administrations have justified aid to Egypt as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running cooperation with the Egyptian military and on sustaining the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. \nU.S. leaders also have consistently expressed concerns about governance and human rights in Egypt, and differences over these issues have tested bilateral relations repeatedly in recent years. The United States encouraged Egypt\u2019s long-serving president Hosni Mubarak to step down in 2011 in the face of a popular uprising, and revised U.S. assistance programs two years later, when the Egyptian military intervened to oust Mubarak\u2019s elected successor amid popular demands.\nEgyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi, who led the 2013 military intervention and was elected in mid-2014, reportedly has high hopes for improving bilateral relations through engagement with the Trump Administration. The Obama Administration first suspended and then recast U.S. assistance for Egypt after 2013, with Congress enacting legislation placing evolving conditions on continued U.S. aid. During the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, then-candidate Trump attempted to differentiate his approach to Egypt from then-President Obama by personally praising Sisi and vowing to strengthen the bilateral relationship if elected. Some observers express concern that any improvement in U.S.-Egyptian ties may come at the expense of human rights in Egypt. \nEgypt\u2019s economy remains weak, the government faces significant fiscal challenges, and campaigns of insurgent and terrorist violence by various groups threaten the country\u2019s security. Reports in the Egyptian media indicate that the Sisi Administration is seeking, among other things, a restoration of certain major U.S. defense equipment sales to Egypt, an overall increase in U.S. aid to Egypt, and a U.S. designation of the Muslim Brotherhood as a foreign terrorist organization. The Trump Administration may want Egypt to improve its counterterrorism and counterinsurgency efforts in the Sinai Peninsula, participate in a new international military coalition of Arab states, and play a more active role in Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking.\nBetween 1948 and 2016, the United States provided Egypt with $77.4 billion in bilateral foreign aid (calculated in historical dollars\u2014not adjusted for inflation), including $1.3 billion a year in military aid from 1987 to the present. This report discusses the conditions governing the release of these funds. All U.S. foreign aid to Egypt (or any recipient) is appropriated and authorized by Congress. All U.S. military aid to Egypt finances the procurement of weapons systems and services from U.S. defense contractors.\nPresident Obama requested that Congress appropriate $1.3 billion in FY2017 military assistance and $150 million in FY2017 economic aid for Egypt. Foreign Operations appropriations legislation considered in the 114th Congress (H.R. 5912 and S. 3117) would have provided the requested military assistance, with the Senate version of the bill providing $75 million in economic aid and including the FY2016 appropriations act\u2019s withholding of 15% of FMF for Egypt from obligation until the Secretary of State can certify that Egypt is taking effective steps toward democracy and effective governance, among other things. Under the continuing appropriations resolutions adopted in September and December 2016, FY2016 conditions apply to FY2017 funds, which are available at the FY2016 level minus specified rescissions until April 28, 2017.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33003", "sha1": "84bb3d06f8a2d565743a54589cb6007583cbbc13", "filename": "files/20170324_RL33003_84bb3d06f8a2d565743a54589cb6007583cbbc13.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33003", "sha1": "011a3a6e2964c5af734303647290cf16b6efbfc1", "filename": "files/20170324_RL33003_011a3a6e2964c5af734303647290cf16b6efbfc1.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 456364, "date": "2016-10-06", "retrieved": "2016-11-28T21:26:28.824202", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and U.S. foreign aid to Egypt.\nHistorically, Egypt has been an important country for U.S. national security interests based on its geography, demography, and diplomatic posture. The United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. Successive U.S. administrations have routinely justified aid to Egypt as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running cooperation with the Egyptian military and on sustaining the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. \nEgypt\u2019s role in the \u201cArab Spring\u201d of 2011 briefly elevated the country toward the top of the U.S. foreign policy agenda, as officials tried to navigate a delicate transitional period that witnessed an existential power struggle between Islamists and the military. After a two-and-a-half year period of U.S. efforts to promote a democratic transition in Egypt, the apparent return of authoritarian rule that began with the military\u2019s July 2013 takeover has left U.S. policymakers in a quandary.\nWith the Obama Administration focused on Operation Inherent Resolve against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, and with the concluded nuclear agreement with Iran, Egypt has been less of a regional priority for the U.S. government. As Egypt continues to crack down on all forms of dissent, the Obama Administration and the Egyptian government have articulated competing views of how best to secure Egypt\u2019s stability.\nBetween 1948 and 2015, the United States provided Egypt with $76 billion in bilateral foreign aid (calculated in historical dollars\u2014not adjusted for inflation), including $1.3 billion a year in military aid from 1987 to the present. This report discusses the conditions governing the release of these funds. All U.S. foreign aid to Egypt (or any foreign recipient) is appropriated and authorized by Congress. All U.S. military aid to Egypt finances the procurement of weapons systems and services from U.S. defense contractors.\nFor FY2017, the President has requested that Congress appropriate $1.3 billion in military assistance for Egypt. The President also is asking Congress to provide $150 million in economic aid. H.R. 5912, the House version of the FY2017 Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations bill, would provide up to $150 million in ESF and $1.3 billion in FMF for Egypt. The Senate version, S. 3117, would provide up to $75 million in ESF and $1.3 billion in FMF. Like the FY2016 Act (P.L. 114-113), the Senate bill would withhold 15% of FMF for Egypt from obligation until the Secretary of State can certify that Egypt is taking effective steps toward democracy and effective governance, among other things.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33003", "sha1": "bc11cfcbb033365afaea08cc8081021464466e54", "filename": "files/20161006_RL33003_bc11cfcbb033365afaea08cc8081021464466e54.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33003", "sha1": "02a90294d1a0f476b0cc52603cfbc7b7c1a9630c", "filename": "files/20161006_RL33003_02a90294d1a0f476b0cc52603cfbc7b7c1a9630c.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 450194, "date": "2016-02-25", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T17:01:34.860346", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and U.S. foreign aid to Egypt. \nThe United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. Successive U.S. administrations have routinely justified aid to Egypt as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running cooperation with the Egyptian military and on sustaining the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. \nU.S. policymakers are now debating complex questions about the future of U.S.-Egypt relations, and these debates and events in Egypt are shaping consideration of appropriations and authorization legislation in the 114th Congress. \nBetween 1948 and 2015, the United States provided Egypt with $76 billion in bilateral foreign aid (calculated in historical dollars\u2014not adjusted for inflation), including $1.3 billion a year in military aid from 1987 to the present. This report discusses the conditions governing the release of these funds. All U.S. foreign aid to Egypt (or any foreign recipient) is appropriated and authorized by Congress. All U.S. military aid to Egypt finances the procurement of weapons systems and services from U.S. defense contractors.\nP.L. 114-113, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, provides a total of $1,456.3 billion in military and economic aid to Egypt. It contains conditions on U.S. assistance to Egypt that are similar to what Congress included in the FY2015 appropriations act (P.L. 113-235), including an executive branch national security waiver in Section 7041(a)(3)(B), which, if exercised, would remove the limits imposed by Congress preventing the provision of assistance to Egypt until its government met democracy-based conditions. \nFor FY2017, the President has requested that Congress appropriate $1.3 billion in military assistance for Egypt. The President also is asking Congress to provide $150 million in economic aid.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33003", "sha1": "5a32bce1bd84ee495717d1927cd827a5d1a4c489", "filename": "files/20160225_RL33003_5a32bce1bd84ee495717d1927cd827a5d1a4c489.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33003", "sha1": "f78db1068131da87f79a952d04757080df7393b0", "filename": "files/20160225_RL33003_f78db1068131da87f79a952d04757080df7393b0.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743344/", "id": "RL33003_2015Jul24", "date": "2015-07-24", "retrieved": "2015-10-20T21:35:54", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and U.S. foreign aid to Egypt. The United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. 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It briefly provides a political history of modern Egypt, an overview of its political institutions, and a discussion of the prospects for democratization in Egypt, as well as addressing the following current topics: the Arab-Israeli peace process, Iraq, terrorism, democratization and reform, human rights, trade, and military cooperation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150303_RL33003_e5776878765005b39b9fd59ad0d7f5f6ff5d7405.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150303_RL33003_e5776878765005b39b9fd59ad0d7f5f6ff5d7405.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil liberties", "name": "Civil liberties" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Human rights", "name": "Human rights" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc306543/", "id": "RL33003_2014Jun05", "date": "2014-06-05", "retrieved": "2014-07-08T21:53:44", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and information on U.S. foreign aid to Egypt. It briefly provides a political history of modern Egypt, an overview of its political institutions, and a discussion of the prospects for democratization in Egypt, as well as addressing the following current topics: the Arab-Israeli peace process, Iraq, terrorism, democratization and reform, human rights, trade, and military cooperation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140605_RL33003_856450f5493c3c5d089f810a20a9b0ab98fb1a29.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140605_RL33003_856450f5493c3c5d089f810a20a9b0ab98fb1a29.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Human rights", "name": "Human rights" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil liberties", "name": "Civil liberties" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462663/", "id": "RL33003_2013Feb26", "date": "2013-02-26", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and information on U.S. foreign aid to Egypt. It briefly provides a political history of modern Egypt, an overview of its political institutions, and a discussion of the prospects for democratization in Egypt, as well as addressing the following current topics: the Arab-Israeli peace process, Iraq, terrorism, democratization and reform, human rights, trade, and military cooperation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130226_RL33003_21f5deab650b2766880e974b590ce9a75a01c3d4.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130226_RL33003_21f5deab650b2766880e974b590ce9a75a01c3d4.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Human rights", "name": "Human rights" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491045/", "id": "RL33003_2012Dec06", "date": "2012-12-06", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides a brief overview of the key issues for Congress related to Egypt and information on U.S. foreign aid to Egypt. The United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt since the late 1970s. U.S. policy makers have routinely justified aid to Egypt as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running military cooperation and on sustaining the March 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20121206_RL33003_284d330db9e239068291d523f2d1b8aaf0db5b58.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20121206_RL33003_284d330db9e239068291d523f2d1b8aaf0db5b58.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Human rights", "name": "Human rights" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil liberties", "name": "Civil liberties" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc122295/", "id": "RL33003_2012Sep13", "date": "2012-09-13", "retrieved": "2012-11-30T09:28:34", "title": "Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report provides an overview of Egyptian politics and current issues in U.S.-Egyptian relations. It briefly provides a political history of modern Egypt, an overview of its political institutions, and a discussion of the prospects for democratization in Egypt. U.S.-Egyptian relations are complex and multi-faceted, and this report addresses the following current topics: the Arab-Israeli peace process, Iraq, terrorism, democratization and reform, human rights, trade, and military cooperation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120913_RL33003_2eb2193b29e6ac08a384ceae8dafa4298b23f38a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120913_RL33003_2eb2193b29e6ac08a384ceae8dafa4298b23f38a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Human rights", "name": "Human rights" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Criminal justice", "name": "Criminal justice" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil liberties", "name": "Civil liberties" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc94010/", "id": "RL33003_2012Jun21", "date": "2012-06-21", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Egypt: Transition under Military Rule", "summary": "This report provides a brief overview of the transition underway after the resignation of Egyption president, Hosni Mubarak, and the effect on U.S.-Egyptian relations. It analyzes several issues for Congress including Egyptian-Israeli relations and U.S. foreign aid to Egypt.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120621_RL33003_fbec57cc2e470cca3db5c8319660f3ed0a98bd32.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120621_RL33003_fbec57cc2e470cca3db5c8319660f3ed0a98bd32.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Egypt -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Egypt" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Revolutions", "name": "Revolutions" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military regimes", "name": "Military regimes" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc87296/", "id": "RL33003_2012Feb08", "date": "2012-02-08", "retrieved": "2012-07-03T07:51:21", "title": "Egypt in Transition", "summary": "This report provides a brief overview of the transition underway and information on U.S. foreign aid to Egypt. U.S. policy toward Egypt has long been framed as an investment in regional stability, built primarily on long-running military cooperation and sustaining the March 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. Successive U.S. Administrations have viewed Egypt's government as a moderating influence in the Middle East. U.S. policy makers are now grappling with complex questions about the future of U.S.-Egypt relations, and these debates are likely to influence consideration of appropriations and authorization legislation in the 112th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120208_RL33003_437bd712ef30cc8e4c4d1ab62ec1c1a803cc922d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120208_RL33003_437bd712ef30cc8e4c4d1ab62ec1c1a803cc922d.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign aid", "name": "Foreign aid" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy and Congress", "name": "Foreign policy and Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations", "name": "Foreign relations" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S.- Egypt", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S.- Egypt" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Egypt - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Egypt - U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84050/", "id": "RL33003_2011Nov18", "date": "2011-11-18", "retrieved": "2012-04-27T15:49:45", "title": "Egypt in Transition", "summary": "This report provides a brief overview of the transition underway and information on U.S. foreign aid to Egypt. 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